United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

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The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and / or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (also briefly Convention to Combat Desertification , English United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and / or Desertification, particularly in Africa , UNCCD) is an international environmental agreement signed in Paris in 1994 to prevent and prevent desertification and land degradation.

The UNCCD is the only global convention, according to the classification of the United Nations Environment Program can be assigned (UNEP) to the cluster of "Land conventions" and, together with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity to that group of agreements that represent important core goals of the United Nations.

The text of the convention comprises 40 articles and five annexes, which put the implementation of the convention in a regional context. The purpose of this regional focus is to do better justice to the climatic, socio-economic and geographical characteristics of the respective region. The five regions are Africa (Appendix I), Asia (Appendix II), Latin America and the Caribbean (Appendix III), the Northern Mediterranean (Appendix IV) and Central and Eastern Europe (Appendix V).

The primary aim of the convention is to combat desertification and alleviate the effects of drought in countries severely affected by drought and / or desertification, especially in Africa, in order to achieve sustainable development in the affected areas to contribute ”(Article 2 Paragraph 1 UNCCD).

Risk of desertification

history

Based on the devastating drought in the Sahel zone (1968–1973), the General Assembly of the United Nations decided in 1974 to tackle and work on the problem of desertification on an international level. At the request of Burkina Faso , the General Assembly decided in the same year to convene a “ United Nations Conference on Desertification UNCOD ”, which was held in Nairobi, Kenya in 1977 after a two-year preparatory phase under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Program.

The action plan to combat desertification

The conference, at which the previously available knowledge about the causes and extent of desertification was presented to a broad audience for the first time, was attended by 94 states and 65 non-governmental organizations and ended with the adoption of a so-called Plan of Action to Combat Desertification PACD ).

The declared aim of the PACD was to curb the progression of desertification or to reverse the desertification process on land areas already affected in order to ensure the productivity of the soil in particularly endangered regions for the benefit of the residents. The PACD, which should be fully implemented by the year 2000, did not refer to specific climatic zones, but to all areas in which desertification has occurred or could occur in the future.

The main addressees of the catalog of measures proposed by the PACD, which focused primarily on an improved system of land use and the broadening of the desertification-related knowledge base, were primarily national governments . Your task would have been to adapt the PACD's proposed measures to the respective national circumstances and to implement them with the help of national resources and institutions . On the other hand, relatively little attention was paid to international cooperation to combat desertification. A specific financing plan supporting the implementation of the PACD was also not included.

Ultimately, the PACD is considered to have failed, although this was due not only to the unsecured financing and marginal political interest but also to the non-binding nature of the PACD. Not to be underestimated, however, is the fact that the failure of the PACD made an important contribution to the creation of the UNCCD, as it could be proven that successful combating of desertification requires a global and binding framework in order to generate the necessary effectiveness of anti-desertification measures.

Combating desertification at the Rio conference

In the course of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , the problem of desertification was renegotiated as part of Agenda 21 . While it was possible to reach agreement relatively quickly during the preliminary negotiations on the content of the chapter on the agenda relating to desertification, opinions differed on the question of the need for a global desertification convention. If this was demanded by the African side, the "[...] OECD countries [...]" opposed this idea. The reason for this can be seen, on the one hand, in the fear that another convention, in addition to the already adopted conventions on climate and biodiversity, would require additional financial resources that were not readily available to raise, and on the other hand, the problem of Desertification is not viewed as a global, but a local, at best regional, issue.

This discrepancy could only be temporarily resolved at the conference in Rio de Janeiro itself. After difficult negotiations and the announcement by the Group of 77 including China (G77) that it would only agree to Agenda 21 if the industrialized countries themselves approved the establishment of a convention to combat desertification would, first the USA and later the European Community gave in . This negotiation result is set out in Agenda 21 in Chapter 12 § 12.40, in which it says:

“The General Assembly, at its 47th session, is to be requested to set up an intergovernmental negotiating committee under its auspices; this is to work out an international agreement to combat desertification in the countries plagued by severe drought and / or desertification problems, particularly in Africa, which should be completed by June 1994. "

As recommended by Agenda 21 , the General Assembly of the United Nations decided at its 47th session at the end of 1992 to convene an international negotiating committee (English: Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee ) with the aim of working out a convention to combat desertification.

Negotiating the Convention

On June 17, 1994, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those countries experiencing serious drought and / or desertification, in particular in Africa , was adopted. particularly in Africa UNCCD) adopted in Paris. This was preceded by a total of five intensive rounds of negotiations. In addition to the question of the pros and cons of a priority role for Africa under the Convention, the negotiations on the financial resources of the Convention in particular proved to be fraught with conflict. While the G77 countries favored an independent fund, similar to the Global Environment Facility , to finance the fight against desertification, the OECD countries, especially the EU countries, rejected this solution. Measures to combat desertification should not be financed by new additional funds, but the available funds, such as development aid funds, should be used more efficiently and distributed more effectively through improved coordination between donor countries. The compromise found, laid down in Articles 20 and 21 of the Convention, reflects this position. Although the contracting states undertake in Article 20 (2) lit. a of the Convention to raise "substantial funds" to finance programs to combat desertification, nevertheless the actual focus of Articles 20 and 21 is that the mobilization of funds should primarily be achieved through improved coordination between donor countries, developing countries and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations ( Article 20 Paragraph 4 in conjunction with Article 14 Paragraph 2 and Article 20 Paragraph 5 lit. a UNCCD). In order to organize and carry out this process, the negotiating states agreed on a so-called global mechanism (GM), which according to the concept described does not have its own financial resources, but primarily has the task of "increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of existing financing mechanisms" (Article 21 para. 3 UNCCD).

In October 1994 the convention was opened for signature in Paris . After ratification by the fiftieth state, the agreement entered into force on December 26, 1996. The first Conference of the Parties to the UNCCD, which also marked the end of the so-called interim period, took place in Rome from September 26 to October 10, 1997 . To date, the COP has met a total of nine times: in 1998 in Dakar , Senegal (COP 2), 1999 in Recife , Brazil (COP 3), 2000 Bonn , Germany (COP 4), 2001 Geneva , Switzerland (COP 5), 2003 Havana , Cuba (COP 6), 2005 Nairobi , Kenya (COP 7), 2007 Madrid , Spain (COP 8), 2009, Buenos Aires , Argentina (COP 9) and 2011, Gyeongnam , South Korea (COP 10).

Recent developments

At the eighth Conference of the Parties (COP 8) in 2007, the member states decided to implement a comprehensive reform of the UNCCD by adopting the 10-year strategy to improve the implementation of the Convention . The trigger for these reform efforts was the increasing dissatisfaction of the contracting states, both with the slow implementation of the convention and with the working methods of the UNCCD institutions, which were sometimes perceived as opaque. The lack of clear, long-term and verifiable targets and priorities was also criticized.

Since 2008, due to the 10-year strategy adopted in 2007, the convention has been in an intensive phase of restructuring, the aim of which is to align the convention, its institutions and instruments with the objectives of the strategy.

An initial analysis of whether the implementation of the goals set out in the new strategy has started successfully was the subject of the ninth meeting of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention CRIC , which was held in the February 2011 took place in Bonn. The results of this review process, the first after the adoption of the 10-year strategy, seem disappointing - at least as far as the core instrument of the convention, the National Action Program, is concerned. Only two signatory states were able to confirm the adaptation of their national measures to combat desertification to the goals of the new strategy.

The convention has set up a Twitter and Facebook account for the latest developments within the UNCCD.

Terminology of the Convention

Like all agreements drawn up under the United Nations , the UNCCD uses its own special terminology , which is often awkwardly worded and either cannot be understood at first glance or requires a certain prior scientific understanding.

The concept or the term of desertification can look back on a long term history. The definition of desertification formulated in the Convention has become generally binding. The Convention defines desertification as “land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry subhumid areas as a result of various factors, including climatic fluctuations and human activities” (Article 1 lit. a UNCCD).

In the following, land degradation or land degradation means “the reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity and the diversity of naturally or artificially irrigated cultivation areas or of meadows and pasture land , forestry areas and forests in arid, semi-arid and dry subhumid areas as a result of land use or as a result of one or more interrelated processes, including those resulting from human activities and settlement patterns, such as

  • soil erosion caused by wind and / or water ,
  • the deterioration in the physical, chemical and biological or economic properties of the soil ,
  • the long-term disappearance of the natural plant population ”(Article 1 lit. f UNCCD).

Put simply, desertification or land degradation reduces and / or destroys the productivity and resilience of the soil. Ultimately, the soils affected by desertification can neither perform their numerous biological regulating functions, such as the "[...] filtering out substances from precipitation , seepage and groundwater [...] or the detoxification of pollutants ", nor for agricultural purposes be used. From a strictly scientific perspective, equating desertification and land degradation, as set out in the definition of the convention, is not without problems. Desertification and land degradation have both a different geographic target area and a different timing. While the term desertification is explicitly limited to arid areas and expresses that the soil is irreparably damaged in the long term, the term land degradation is also used for briefly occurring desertification phenomena that can take place in any climatic region.

The causes of desertification are complex and still not fully understood. The text of the convention speaks of various factors, including climatic and man-made factors.

Overall, the official definition of desertification is very open and broad. Theoretically, every cause and every form of soil deterioration can be subsumed under the definition of the Convention . This openness has advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that the complex process of desertification can be better taken into account. On the other hand, there is a risk of arbitrariness and a lack of focus.

The convention applies exclusively to arid , semi-arid and dry subhumid areas. Arid, semi-arid and dry subhumid areas are "areas apart from polar and sub-polar regions in which the ratio of annual precipitation to possible evapotranspiration is in the range of 0.05 to 0.65" (Article 1 lit. g UNCCD).

In general, the term aridity characterizes the aridity of an area. Arid regions are characterized by the fact that, on a long-term average, theoretically more water can evaporate than actually falls. They are therefore arid areas. The term dry areas is often used in connection with arid , semi-arid and dry subhumid areas . It should be noted, however, that dry areas also include hyperarid areas, i.e. real deserts . However, these are not taken into account by the convention. The decisive criterion for the determination of arid, semi-arid and dry subhumid areas within the meaning of the Convention is that the ratio of precipitation and evapotranspiration does not fall below the range of 0.05. This can be shown with the so-called aridity index.

The phenomenon of drought must be distinguished from aridity. Article 1 lit. c of the Convention describes drought as a "naturally occurring phenomenon that occurs when rainfall has been significantly below normal recorded levels, creating serious hydrological imbalances that adversely affect production systems that affect the country's resources establish". In contrast to aridity, drought is a short-term episodic phenomenon that cannot be restricted to arid areas, but can occur anywhere. However, arid areas are more prone to the occurrence of droughts because of their variable climatic conditions and scarce water resources.

Combating desertification is not about making the deserts fertile, but about measures "for environmentally friendly, sustainable management of land resources that can generally be used by humans". Accordingly, in accordance with the Convention, combating desertification includes "activities that are part of the integrated development of the country in arid, semi-arid and dry subhumid areas with a view to sustainable development and which have the following goals:

  • Preventing and / or reducing land degradation,
  • Rehabilitation of partially deserted land,
  • Reclamation of land damaged by desertification ”(Article 1 lit. b UNCCD).

The convention defines “arid, semi-arid and / or dry subhumid areas that are affected or threatened by desertification” as affected areas (Article 1 lit. h UNCCD). Affected countries are accordingly "countries whose country consists entirely or in part of affected areas" (Article 1 lit. i UNCCD).

Objective and instruments of the convention

aims

The aim of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is described in Article 2 of the Convention:

“The aim of this convention is, in countries severely affected by drought and / or desertification, in particular Africa , through effective measures at all levels, supported by international agreements on cooperation and partnership, within the framework of an Agenda 21 consistent to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in an integrated manner in order to contribute to facilitating sustainable development in affected areas.

Achieving this goal requires long-term, integrated strategies that simultaneously focus in the affected areas on improving the productivity of the land and the reclamation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources, and in particular at the community level on better living conditions to lead."

In principle, the goals of the UNCCD are comparable with those of previous efforts to combat desertification, although the UNCCD introduces an important innovation. Not only the symptoms of degradation processes, but also the socio-economic causes on which desertification is based, such as poverty, must be taken into account when combating desertification. In this respect, the Convention attaches particular importance to the paradigm of sustainable development and thus explicitly identifies the UNCCD as belonging to Agenda 21 and the Rio Process. Conceptually, and that was the novelty of the 1994 convention, the UNCCD oscillates between the priority areas of environment and development and thus offers a multitude of anchor points for a strategic fight against desertification. According to the model of "integrated strategies" formulated in Article 2, Paragraph 4, national policies should e.g. B. in the areas of environmental, economic, development and fiscal policy in the points relevant to the fight against desertification are analyzed and interlinked in order to be able to achieve a coherent and effective fight against desertification.

If on the one hand the innovation of the UNCCD lies in the link between development and environmental policy aspects, on the other hand it is also its stumbling block, especially with regard to the implementation of the convention. In practice, the UNCCD is perceived either as an environmental convention or a development convention or a mixed convention, depending on preference, which, however, often leads to a fragmentation of the ambitious objectives. Furthermore - and this generally applies to multidisciplinary approaches - these place high demands on coordination and cooperation capacities, which in the case of the UNCCD do not exist or have to be developed first. Another difficulty is that, despite all the theoretical and practical similarities between environmental degradation and underdevelopment, the organizations, ministries or research institutes entrusted with it pursue different approaches, methods and discourses and there is no direct connectivity between these different systems per se.

It was not least these problems that subsequently led to the attempt to concretise the strategic goals of the UNCCD by developing a new strategy. The 10-year strategy to improve the implementation of the Convention (English: Ten-year strategic plan and framework to enhance the implementation of the Convention ), which was adopted by the contracting states in 2007, reformulated and reorganized the UNCCD in the period from 2008 to Goals to be achieved in 2018 through:

  • firstly a vision of the future,
  • second, through long-term strategic goals and
  • thirdly, by naming operational goals to be achieved in the medium term

According to this, the following vision should guide the actors in the implementation of the UNCCD: Establishing a global partnership with the goal of desertification and land degradation, as well as preventing or mitigating the effects of drought and drought in the affected areas, in order to reduce poverty as well as to contribute to ecological sustainability.

In order to achieve this vision of the future, the following strategic goals should be implemented:

  • Improvement of the living conditions of the affected population
  • Improvement of the condition of the affected ecosystems
  • Generating global benefit through effective Convention implementation
  • Mobilizing resources by building partnerships between national and international actors to support the implementation of the Convention

In the medium term, both the vision and strategic goals should be achieved through the following operational goals:

  • Effective awareness-raising and educational work
  • Creation or elaboration of convincing political framework conditions and guidelines for combating desertification
  • Development of basic scientific knowledge about desertification processes
  • Capacity building
  • Finance and technology transfer

Instruments

The national action programs (NAP) are the core element for the implementation of the UNCCD. According to Article 10 of the UNCCD, the purpose of the “national action programs” is to determine “the factors that contribute to desertification, as well as practical measures that are necessary to combat desertification and alleviate the effects of drought. The national action programs define the respective roles of the state, local communities and land users, as well as the available and required resources in detail ”.

Article 14 of the Convention explains how these programs of action are drawn up and implemented:

“The contracting parties will work closely together in the formulation and implementation of action programs directly and through relevant intergovernmental organizations. The Parties shall develop operational mechanisms, in particular at national level and on the ground, with the aim of ensuring the fullest possible coordination between Parties that are developed countries, Parties that are developing countries, and relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, in order to avoid duplication of their work Coordinate steps and make the help as effective as possible. "

The implementation of the convention, i.e. the achievement of the above-mentioned goals, primarily affects Africa . Taking into account the special situation of the African countries in the regions threatened by desertification and drought , priority will be given to them in the implementation of the Convention, but this does not mean that other affected developing countries are neglected in other regions (Article 7 UNCCD).

The implementation of the actual projects to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought, which were planned in the NAPs, is not carried out by the UNCCD itself. The projects are supported by u. a. international organizations or non-governmental organizations or carried out by the states themselves at national level. In addition to the national action programs, there are also the so-called subregional and regional action programs. Subregional and regional action programs are drawn up by the countries concerned, in accordance with the relevant annexes on regional implementation, so that the national action programs (NAPs) are coordinated, supplemented and made more effective (Article 11 UNCCD).

Member states of the convention

Map of the Member States. Those who signed up are shown in green. Those who do not sign are gray.

The 194 states that have ratified the convention are:

Afghanistan , Egypt , Equatorial Guinea , Ethiopia , Albania , Algeria , Andorra , Angola , Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Armenia , Australia , Azerbaijan , Bahamas , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Barbados , Belgium , Belize , Benin , Bhutan , Bolivia , and Bosnia Herzegovina , Botswana , Brazil , Brunei , Bulgaria , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Chile , People's Republic of China , Cook Islands , Costa Rica , Denmark , Germany , Djibouti , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Ivory Coast , Eritrea , Estonia , Fiji , Finland , France , Gabon , Gambia , Georgia , Ghana , Grenada , Greece , United Kingdom , Guatemala , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , India , Indonesia , Iran , Ireland , Iceland , Israel , Italy , Jamaica , Japan , Yemen , Jordan , Cambodia , Cameroon , Canada , Cape Verde , Kazakhstan , Qatar , Kenya , Kyrgyzstan , Kiribati , Colombia , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Komo ren , Croatia , Cuba , Kuwait , Laos , Lesotho , Latvia , Lebanon , Liberia , Libya , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Madagascar , North Macedonia , Malawi , Malaysia , Maldives , Mali , Malta , Morocco , Marshall Islands , Mauritania , Mauritius , Mexico , Burma , Federated States of Micronesia , Moldova , Monaco , Mongolia , Montenegro , Mozambique , Namibia , Nauru , Nepal , New Zealand , Netherlands , Niger , Nigeria , Nicaragua , Niue , North Korea , Norway , Austria , Oman , East Timor , Pakistan , Palau , Panama , Papua New Guinea , Paraguay , Peru , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Rwanda , Romania , Russia , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Zambia , Samoa , San Marino , São Tomé and Príncipe , Saudi Arabia , Sweden , Switzerland , Senegal , Serbia , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , Zimbabwe , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sudan , South Africa , South Korea , Suriname , Swaziland , Syria , Tajikistan , Tanzania , Thailand , Togo , Tonga , Trinidad and Tobago , Chad , Czech Republic , Turkey , Tunisia , Turkmenistan , Tuvalu , Uganda , Ukraine , Hungary , Uruguay , Uzbekistan , Vanuatu , Venezuela , United Arab Emirates , United States of America , Vietnam , Belarus , Central African Republic , Cyprus and the European Union .

Not Member States of Iraq , the Vatican City and other not yet recognized states.

On March 28, 2013, Canada officially notified the UN Secretary-General of its resignation from the Convention; this resignation took effect one year after receipt of the notification of resignation.

Institutions of the Convention

Conference of the Parties (COP)

The Conference of the Parties was established by Article 22 of the Convention. Accordingly, the COP is the highest body of the convention. As part of its mandate, it takes the decisions that are necessary to promote the effective implementation of the Convention. All the states that have ratified the convention take part in it; the Vatican sends an observer.

The conference of the contracting parties took place for the first four times a year, and since then has taken place every two years.

Tasks of the Conference of the Parties

The conference regularly reviews the implementation of the Convention and the effectiveness of the institutional arrangements. It promotes and facilitates the exchange of information between the contracting parties, reviews the reports of the countries on the progress of the implementation of the convention and makes recommendations.

In addition, the conference may set up subsidiary bodies which it deems necessary for the implementation of the Convention and provide them with guidelines.

Furthermore, the conference itself must approve a program and a budget for its activities and take care of the cooperation of competent national, or international, intergovernmental or non-governmental bodies in order to be able to use their services and information (Article 22 UNCCD).

Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention (CRIC)

In 2001, in the first decision on the UNCCD, at the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties in Geneva, it was decided to set up a “Committee for Reviewing the Implementation of the Convention” (CRIC) as a subsidiary body of the COP. Its purpose is to assist the Conference of the Contracting Parties by regularly evaluating the implementation of the Convention.

The tasks of the CRIC were set out as follows:

  • Identify best practices in implementing the Convention.
  • Assess the implementation of "the strategy".
  • Assess the contribution of the parties to the implementation of the Convention.
  • Assess and review your own performance and effectiveness.

Permanent secretariat

The Convention established a permanent secretariat under Article 23 of the Convention to Combat Desertification.

The secretariat has the following tasks:

  • It organizes the meetings of the Conference of the Contracting Parties and the subsidiary bodies.
  • It compiles the state reports submitted to it and forwards them.
  • It assists the contracting parties that are affected developing countries in compiling and forwarding the information required for the COP.
  • It coordinates its activities with the secretariats of other conventions and international, intergovernmental bodies
  • It has to submit a report on its activities within the framework of the agreement to the COP and takes on other tasks from it.

Since the conference in Rome (COP-1) in 1997, the UNCCD has had a permanent secretariat, which has been based in Bonn since January 1999 . The secretariat was initially housed in Haus Carstanjen , but in July 2006 it moved to the UN campus in Bonn . 194 countries belonged to the convention in March 2011. During the first ten years the UNCCD was directed by Hama Arba Diallo from Burkina Faso and from September 2007 up to and including September 2013 by Luc Gnacadja (Benin). At the beginning of October 2013, Monique Barbut (France) was appointed as the new Executive Secretary.

Science and Technology Committee (CST)

The Science and Technology Committee was set up under Article 24 of the United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification as a subsidiary body of the Conference of the Parties.

It is made up of government representatives who are professionally qualified in their respective areas of responsibility. The committee meets in conjunction with the ordinary sessions of the COP, is interdisciplinary and open to participation by all contracting parties. A list of independent experts with expertise and experience in the relevant fields is also maintained by the COP. These experts can be appointed to the committee and / or to so-called ad hoc groups. The ad hoc groups provide the COP, through the committee, with information and advice on a specific issue. The scope of duties of the committee is determined by the Conference of the Parties:

The Science and Technology Committee is to provide the Conference of the Parties with information and advice on scientific and technological issues related to combating desertification and alleviating the effects of drought (Article 24 UNCCD).

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has 182 member states - in partnership with international institutions, non-governmental organizations and the private sector - to address environmental issues around the world. As an independent financial company, the GEF grants developing and emerging countries loans for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, water, land degradation, the ozone layer and organic pollution. These projects are designed to benefit the environment and promote a sustainable lifestyle.

The GEF serves as a financial mechanism and a. for the UNCCD.

Global Mechanism (GM)

The Global Mechanism was set up in accordance with Article 21 (4) in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of existing financing mechanisms and to promote measures that result in substantial financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, in the form of free grants and / or on preferential or other conditions and forwarded to the Contracting Parties that are affected developing countries. This Global Mechanism operates under the supervision and direction of the Conference of the Parties and is accountable to them. At the beginning of 2005 Christian Mersmann (Germany) was appointed as the new Managing Director.

There is also an organization as a framework for the Global Mechanism. This should u. a. advise the contracting parties on innovative funding methods and sources of financial support, provide interested parties and organizations with information on possible sources and types of funding and facilitate coordination between them (Article 21 UNCCD).

A USSR (1989) postage stamp depicting a campaign to combat desertification . (Desertification)

Overview of the conferences of the convention

Conferences of the Parties

  • COP-1: Rome, Italy, 1997
  • COP-2: Dakar, Senegal, 1998
  • COP-3: Recife, Brazil, 1999
  • COP-4: Bonn, Germany, 2000
  • COP-5: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001
  • COP-6: Havana, Cuba, 2003
  • COP-7: Nairobi, Kenya, 2005
  • COP-8: Madrid, Spain, 2007
  • COP-9: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2009
  • COP-10: Changwon, South Korea, 2011
  • COP-11: Windhoek, Namibia, 2013
  • COP-12: Ankara, Turkey, 2015
  • COP-13: Ordos, PR China, 2017 (6-16 September)
  • COP-14: New Delhi, India, 2019 (2.-13.9)

Conferences of the Committee for the Review of Implementation of the Convention

  • CRIC-1: Rome, Italy, 2002
  • CRIC-2: Havana, Cuba, 2003
  • CRIC-3: Bonn, Germany, 2004
  • CRIC-4: Nairobi, Kenya, 2005
  • CRIC-5: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2007
  • CRIC-6: Madrid, Spain, 2007
  • CRIC-7: Istanbul, Turkey, 2008
  • CRIC-8: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2009
  • CRIC-9: Bonn, Germany, 2011
  • CRIC-10: Changwon, South Korea, 2011
  • CRIC-11: Bonn, Germany, 2013
  • CRIC-12: Windhoek, Namibia, 2013
  • CRIC-13: Bonn, Germany, 2015
  • CRIC-14: Ankara, Turkey, 2015

financing

All member states contribute to the financing according to their financial strength. In addition, each state party can support the work of the UNCCD with voluntary contributions. Finally, as the seat of the Convention, the Federal Republic of Germany pays an additional financial contribution.

Projects

2006 was an international year of deserts and desertification on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the entry into force of the UNCCD .

Every year on June 17, the World Day of Combat Desertification ( World Day to Combat Desertification committed).

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The use of the German translation of the English word desertification 'Wüstenbildung' should be avoided due to the associative proximity to the term desert and desert expansion. It is better to use the term desertification to make it clear that, according to the UNCCD definition, the problem of desertification does not refer to the desert ecosystem and does not mean the expansion of natural deserts. See for example: More than just spreading the deserts. Definition and figures on desertification , http://www.scinexx.de/dossier-detail-67-4.html , accessed on February 3, 2010.
  2. ↑ See: Secretariat of the United Nations Environment Program (Ed.): Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A summary. From: http://www.unep.org/IEG/docs/working%20documents/MEA_summary/IGM-1-INF-1.doc , accessed on March 30, 2010, § 15.
  3. ^ Pierre Marc Johnson, Karel Mayrand: The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Global Sustainable Development Governance. In: Pierre Marc Johnson u. a. (Ed.): Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation. Farnham 2006, pp. 1-10 (3f.).
  4. ↑ See: Andreas Rechkemmer: The conceptual matrix of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). SWP Working paper 2005/02, Berlin 2005, http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=1911 , accessed on December 31, 2009, p. 4.
  5. ↑ See General Assembly Resolution 3337 (XXIX). Available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/29/ares29.htm , accessed December 31, 2009.
  6. ↑ August 29 to September 9, 1977. See General Assembly Resolution 3337 (XXIX). Available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/29/ares29.htm , accessed on December 31, 2009, p. 4.
  7. ↑ The entire PACD is available at: United Nations Conference on Desertification: Round up, Plan of Action and Resolutions, United Nations, New York 1978, from: http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-478/002- 478.html , accessed December 31, 2009.
  8. ↑ See: United Nations Conference on Desertification: Round up, Plan of Action and Resolutions, United Nations, New York 1978, from: http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-478/002-478.html , accessed on December 31, 2009, § 9.
  9. ↑ See: United Nations Conference on Desertification: Round up, Plan of Action and Resolutions, United Nations, New York 1978, from: http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-478/002-478.html , accessed on December 31, 2009, § 8.
  10. ↑ See: United Nations Conference on Desertification: Round up, Plan of Action and Resolutions, United Nations, New York 1978, from: http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-478/002-478.html , accessed on December 31, 2009, § 17.
  11. ↑ See: United Nations Conference on Desertification: Round up, Plan of Action and Resolutions, United Nations, New York 1978, from: http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-478/002-478.html , accessed on December 31, 2009, § 104.
  12. ↑ See: Njam, Adil: Negotiating Desertification, in: Pierre Marc Johnson u. a .: Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation , Farnham 2006, pp. 59-71 (61).
  13. ↑ Desertification was discussed in Chapter 12 under the heading Managing Sensitive Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Droughts. See: http://www.agrar.de/agenda/agd21k12.htm accessed on January 6, 2010.
  14. ↑ The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was preceded by four rounds of preliminary negotiations. Overall, the preliminary negotiations lasted from 1990 to 1992.
  15. ↑ a b See: Njam, Adil: Negotiating Desertification, in: Pierre Marc Johnson u. a .: Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation , Farnham 2006, pp. 59-71 (62).
  16. ↑ Kjellen, Bo: The Saga of the Convention to Combat Desertification: The Rio / Johannesburg Process and the global responsibility for the drylands, in: Reciel 12 (2) 2003, pp. 127-132 (128) from: Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated November 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 7, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 69.90.183.227
  17. ↑ See: Njam, Adil: Negotiating Desertification, in: Pierre Marc Johnson u. a .: Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation , Farnham 2006, pp. 59–71 (62); see also: Kjellen, Bo: The Saga of the Convention to Combat Desertification: The Rio / Johannesburg Process and the global responsibility for the drylands, in: Reciel 12 (2) 2003, pp. 127-132, from: Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated November 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed on January 7, 2010, p. 128, Earth Negotiation Bulletin (Ed.): Desertification and the UN System in: A summary of the proceedings of the organizational session of the INC for the elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification, Vol. 04 / No.01, from: http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0401000e.html , accessed on January 8, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 69.90.183.227
  18. ↑ See: Böhm, Nicole: Desertification. On the difficulties of implementing the UN Convention. Case study Namibia, from: bibliothek.wzb.eu ( Memento from February 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 15, 2010, p. 17.
  19. ↑ Agenda 21 Chapter 12 Management of Sensitive Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Droughts. Agenda 21 in German translation United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro - Documents -Agenda 21, from: http://www.agrar.de/agenda/agd21k12.htm , accessed on January 11, 2010 .
  20. ^ See: General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47/188. Available under Archived Copy ( Memento of the original dated April 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 19, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  21. ↑ 1st meeting: May 24th - June 3rd 1993, in Nairobi, 2nd meeting April 13th-24th. September 1993 in Geneva, 3rd meeting 17.-28. January 1994 in New York, 4th meeting on 21.-31. March in Geneva, 5th meeting 6-17. June 1994 in Paris. See: Earth Negotiation Bulletin (Ed.): Summary of 6th Session of the INC for the Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification 9-18 January 1995, Vol. 04 / No. 65, p. 1f. From: http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb0401-99/enb0465e.pdf , accessed on January 21, 2010.
  22. ^ See: Corell, Elisabeth: The negotiable desert. Expert knowledge in the negotiations of the Convention to Combat Desertification, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping 1999, pp. 89f.
  23. ↑ See: Njam, Adil: Negotiating Desertification, in: Pierre Marc Johnson u. a .: Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation , Farnham 2006, pp. 59–71 (66); Earth Negotiation Bulletin (Hrsg.): North-South divide in: Earth Negotiation Bulletin (Hrsg.): Summary of 5th Session of the INC for the elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification 6-17 June 1994, Vol. 04 / No .55, from: http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0455058e.html , accessed on January 21, 2010.
  24. ↑ Earth Negotiation Bulletin (Ed.): Divisions within the regional groups, in: Earth Negotiation Bulletin (Ed.): Summary of 5th Session of the INC for the elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification 6-17 June 1994, Vol. 04 / No.55, from: http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0455059e.html , accessed on February 1, 2010.
  25. ↑ See: Earth Negotiation Bulletin (Hrsg.): North-South divide in: Earth Negotiation Bulletin (Hrsg.): Summary of 5th Session of the INC for the elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification 6-17 June 1994, Vol . 04 / No.55, from: http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0455058e.html , accessed on February 21, 2010.
  26. ↑ See the report in the Earth Negotiation Bulletin for this period at http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/ accessed on March 17, 2010.
  27. ↑ The documents (English) of all the conference of the parties to the parties can be called up at: Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  28. ↑ See: Kohlmeyer, Christoph / Wyrwinski Ralf: The desert convention: still up-to-date or already a relic? In :entwicklung & rural area, 4/2006, from: Page no longer available , search in web archives: archiv.rural-development.de , accessed on April 8, 2010, pp. 24–26.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / archiv.rural-development.de
  29. ↑ See: Joint Inspection Unit (Ed.): Review of the Management, Administration and Activities of the secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, JIU / REP / 2005? 5, Geneva 2005, from: Archivlink ( Memento from 28 November 2010 in the Internet Archive ), p. 4.
  30. ↑ There were three review processes in total up to the adoption of the 10-year strategy. CRIC 1 2001 in Rome. Documents can be found under Archived Copy ( Memento of the original dated January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. can be viewed. CRIC 3 2005 in Bonn, documents under: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and CRIC 5 2007 in Buenos Aires, documents under: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. All web addresses accessed March 30, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  31. ↑ The national action program is the instrument with which the convention is to be implemented at the state level.
  32. ↑ See: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (Ed.): Preliminary analysis of information contained in reports from affected and developed country Parties, United Nations agencies and intergovernmental organizations and the Global Environment Facility on operational objective 2 of The Strategy, ICCD / CRIC (9) / 4, o. O. 2010 from: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from May 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P 3-4, accessed March 30, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  33. ^ See: Corell, Elisabeth: The negotiable desert. Expert knowledge in the negotiations of the Convention to Combat Desertification, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping 1999, pp. 45-62.
  34. ↑ Umweltbundesamt (Ed.): Soil functions, November 2003, from archived copy ( memento of the original from October 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 22, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.umweltbundesamt.at
  35. ↑ a b c d e f Herrman, Stefanie M./Hutchison Charles F .: The Scientific Basis: Links between Land Degradation, Drought, and Desertification, in: Pierre Marc Johnson u. a .: Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation , Farnham 2006, pp. 11-25.
  36. ↑ See: Wissenschaft-Online (Hrsg.): Lexicon of Geosciences, keyword aridity, from: http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/abo/lexikon/geo/931 , accessed on March 20, 2010.
  37. ↑ Böhm, Nicole: On the difficulties of implementing the UN Convention. Case study Namibia, from: bibliothek.wzb.eu ( Memento from February 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), p. 12, accessed on March 18, 2010.
  38. ↑ See: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (ed.): In Matters Earth. A Simplified Guide to the Convention to Combat Desertification - Why It Is Necessary and What Is Important and Different About It, 4th Edition, 2008, Chapter 8, p. 22
  39. ↑ See: Joint Inspection Unit (Ed.): Review of the Management, Administration and Activities of the Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, JIU / REP / 2005/5, Geneva 2005, from: Archivlink ( Memento from 28 November 2010 in the Internet Archive ), p. 1.
  40. ↑ See critically: Way, Sally-Anne: Examining the Links between Poverty and Land Degradation: From Blaming the Poor toward Recognising the Rights of the Poor, in: Pierre Marc Johnson u. a. Governing Global Desertification. Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation, Chapter 3, Farnham 2006 pp. 27-41 (31ff).
  41. ↑ The following remarks on the 10-year strategy have been translated from English and are in the original language under Archived Copy ( Memento of the original from May 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Pp. 15–27 available. Retrieved March 31, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  42. ↑ See: Official Document COP 9 Buenos Aires: Archived Copy ( Memento of the original of April 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  43. ↑ Press release of the UNCCD Secretariat of March 29, 2013 ( Memento of the original of April 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  44. ^ See: Protocol of COP 5 in Geneva. From archived copy ( memento of the original from September 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , read March 23, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  45. ↑ Hermann-Ehlers-Straße 10 53111 Bonn,
  46. ↑ UNCCD: The UNCCD Secretariat ( Memento of the original from April 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , read on March 31, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int
  47. ↑ See: http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef , read on March 23, 2011.
  48. ↑ UNCCD: The Global Mechanism , accessed May 30, 2012.
  49. ↑ An overview of the respective amount of the contribution can be found under Archived Copy ( Memento of the original from May 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. be understood @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unccd.int