Chumbivilcas province

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Chumbivilcas province
location
Symbols
Motto
"Wawakunaqa muhucha jinan yachaykunawan Ch'akchuspa allinta phanchirichisun musuq kawsayta taripanankupaq."
, We must treat children like seeds that we pour knowledge so that they merge and look forward to a good life. '
Basic data
Country Peru
region Cusco
Seat Santo Tomás
surface 5,371.1 km²
Residents 66,410 (2017)
density 12 inhabitants per km²
founding June 21, 1825
ISO 3166-2 PE-CUS
Website www.munichumbivilcas.gob.pe (Spanish)
politics
Alcalde Provincial Florentino Layme Mantilla
Geographical position:
Latitude: 13 ° 55 '41 to 14 ° 52' 58
Longitude: 71 ° 29 '50 to 72 ° 30' 00
Pedestrian bridge over the Santo Tomás river in Qullpatamayku in the Llusco district
Pedestrian bridge over the Santo Tomás river in Qullpatamayku in the Llusco district

Coordinates: 14 ° 27 ′  S , 72 ° 0 ′  W

The province of Chumbivilcas is located in the Andes in the south of Peru in the Cusco region . The Incas called them "Chumpiwillka" (sacred belt). Chumbivilcas is one of 13 provinces in the Cusco region . The provincial capital is Santo Tomás .

geography

The Andean province lies at 2550 to 5438 m above sea ​​level . The mean altitude is 3995 m. The area is of volcanic origin and deeply cut by tributaries of the Amazon. The lack of bridges leads to complicated traffic conditions (distance Santo Tomás - Cusco : 240 km, approx. 8 to 12 hours by bus). Chumbivilcas borders the provinces of Paruro and Acomayo to the north, the provinces Canas and Espinar to the east, the Arequipa region to the south and the Apurímac region to the west .

Waters

The most important rivers in the region are the Río Velille , the Río Santo Tomás and the Río Livitaca. Over a distance of around 80 km, the Río Santo Tomás serves as the western border between the provinces of Chumbivilcas and Cotabambas ( Apurímac region ). At Tincocc ( Huancavelica region ) it flows into the Río Apurímac , a source river of the Amazon . In the south, on the border with the Arequipa region, runs the Río Cayarani , which merges into the Río Velille. Its river bed shapes the landscape of Chumbivilcas until it also flows into the Apurímac.

Hydrographic location :

climate

Altitude levels of the Andes

In the high Andes, the short rainy season ("summer") is followed by a long dry season ("winter"). Right at the beginning of the rains, between September and December - depending on the type of cultivation - the seeds must be brought in. When the rainy season ends in April or May, the soil is dry and too hard to cultivate. The plants stop growing or succumb to night frosts. At higher altitudes, temperatures as low as −18 ° C can occur. Heavy rains cause floods that destroy roads and irrigation systems and lead to losses in animal husbandry ( alpacas , llamas , cows, sheep, etc.) and in agriculture.

Due to the pronounced relief of the landscape, the temperature fluctuations between day and night are considerable. The thermal behavior in general is cold-temperate, cold in the highest zones and temperate in the valleys. The mean temperature of the province is 10.17 ° C and the annual maximum and minimum are 18.4 ° C in November and 0.3 ° C in July. The annual rainfall in Chumbivilcas is considerable with a different temporal and spatial distribution. The rainfall is orographic and convective , the former being due to the presence of the Central Cordillera , which concentrates the masses of water from the Amazon that cross the barrier of the Eastern Cordillera and, on the other hand, the convective rainfall products of the hydrological cycle of the province. The average annual rainfall in the province is estimated at 918 mm. The distribution is closely related to the proximity of the central chain, with the highest values ​​(Livitaca 1047 mm) being near it. On the other hand, the precipitation in the more distant zones ( Santo Tomás 789 mm) is lower, since the precipitation here is mostly convective. In general, there are marked differences in the distribution of precipitation over the year: the dry period between April and September and the rainy period between October and March. More than 69.8% of the total annual rainfall recorded in the province falls between December and March. For the remaining months, low or partially no quantities are recorded.

fauna

Mountain cat

The mountain cat , also known as the Andean cat, lives in the southern Andes - hardly to be found . Their size is similar to that of a house cat. It is one of the least known and extremely rare species of cats. It is believed to be way above the tree line in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, because it has been sighted at an altitude of 5100 m. The Andean cat is considered endangered.

flora

Peru is the country of origin of quinoa . It was cultivated here 6000 years ago. Since this very protein-rich plant thrives even in altitudes between 2800 and 4000 meters, its cultivation is now being promoted by development projects.

Administrative division

The province is divided into eight districts. The Santo Tomás district is the seat of the provincial administration.

District Administrative headquarters
Capacmarca Ccapacmarca
Chamaca Chamaca
Colquemarca Colquemarca
Livitaca Livitaca
Llusco Llusco
Quiñota Quiñota
Santo Tomás Santo Tomás
Velille Velille

The province of Chumbivilcas was officially founded on June 21, 1825.

history

Inca Mayta Cápac

In pre-Columbian times, the Wari culture developed in this area . Oral tradition says that the area was subjugated by Mayta Cápac (Quechua: Mayta Qhapaq ) during the rule of the Inca .

It is now proven that in the area that is now called Chumbivilcas, before the conquest by the Spaniards, at least three groups with different social status lived. These groups differed in their access to economic resources and political power as well as in their language and ethnic group membership. In the areas that are formed today by the districts of Velille , Chamaca , Santo Tomás , Colquemarca , Livitaca (Province of Chumbivilcas) and Omacha ( Province of Paruro ), there was one ethnic group , the Chumbivilcano , a language still unknown to this day, and another, who spoke Quechua , the language of the Incas . The former lived in the plateaus on farms near Colquemarca, Livitaca, Velille and Santo Tomás. These local chumbivilcanos had towards the later occurring Quechua elite, with the Inca state in Cuzco was connected tribute paid. There was also another Aymara- speaking group that lived in the vicinity of Llusco , known as Cusco in pre-Hispanic times and the seat of another group of the Inca nobility.

First and foremost, we find a clear dichotomy between the Hanan and the Hurin within the population of Chumbivilcas. The data on these classifications come from Spanish sources and relate to the organization of the repartimientos and reductions set up for the new colonial government. In addition to the Hanan and Hurin of Santo Tomás and the Hanan and Hurin of Colquemarca, there was a third group of certain ethnic origin. This third group lived in Colquemarca where the communities of Yanque, Laccalacca, Parccobamba and Charamoray are now located. In Santo Tomás the Ancoyocondes lived in the southwest. The Ancoyocondes and the Yanques were probably closely related to the Counts ( condes ) of Collaguas ( Arequipa ) and the Counts of Cusco , who belonged to the co-regiment of Chumbivilcas. Within each repartimientos in Chumbivilcas there was a fixed decimal division. Colquemarca, Velille, Chamaca, Livitaca, Capacmarca and Llusco-Quinota each consisted of ten ayllus .

population

Girls in traditional clothes

66,410 inhabitants ( 2017 census ) live on an area of ​​5371 km².

Until the early 2000s, the population of Chumbivilcas Province rose slightly (an average of 0.7% annually over the decade from 1995 to 2005), although not as much as in Peru as a whole. Since then, it has declined sharply as a result of the migration from the villages and hamlets of the Andes to the cities, especially to the major cities on the coast, as well as to the Amazon basin . From 2005 to 2017, the province of Chumbivilcas lost one seventh of its population.

Chumbivilcas province 1995 (estimated) 2005 census 2017 census
Residents 72,491 77,721 66,410

Chumbivilcas is considered to be one of the poorest areas in the country. The annual per capita income is US $ 115. Child mortality (0–2 years) is 107.2 out of 1000. Half of the population is younger than 16 years. Families with eight or more children are not uncommon in the country. Most of the locals live in small farms, which, due to the long distances and the difficult typology, leads to a literacy rate of less than 50% (illiteracy among women 84%, among men 48.11%). Extreme climatic and geographical conditions make it difficult for small farmers to escape poverty on their own . National and international aid projects aimed out to allow through sustainable measures in the areas of education, health and living environment a permanent way out of poverty, not least to its affiliated rural exodus counteract.

Chumbivilcas population data 1999/2005
without water 45%
without sewage system / latrine 55%
without electricity 86%
Degree of illiteracy women 43%
Proportion of children aged 0–12 37%
malnourished 52%

Source: Censo de Población y Vivienda del 2005 - INEI, Censo de Talla Escolar de 1999 - MINEDU / FONCODES / UPR, p. 56

language

The Chumbivilcanos speak Cusco Quechua . Due to the migration of a high number of villagers to the cities, the Spanish language ( castellano ) is gaining ground . Schoolchildren are taught bilingually by law .

religion

Christianity dominates religious life, but at the same time traditional rites are woven from ancient religious worldviews associated with the land, cattle and apus (gods).

economy

Agriculture

Quechua woman and child with llamas (Cusco department)
Chuños, potatoes freeze-dried in the ground

Natural pasture areas cover 70% of the total area of ​​the province. This soil is hardly suitable for arable farming. Only the South American camel species can be kept within 4,200 to 4,800 m altitude without great risk . Between 3,000 and 4,100 m above sea level, the families devote themselves primarily to raising sheep and very few cattle. In the lower elevations there is cultivated pastureland and better livestock. Here milk and cattle products are sold on the local and increasingly also on the regional markets. The most important problem in livestock farming is the lack of forage due to overgrazed areas, permanent soil erosion , lack of irrigation systems and the high level of contamination of the pastures with the great liver fluke , which attacks sheep and cattle.

Mining

Chumbivilcas has very large metal deposits. According to Peruvian law, landowners own their land up to a meter deep. The state has ownership rights to the land below. This means that the mining ministry can grant mining rights to corporations without informing the landowners. In the Andes, the villages are jointly owned. The village communities have the title of ownership and the individual families receive the right of use . As happened in Quiñota in 2005, engineers visited individual families, promised them well-paid work and in return received the families' consent for the group to use the land. The village remains the owner, but the families have given up the right of use. Conflicts are therefore given.

Culture

Jug from the Wari culture

tourism

Chumbivilcas, land of Qorilazo (Quechua, literally: Goldlasso), offers the visitor alternative tourist attractions: horse races, bullfighting, cockfighting, performance of traditional dances of the area, typical costumes, farmers' markets and handicrafts. Every year the traditional horse race takes place in Santo Tomás , which coincides with the celebrations for the anniversary of the founding of the province. A unique ritual festival is Takanakuy (also Takanacuy ). These are public fights between two opponents who face each other in the middle of a circle of spectators. The ritual fight with pure physical exertion should enable the opponents to settle all disputes once and for all. The winner can call himself a Qorilaso . In Santo Tomás, the most famous venue, the festival takes place on Christmas Day.

Attractions

  • Church of Santo Tomás
  • Warari caves (also Huarari ) near Livitaca
  • Qoñiuno thermal spring
  • Subterranean tunnel complex from pre-Columbian times (probably from the Wari culture ) - The complex is located under the place Lliqui near the Aya-Ayapata mountain. The archaeological find in August 2002, which also brought ceramic pieces and bones to light, was made accidentally in the pursuit of cattle robbers.
  • Mawk'a Livitaca near Livitaca - pre-Inca city located at a place called Qiwincha Urqu with remains of squares, city walls, sarcophagi and aqueducts from the Wari culture
  • Chullpas de Ch'iñisiri near Livitaca - beautiful archaeological site located in a place called T'uqra with sarcophagi made of clay and straw, ashlar stone painted white, red and ocher on the facades

Dances

  • De mis Trenzas (German: From my braids) - dance of the Santo Tomás district. With music , singing and dancing, the admirers court their loved ones. The ladies of Chumbivilcas, charmed by this courtship, flirtatiously accept the invitation and follow them.
  • Waynachura - dance of the Santo Tomás district. Longing and love sorrow are expressed in his songs. The couples scolded each other for the annoyance they suffered. But in the end love wins.
  • Takanakuy - This dance (also a custom) is danced on various occasions in Chumbivilcas and takes up a very old tradition. It goes back to the resistance movement Taky Unquy around 1560 against the Spanish invasion and calls to mind pre-Hispanic rituals.
  • Wifala - a dance with carnivalesque features. It has its origins in the joy of animal owners and it is considered a good omen for agriculture and cattle breeding when the festival is cheerful and pompous.
  • Ayarachi - a dance for 12 people, which is accompanied by ancient instruments, similarly large shepherds flutes, and drums. It is a round dance with a funeral character. The peculiarity of this dance is the use of pre-Hispanic clothing.
  • Llamerada - a dance for 12 people. It is both religious and omen for a good year. The specialty is that it is accompanied by a violin.

Festivals

  • January 3: Takanakuy, Llusco district
  • September 8th: market, bullfighting and horse racing in Santo Tomás
  • December 24th and 26th: Takanakuy in the Santo Tómas district

Handicrafts

  • Textiles - ponchos , generally red with a decorative fringe
  • Weir hangings
  • Sheep wool hats

kitchen

Kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus)

Typical meals are boiled potatoes , chuños , corn, barley and fish. Quinoa is baked as an ingredient in bread and baked goods and pasta, cooked as a side dish and used in soups, stews, casseroles, dumplings, pancakes and desserts. Another plant used as early as the Inca times is the fast-growing kiwicha , whose leaves and seeds are edible. The seeds are roasted or, as with quinoa, made into flour for bread and pancakes.

literature

art

traffic

Santo Tomás is accessible via the following road links:

  • Cusco - Paruro - Santo Tomás
  • Cusco - Espinar (Yauri) - Vellile - Santo Tomás
  • Cusco - Yanaoca - Livitaca - Velille - Santo Tomás
  • Arequipa - Espinar - Velille - Santo Tomás

Graphics

Web links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI): Directorio Nacional de Centros Poblados - Censos Nacionales 2017 . Lima 2018, vol. 2, p. 701 ( online ).
  2. ↑ Censo de Población y Vivienda del 2005 ( Spanish ) regionarequipa.gob.pe. Archived from the original on July 25, 2007. Retrieved September 22, 2019.