Bonsweiher

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Bonsweiher
Municipality Mörlenbach
Bonsweiher coat of arms
Coordinates: 49 ° 36 '53 "  N , 8 ° 42' 58"  E
Height : 225 m above sea level NN
Area : 3.26 km²
Residents : 1127  (Dec. 31, 2013)
Population density : 346 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1971
Postal code : 69509
Area code : 06209
Center with the confluence of Rimbacher Straße and Edertalstraße
Center with the confluence of Rimbacher Straße and Edertalstraße

Bonsweiher is a district of the municipality of Mörlenbach in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse .

geography

location

Bonsweiher is located in the Vorderen Odenwald in the Bergstrasse-Odenwald Nature Park . It is located a few kilometers east of the mountain road on the middle course of the Ederbach , a right northwest tributary of the Weschnitz near Mörlenbach-Mitte . The village is north-west of Mörlenbach and its location in the south of the Bonsweiher district. It is framed by the wooded heights of the Großer Köpfchen ( 376.2  m ; west-northwest), the highest elevation in the district, and the pocket pit ( 297.3  m ; northeast). A few kilometers to the northwest is the Juhöhe mountain pass ( Landesstrasse  3120) with the nearby Juhöhe settlement and its location in Hasselhaag ; there is a short shared border with Laudenbach in Baden-Württemberg .

geology

Geologically, the area around Bonsweiher belongs to the Bergstrasse Odenwald, which extends as the western part of the Crystalline Odenwald from Darmstadt to Heidelberg and essentially consists of the → Weschnitzpluton in the Heppenheim-Weinheim-Reichelsheim triangle . This granodiorite was formed in the Lower Carboniferous approximately 333 to 329 million years ago with the Variscan mountain formation . Such formations can still be found in the old quarry south of the Zigeunerkopf (359 m). During the tectonic processes of mountain formation, crevices tore open again and again in the rock mass, into which melts penetrated and crystallized there. Older granodiorite stocks were broken through by younger aplit-like granites (see Hofäcker corridor ). Millions of years later, the Variscan mountains had meanwhile been eroded up to its hull, granite rock groups arose in the Tertiary : The warm, humid climate promoted weathering and the streams of the Weschnitz side valleys near Mörlenbach, such as the Ederbach , cut deep into the terrain and sawed up the mountain massifs. Its upper parts on the ridge of the Juhöhe were torn into blocks, which were then rounded off by chemical weathering ( wool sack weathering ). Downpours washed the Grus into the valley, where the streams carried it away (more under geology of the Mörlenbach area ).

history

overview

Like the neighboring villages of the Weschnitznebentäler , Bonsweiher was created around the 11th century from Mörlenbach as a planned Waldhufensiedlung , in this case as an open row village with a separate double-sided valley location, i.e. H. the farms lay at more or less regular intervals on both sides of the village road, and the arable land and the meadows extended in contiguous hooves to the wooded ridges. At that time the area between Worms , Zwingenberg , Lindenfels , Hirschhorn and Weinheim (the former Franconian Heppenheimer Königsmark) belonged to the lands of the Lorsch Monastery . While the districts of Mörlenbach and most of the districts passed into the possession of the Elector of Mainz in 1232 (see also Zent Mörlenbach ), Bonsweiher came to the "Palatinate near Rhine" with the residence city of Heidelberg and until the formation of the Grand Duchy of Hesse (1806) politically and religiously a different development. The hamlet was not managed by Mörlenbach but Lindenfels, the owners awarded in the first written references (1320 and 1324) the place Panzwyler (hamlet of Panzo) as a fief to the Lindenfelser noble family Chreiz (or birthing ), in turn, the taxable Opposite farmers appeared as feudal lord and took over administrative tasks.

Apart from brief interruptions, Bonsweiher belonged to the Palatinate, later Hessian office of Lindenfels until 1803 , and then to the Heppenheim district . At times (1821 to 1839) the village was co-administered with Albersbach by the mayor of Ober-Laudenbach , from 1839 to 1969 Bonsweiher and Albersbach had a joint mayor.

Since there was no binding spelling at that time, the spelling of the place name in the documents varies between Bantzwilre (1380), Bantzwyler (1439), Banczwiler (1455) and Bonßweyer (1721).

A document from 1369 names 9 farms. The development was slow up to the First World War , accelerated from 1950 with the development of new building areas, whereby the village became predominantly a residential area (1613: 10, 1660: 5, 1742: 10, 1803: 17, 1828: 26, 1861: 48, 1900: 61, 1925: 68, 1950: 87, 1961: 109, 1968: 167, 1970: 189 houses). In this context, the agricultural character of the settlement changed. Today, the undeveloped areas are mainly used as horse pastures and orchards . Two quarries south of the Zigeunerkopf (359 m) in the granodiorite (see above) still bear witness to the stone industry, which was once important as a branch of business.

In the run-up to the regional reform in Hesse , the municipality of Bonsweiher joined the municipality of Mörlenbach on December 31, 1971 as the last of the formerly independent neighboring villages . For Bonsweiher, a local district with a local advisory council and a local mayor was set up.

From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 19th century

The place originated in the area of ​​the former "Mark Heppenheim". On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive "Mark Heppenheim", to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . After long disputes could Palatinate and the Archdiocese of Mainz at the beginning of the 14th century about the legacy of the Lorsch Abbey few and the Palatine parts, and with them Bonsweiher were fixed by Amtsvogtei managed Lindenfels that the to 1737 Oberamt Heidelberg shelter. After that, Lindenfels became an upper office . Bonsweiher belonged within the Lindenfelser Amt to Thalzent , whose main court was held first in Glattbach , later in Ellenbach and finally in Schlierbach . Together with Lindenfels, the court had a place of execution in the "Faustenbacher Hecken auf dem Bühel". Thalzent had to bear half the costs for their maintenance . In its seal, the Central Court had a shield with 3 fields. In the first field there was the Palatinate lion , in the second the Bavarian diamonds and in the third, lowest field, a boy on a hill with a ball floating over his head.

The reason for the first mention in 1320 was the permission of the Countess Palatinate Mechthild as feudal lord to Diemar Kreis von Lindenfels to give his wife a Wittum on Bonsweiler of 150 pounds. In the 14th century, the Landschade von Steinach Bonsweiher owned a pledge until this pledge was redeemed in 1392 by Count Palatine Ruprecht II .

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions.

At the end of the Thirty Years' War (1648), like many areas of the Electoral Palatinate, the place was almost deserted. After the devastating war, the Electoral Palatinate pursued a policy of resettlement in its area characterized by religious tolerance. But the wars that broke out in the troubled times that followed, such as the War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) destroyed many of the efforts and tens of thousands of Palatine emigrated and the like. a. to North America and Prussia.

After the war, Bonsweiler was a branch of the reformed parish of Schlierbach, but the time was also marked by great unrest in religious terms. In 1685 the Reformed Palatinate-Simmern line died out and the Catholic cousins ​​of the Palatinate-Neuburg line took over the government in the Electoral Palatinate with Elector Philipp Wilhelm . This ordered the equality of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Palatinate. Even during the War of the Palatinate Succession, France tried to advance the Counter-Reformation in the conquered areas and founded a number of Catholic parishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Peace of Rijswijk , which strengthened the position of the then reigning Catholic Elector Johann Wilhelm . This led to the decree of the Simultaneum on October 26, 1698 . According to this, the Catholics were entitled to use all reformed institutions such as churches, schools and cemeteries, while the reverse was not allowed. Furthermore, the reformed church administration, which had been independent until then, was subordinated to the sovereign. Only at the instigation of Prussia in 1705 came the so-called Palatinate church division in which the simultanum was reversed and the churches in the country, including rectories and schools, were divided between the Reformed and the Catholics in a ratio of five to two. There were special regulations for the three capitals Heidelberg , Mannheim and Frankenthal as well as the regional authorities Alzey , Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Bacharach and Weinheim . In cities with two churches, one should go to Protestants and the other to Catholics; in the others, where there was only one church, the choir was separated from the nave by a wall, and the one to the Catholics and the other to the Protestants. The Lutherans were only allowed those churches that they owned in 1624 or had built afterwards.

In 1488 the tithing was shared equally between the Count Palatine and the Landschad von Steinach. In 1568 and 1613 have the Palatine, the Provost Lorsch and Freiherren of Stettenberg the tenth to one third. One third later went to the Kurmainzer Hofkammer in the name of the Lorsch Monastery and two thirds to the Electoral Palatinate.

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the " Left Bank of the Rhine " and thus the left bank of the Rhine were annexed by France as early as 1797 . At the last session of the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg in February 1803, the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss was passed, which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial situation in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . With this reorganization, the Electoral Palatinate was dissolved and Bonsweiher came to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt with the Oberamt Lindenfels . There, the upper office was as Hessian Amtsvogtei continued for the time being and the " Principality Starkenburgring " assigned. Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion.

administration

Under Palatine sovereignty, administration and jurisdiction over the place were exercised by the "Thal-Zent" of the "Amtsvogtei Lindenfels". This bailiwick was subordinate to the Oberamt Heidelberg until 1737, after which Lindenfels became an independent Oberamt of the "Palatinate Countess of the Rhine" (in the "Electorate of Palatinate Bavaria" from 1777).

After the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 had assigned the "Oberamt Lindenfels" to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt , it was initially continued there as the Hessian district bailiff. The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was dissolved in 1806 in the Grand Duchy of Hesse , which came about under the pressure of Napoléon , where the administrative area of ​​the "Oberamt Lindenfels" was divided up in 1812 and Bonsweiler was assigned to the "Office Heppenheim". The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and districts were introduced, with Bonsweiher becoming part of the Lindenfels district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. In addition to Oberlaudenbach , the mayor's office in Oberlaudenbach was also responsible for the towns of Albersbach , Bonsweiher and Kreiswald (today a group of farms in the Albersbach district) . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

In 1832 the units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Bonsweiher now belonged. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into circles and Bonsweiher became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Bonsweiher: A Lutheran and Catholic branch village with 268 inhabitants. The district consisted of 1304 acres , of which 676 acres were arable land, 174 acres of meadows and 420 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the branch village of Bonsweiher with its own mayor's office, 38 houses, 302 inhabitants, the district of Lindenfels, the district court of Fürth, the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Rimbach and the Reformation parish of Schlierbach of the Lindenfels dean's office are recorded and the Catholic parish Mörlenbach of the dean's office in Heppenheim. By Bürgermeisterei also were Albersbach (107 inh. 15 houses), the Weiler Juhöhe (9 houses, 61 houses), the yard Hassel Haag (a house, 8 inh.), The farm woman corner (a home, 6 inh.) And the Hasselberg farms (two houses, 10 inh.) and Kreiswald (two houses, 16 in.) in the Albersbach district.

After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of Bonsweiher into the Heppenheim district .

The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 326  ha , 94 ha of which were forest.

In the run-up to the regional reform in Hesse , the municipality of Bonsweiher joined the municipality of Mörlenbach on December 31, 1971 as the last of the formerly independent neighboring villages. For Bonsweiher, a local district with a local advisory board and local councilor was set up in accordance with the Hessian municipal code.

dishes

During the Palatinate rule, the " lower jurisdiction " lay with the Thalzent while the "high jurisdiction" until 1737 lay with the Oberamt in Heidelberg. With the elevation of Lindenfels to the Oberamt, the high level of jurisdiction was largely there, but there was still a court of appeal in Heidelberg for certain cases . With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Fürth Local Court and assigned to the district of the Regional Court Darmstadt .

Historical descriptions

In the attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Pfalz am Rheine can be found in 1786 via Bonsweiher:

»A small brook rises in the locality, drives a grinding mill, and falls into the Weschniz near Mörlenbach. In 1784 there were 21 families, 95 souls; in the district 229 M. Ackerfeld, 46 M. Wiesen, 6 M. Garden, 12 M. Weide, and 63 M. Forest. Forty acres of that forest belong to four districts of the community, eight districts of 22 meters to the Huben , and the so-called Fraueneck belongs to the Electoral Court Chamber. They are not, like the others, under the Lindenfelser, but under the Hemstacher Forsthüte. On the tenth, the electoral court chamber moves into two, and Kurmainz, because of the Lorsch monastery, a third. "

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Bonsweiher in 1829:

»Bonsweiher (L. Bez. Lindenfels) luth. Cath. and reform. Filialdoif is 3 St. from Lindenfels and has 26 houses and 153 Lutheran 183 Catholic. and 48 reform. Enw. The districts of Lindenfels carried this place from the Palatinate as a fief in ancient times. The bailiwick was later pledged to the Landschaden von Steinach around 600 ft. And Count Palatine Ruprecht II. Even gave Ulrich Landschaden such a fief in 1391. In the following year the Count Palatine transferred the Bailiwick to Ulrich Landschaden again, but reserved the right that if the 600  florins were hunted down, he should refer it to his own property and receive it as a fief from the Palatinate forever. In 1802 the place came from Churpfalz to Hesse. "

The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845 states:

“Bonsweiher. - Village, to the evangelical parish church Rimbach, resp. Belongs to the Catholic parish of Mörlenbach. - 26 H. 284 E. (including 183 Catholics). - Grand Duke. Hesse. - Prov. Starkenburg. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Hofger. Darmstadt. - Bonsweiher 1½ m from Lindenfels, came from Churpfalz to Hesse in 1802. «

Population development

The following population figures are documented:

  • 1568: 009 hearths
  • 1613: 010 house seats , serfs : 3 men, 2 women.
  • 1784: 095 souls, 21 families
  • 1961: 526 Protestant (= 80.80%), 115 Catholic (= 17.67%) residents
Bonsweiher: Population from 1784 to 2013
year     Residents
1784
  
95
1829
  
384
1834
  
285
1840
  
329
1846
  
343
1852
  
268
1858
  
389
1864
  
331
1871
  
374
1875
  
408
1885
  
411
1895
  
406
1905
  
417
1910
  
429
1925
  
455
1939
  
475
1946
  
669
1950
  
662
1956
  
637
1961
  
651
1967
  
817
1970
  
895
2010
  
1,146
2013
  
1,238
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Other sources:

Transport and infrastructure

For regional road traffic, Bonsweiher is opened up by the state road  3120, which connects Mörlenbach-Mitte with Heppenheim via the Juhöhe .

Hiking trails

  • Signposted paths starting from the Unerts car park
  • Circular paths from the center of the village to the Unerts pond or to the forest lake near Klein-Breitenbach
  • Forest and high-altitude trails to the excursion destinations Ober-Liebersbach , Juhöhe (partly the Mörlenbach art trail to the Zigeunerkopf ), Kreiswald and Albersbach .

literature

  • Johann Goswin Widder: Attempt of a complete geographic-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine. Volume 1 , Leipzig 1786–1788. ( Online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  • Georg W. Wagner: October 1829: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg, Volume 1
  • Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858 ( online at google books ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. a b Population figures by district as of December 31, 2013 ( Memento of February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  2. Altherr, R. u. a .: Plutonism in the Variscan Odenwald (Germany): from subduction to collision. Int. J. Earth Sci. 88, pp. 422-443, 1999.
  3. ^ Wagner, Otto (editor): Heimatbuch Mörlenbach. Self-published by the municipality of Mörlenbach. 1983, p. 3.12.
  4. Nitz, Hans-Jürgen: The rural settlement forms of the Odenwald. Heidelberg geogr. Work H. 7, Heidelberg / Munich 1962.
  5. Jungk, Arthur: The settlements of the Odenwald according to location and shape. Diss. Giessen 1910
  6. ^ Pfeifer, Johannes: Bonsweiher, contributions to its local history. In: The Starkenburg 1931.
  7. s. Wagner, 1983, p. 49ff.
  8. a b c Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 502 ff ., 10) Banzweiler ( online at googe books ).
  9. Schumacher, Karl: The land between Neckar and Main in the Alemannic and Franconian times. Heidelberg 1897, p. 6f.
  10. Interest book for the Oberamt Heidelberg from 1369. s. General State Archives Karlsruhe Sign. 66/3480.
  11. Kurpfälzer Landschatzungslist from 1439. s. Collection 3482.
  12. Interest book from 1455. s. Hess. State Archives Darmstadt Salbuch 46a.
  13. Lindenfels official protocol from 1721. s. Wagner, 1983, p. 57ff.
  14. s. also: Bonsweiher in the First World War .s. Wagner, 1983, pp. 225-251.
  15. s. Wagner, 1983, p. 279ff.
  16. s. Wagner, 1983, p. 43.
  17. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 349 .
  18. Main statutes of the municipality of Mörlenbach (PDF; 297 kB)
  19. Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 75 ( online at google books ).
  20. ^ A b Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, p. 82
  21. Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 40 ( online at google books ).
  22. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  23. Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or Church history of the Upper Rhinegau , Darmstadt 1812. P. 248 ( online at Google Books )
  24. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  25. Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  26. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  27. Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  28. Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854, p. 340 ( online at google books )
  29. Alphabetical index of the residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. 1869 ( online at google books )
  30. Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  31. Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  32. a b c d e f Bonsweiher, Bergstrasse district. Historical local lexicon for Hesse (as of May 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on May 21, 2018 .
  33. Main statutes of the community of Mörlenbach. (PDF file 297 kB) p. 3 § 6 , accessed in May 2019 .
  34. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  35. Georg W. Wagner: Volume 1, p. 22 ( Online at Google Books )
  36. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all the localities of the German federal states , Naumburg 1845, Volume 1, p. 174 ( online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  37. Hiking and cycling map No. 8 of the Bergstraße-Odenwald nature park : Bergstraße-Weschnitztal