Ethylene glycol poisoning and List of universities in Canada: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
Image = Ethylene glycol.svg |
Caption = [[Ethylene glycol]] |
DiseasesDB = |
ICD10 = |
ICD9 = |
ICDO = |
OMIM = |
MedlinePlus = |
eMedicineSubj = emerg|
eMedicineTopic = 177 |
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}}


In [[Canada]], the constitutional responsibility for [[higher education]], including [[universities]], rests with the [[provinces and territories of Canada]]. The decision to assign responsibility for universities to local legislatures was cemented as law in the British North America Act in 1867, later renamed the [[Constitution Act, 1867]] in 1982.<ref name=act>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/c1867_e.html|title=The Constitution Act, 1867 |publisher=Canada Department of Justice }}</ref> The law was contentious upon inception.<ref>{{cite book|title=Federal policy on post-secondary education|author=Canada |date=1987 |publisher=Minister of Supply and Services Canada |isbn=0662550862 }}</ref> The Act states "in and for each Province, the Legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to Education".<ref name=act /> As a result of this constitutional agreement, a distinctive system of education, including higher education, has evolved in each province. [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]] have a separate arrangement from other Canadian citizens. As the constitutional responsibility for Aboriginal Peoples with Treaty Status rests with the federal [[government of Canada]] under the Constitution Act of 1982, the federal government is largely responsible for funding higher education opportunities for Aboriginal learners. There are 83 universities in Canada.
'''Ethylene glycol poisoning''' is caused by the ingestion of [[ethylene glycol]]. Ethylene glycol is most commonly found as the primary ingredient of automobile [[antifreeze]] and hydraulic [[brake fluid]]s.<ref name="Hall TL">{{cite journal |author=Hall TL |title=Fomepizole in the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=CJEM |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=199–204 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=17609006 |doi= |url=http://caep.ca/template.asp?id=970248A8612440CF8E59ABADF87FC391}}</ref> It is a highly toxic, colorless, odorless, almost [[Volatility (chemistry)|nonvolatile]] liquid with a sweet taste. Following ingestion the symptoms of poisoning follow a three step progression starting with [[intoxication]] and [[vomiting]], before causing [[metabolic acidosis]], [[cardiovascular]] dysfunction, and finally [[acute kidney failure]]. The major cause of toxicity is not the ethylene glycol itself but the [[metabolite]]s of ethylene glycol when it is [[metabolized]].


__TOC__
[[Medical diagnosis]] of poisoning is most reliably done by measurement of ethylene glycol in the blood. However many [[hospital]]s do not have the facilities to perform this test and need to rely on abnormalities in the body’s [[biochemistry]] to diagnose poisoning. Treatment consists of initially stabilizing the patient followed by the use of [[antidotes]]. The antidotes used are either [[ethanol]] or [[fomepizole]]. The antidotes work by blocking the [[enzyme]] responsible for metabolizing ethylene glycol and therefore halt the progression of poisoning. [[Hemodialysis]] is also used to help remove ethylene glycol and its metabolites from the blood. As long as medical treatment is undertaken the prognosis is generally good with most patients making a full recovery. Poisoning is relatively common and due to its taste, children and animals will sometimes consume large quantities of ethylene glycol. Many antifreeze products have [[denatonium benzoate]], a bittering agent, added to try and prevent ingestion.


: ''E – Established; U – Undergraduates; P – Postgraduates; T – Total enrollment''
==Toxicity==


==Alberta==
Once thought innocuous,<ref>{{cite journal |author= Hanzlik PJ, Seidenfeld MA, Johnson CC |title=General properties, irritant and toxic actions of ethylene glycol |journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther |volume= 41|issue= |pages= 387-406|year= 1931|month= |pmid=|doi= |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/reprint/41/4/387}}</ref> ethylene glycol has been shown to be highly toxic to humans. A toxic dose requiring medical treatment varies but is considered more than 0.1 mL per kg body weight (mL/kg) of pure substance. [[Poison control center]]s often use more than a lick or taste in a child or more than a mouthful in an adult as a dose requiring hospital assessment.<ref name="Caravati"/> An estimated oral [[lethal dose]] in humans has been reported as approximately 1.4 mL/kg of pure ethylene glycol.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent">{{cite journal | author = Brent J | title = Current management of ethylene glycol poisoning | journal = Drugs | volume = 61 | issue = 7 | pages = 979–88 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11434452 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200161070-00006}}</ref> Although survival with medical treatment has occurred with doses much higher than this, death has occurred with just 30 mL of the concentrate in an adult.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Eder AF, McGrath CM, Dowdy YG, Tomaszewski JE, Rosenberg FM, Wilson RB, Wolf BA, Shaw LM |title=Ethylene glycol poisoning: toxicokinetic and analytical factors affecting laboratory diagnosis |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=168–77 |year=1998 |month=January |pmid=9550575 |doi= |url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9550575}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Field DL |title=Acute ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=872–3 |year=1985 |month=October |pmid=4028762 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Amathieu R, Merouani M, Borron SW, Lapostolle F, Smail N, Adnet F |title=Prehospital diagnosis of massive ethylene glycol poisoning and use of an early antidote |journal=Resuscitation |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=285–6 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16808995 |doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.12.014 |url=}}</ref>
{{see also|Higher education in Alberta}}


[[Image:Mechanical Engineering Building University Of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada 01A.jpg|thumb|250px|The University of Alberta has the largest student enrollment in Alberta.]]
Because of its low [[vapor pressure]] and as it poorly absorbed through [[skin]], ethylene glycol poisoning is uncommon following [[inhalation]]al or [[dermal]] exposure.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Driver J, Tardiff RG, Sedik L, Wester RC, Maibach HI |title=In vitro percutaneous absorption of [14C] ethylene glycol |journal=Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=277–84 |year=1993 |pmid=8260837 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hodgman MJ, Wezorek C, Krenzelok E |title=Toxic inhalation of ethylene glycol: a pharmacological improbability |journal=Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=109–11 |year=1997 |pmid=9022663 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


There are six universities in Alberta.<ref name=aucc /> Post-secondary education in [[Alberta]] is regulated by the [[Alberta Advanced Education and Technology|Ministry of Advanced Education and Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-09|url=http://www.advancededucation.gov.ab.ca/college/postsecsystem/postsecinst/postsecinst.asp|title=Post-Secondary Institutions |publisher=Advanced Education and Technology }}</ref> The [[University of Calgary]] is the only university in the province located in [[Calgary]], the province's most populated city. Three of the universities—the [[University of Alberta]], [[Concordia University College of Alberta]], and [[King's University College (Edmonton)|King's University College]]—are located in [[Edmonton]], the province's capital city. King's University College is the only university in the province to not have graduate-level programs. The oldest university in the province is the University of Alberta, established in 1906, while King's University College is the most recently established university, formed in 1979. University student enrollment in Alberta range from the smallest university, also King's University College, with 560 students, and the largest university, the University of Alberta, with 35,490 students.
==Signs and symptoms==
Symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning usually follow a three-step progression, although poisoned individuals will not always develop each stage.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/>
* Stage 1 (0.5 to 12 hours) consists of [[neurological]] and [[gastrointestinal]] symptoms; victims may appear to be [[intoxication|intoxicated]], exhibiting symptoms such as [[dizziness]], [[ataxia|incoordination of muscle movements]], [[Pathologic nystagmus|nystagmus]], [[headache]]s, slurred speech, and [[confusion]]. Irritation to the stomach may cause [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]].<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> Over time, the body [[Metabolism|metabolizes]] ethylene glycol into other toxins.
* Stage 2 (12 to 36 hours) is a result of accumulation of organic acids formed by the metabolism of ethylene glycol and consists of [[tachycardia|increased heart rate]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[hyperventilation]], and [[metabolic acidosis]]. Additionally [[hypocalcemia|low calcium levels in the blood]], [[hyperreflexia|overactive muscle reflexes]], muscle spasms, [[QT interval]] prolongation, and [[congestive heart failure]] may occur. If untreated, death most commonly occurs during this period.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/>
* Stage 3 (24 to 72 hours) of ethylene glycol poisoning is the result of kidney injury. Symptoms include [[acute tubular necrosis]], [[hematuria|red blood cells in the urine]], [[proteinuria|excess proteins in the urine]], [[lower back]] pain, [[oliguria|decreased production of urine]], [[anuria|absent production of urine]], [[hyperkalemia|elevated blood level of potassium]], and [[acute kidney failure]].<ref name="ClinToxicol1999-Barceloux">{{cite journal | author=Barceloux DG, Krenzelok EP, Olson K, Watson W. | title=American Academy of Clinical Toxicology Practice Guidelines on the Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning. Ad Hoc Committee | journal=J Toxicol Clin Toxicol | year=1999 | pages=537–60 | volume=37 | issue=5 | pmid=10497633 | doi=10.1081/CLT-100102445}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bobbitt WH, Williams RM, Freed CR |title=Severe ethylene glycol intoxication with multisystem failure |journal=West. J. Med. |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=225–8 |year=1986 |month=February |pmid=3953092 |pmc=1306577 |doi= |url=}}</ref> If kidney failure occurs it is typically reversible, although weeks or months of supportive care including [[hemodialysis]] may be required before kidney function returns.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
==Pathophysiology==
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
[[Image:Glycolic acid3d.png|thumb|right|[[Glycolic acid]] is the major metabolite of ethylene glycol responsible for toxicity]]
! Institution
The toxic mechanism of ethylene glycol poisoning is mainly due to the metabolites of ethylene glycol. Initially it is [[metabolized]] by [[alcohol dehydrogenase]] to [[glycoaldehyde]], which is then oxidized to [[glycolic acid]]. The glycolic acid is metabolized to [[glyoxylic acid]] and finally to [[oxalic acid]]. Oxalic acid binds with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals which may deposit and cause damage to many areas of the body including the brain, heart, kidneys, and lungs.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> The rate-limiting step in this cascade is the conversion of glycolic to glyoxylic acid.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gabow PA, Clay K, Sullivan JB, Lepoff R |title=Organic acids in ethylene glycol intoxication |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=16–20 |year=1986 |month=July |pmid=3717806 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Accumulation of glycolic acid in the body is mainly responsible for toxicity.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Clay KL, Murphy RC |title=On the metabolic acidosis of ethylene glycol intoxication |journal=Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=39–49 |year=1977 |month=January |pmid=14421 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
! Location(s)
! E
! U
! P
! T
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|align="left"| [[Athabasca University]]
|align="left"| [[Athabasca, Alberta|Athabasca]]
|1970
|{{nts|29090}}
| {{nts|2160}}
| {{nts|31250}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/athabasca_e.html|title=Athabasca University |publisher=Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[University of Alberta]]
|align="left"| [[Edmonton]]
|1906
| {{nts|29430}}
| {{nts|6060}}
| {{nts|35490}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/alberta_e.html|title=University of Alberta |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[University of Calgary]]
|align="left"| [[Calgary]]
|1966
| {{nts|22420}}
| {{nts|5340}}
| {{nts|27760}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/calgary_e.html|title=University of Calgary |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[Concordia University College of Alberta]]
|align="left"| [[Edmonton]]
| 1921
| {{nts|1640}}
| {{nts|50}}
| {{nts|1690}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/conc_ab_e.html|title=Concordia University College of Alberta |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[King's University College (Edmonton)|King's University College]]
|align="left"| [[Edmonton]]
| 1979
| {{nts|560}}
| {{nts|0}}
| {{nts|560}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/kings_ab_e.html|title=The King’s University College |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[University of Lethbridge]]
|align="left"| [[Lethbridge]]
|1967
| {{nts|7930}}
| {{nts|300}}
| {{nts|8230}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/lethbridge_e.html|title=The University of Lethbridge |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|}


==British Columbia==
The three main systems affected by ethylene glycol poisoning are the [[central nervous system]], [[metabolic]] processes, and the [[kidney]]s.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> The central nervous system is affected early in the course of poisoning as the result of a direct action of ethylene glycol. Similar to [[ethanol]], it causes intoxication, followed by [[drowsiness]] or [[coma]]. As time passes, the increase in metabolites causes [[encephalopathy]] or [[cerebral edema]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Maier W |title=Cerebral computed tomography of ethylene glycol intoxication |journal=Neuroradiology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=175–7 |year=1983 |pmid=6828232 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[Seizure]]s may occur due to a direct effect or due to [[hypocalcemia]].<ref name="ClinToxicol1999-Barceloux"/> The metabolic effects are primarily [[metabolic acidosis]] which is caused by accumulated glycolic acid. Additionally, as a side effect of the first two steps of metabolism, an increase in the blood concentration of [[lactic acid]] occurs contributing to [[lactic acidosis]]. The formation of acid metabolites also causes inhibition of other metabolic pathways, such as [[oxidative phosphorylation]].<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> The renal toxicity of ethylene glycol is caused by direct [[cytotoxic]] effects of glycolic acid. In addition, accumulation of [[calcium oxalate]] crystals in the kidneys causes kidney damage leading to [[oliguric]] or [[Anuria|anuric]] [[acute kidney failure]].<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/>
{{Main|List of universities in British Columbia}}
{{see also|Higher education in British Columbia}}


[[Image:Chem1.JPG|250px|thumb|The University of British Columbia is the oldest university in British Columbia.]]
==Diagnosis==


There are 14 universities in [[British Columbia]].<ref name=aucc>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/index_e.html|title=Canadian Universities |publisher=AUCC }}</ref> New degree programs for all British Columbia secondary education institutions must be approved by the [[Ministry of Advanced Education|Ministry of Advanced Education and Labour Market Development]]; the Ministry must also give consent to private institutions to grant degrees in British Columbia and use the word "university" for educational purposes.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-27|url=https://www.aved.gov.bc.ca/psips/public/report/recommendationsDecisions.faces|title=Recommendations and Decisions |publisher=Ministry of Advanced Education and Labour Market Development }}</ref>
As many of the clinical signs and symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning are nonspecific and occur in many poisonings the diagnosis is often difficult.<ref name="Hall TL"/> It is most reliably diagnosed by the measurement of the [[Blood plasma|blood]] ethylene glycol concentration. Ethylene glycol in biological fluids can be determined easily by [[gas chromatography]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aarstad K, Dale O, Aakervik O, Ovrebø S, Zahlsen K |title=A rapid gas chromatographic method for determination of ethylene glycol in serum and urine |journal=Journal of analytical toxicology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=218–21 |year=1993 |pmid=8371550 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Many hospital laboratories do not have the ability to perform this blood test and in the absence of this test the diagnosis must be made based on the clinical presentation of the patient.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> In this situation a helpful test to diagnose poisoning is the measurement of the [[osmolal gap]]. The patients' serum [[osmolality]] is measured by [[freezing point depression]] and then compared with the predicted osmolality based on the patients' measured [[sodium]], [[glucose]], [[blood urea nitrogen]], and any [[ethanol]] that may have been ingested. The presence of a large osmolal gap supports a diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning. However, a normal osmolar gap does not rule out ethylene glycol exposure because of wide individual variability.<ref name="Jacobsen"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hoffman RS, Smilkstein MJ, Howland MA, Goldfrank LR |title=Osmol gaps revisited: normal values and limitations |journal=J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=81–93 |year=1993 |pmid=8433417 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


* {{sort|British Columbia, University of|[[University of British Columbia]]}} ([[Vancouver]] & [[Kelowna]])
[[Image:Calcium oxalate crystals in urine.jpg|thumbnail|125px|left|Urine microscopy showing [[calcium oxalate]] crystals in the urine]] The increased osmolal gap is caused by the ethylene glycol itself. As the metabolism of ethylene glycol progresses there will be less ethylene glycol and this will decrease the blood ethylene glycol concentration and the osmolal gap making this test less useful.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Glaser DS |title=Utility of the serum osmol gap in the diagnosis of methanol or ethylene glycol ingestion |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=343–6 |year=1996 |month=March |pmid=8599495 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Additionally, the presence of other alcohols such as [[ethanol]], [[isopropanol]], or [[methanol]] or conditions such as [[Ketoacidosis|alcoholic]] or [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[lactic acidosis]], or kidney failure may also produce an elevated osmolal gap leading to a false diagnosis.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/>
* [[Capilano University]] ([[North Vancouver, British Columbia (district municipality)|North Vancouver]])
* [[Emily Carr University of Art and Design]] (Vancouver)
* {{sort|Fraser Valley, University of|[[University of the Fraser Valley]]}} ([[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]])
* [[Kwantlen Polytechnic University]] ([[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]] & [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]])
* {{sort|Northern British Columbia, University of|[[University of Northern British Columbia]]}} ([[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]])
* [[Quest University]] ([[Squamish, British Columbia|Squamish]])
* [[Royal Roads University]] ([[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]])
* [[Simon Fraser University]] ([[Burnaby, British Columbia|Burnaby]] & Surrey & Vancouver)
* [[Thompson Rivers University]] ([[Kamloops]])
* [[Trinity Western University]] ([[Langley, British Columbia (city)|Langley]])
* [[Vancouver Island University]] ([[Nanaimo]])
* [[University Canada West]] (Victoria)
* {{sort|Victoria, University of|[[University of Victoria]]}} (Victoria)


==Manitoba==
Other laboratory abnormalities may suggest poisoning, especially the presence of a metabolic acidosis, particularly if it is characterized by a large [[anion gap]]. Large anion gap acidosis is usually present during the initial stage of poisoning. However, acidosis has a large number of differential diagnosis, including poisoning from methanol, [[salicylate]]s, [[Iron poisoning|iron]], [[isoniazid]], [[paracetamol]], [[theophylline]], or from conditions such as [[uremia]] or diabetic and alcoholic ketoacidosis. The diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning should be considered in any patient with a severe acidosis.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> Urine [[microscopy]] can reveal needle or envelope-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in the urine which can suggest poisoning; although these crystals may not be present until the late stages of poisoning.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jacobsen D, Akesson I, Shefter E |title=Urinary calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=231–4 |year=1982 |month=May |pmid=7134806 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Finally, many commercial radiator [[antifreeze]] products have [[fluorescein]] added to enable radiator leaks to be detected using a [[Wood's lamp]]. Following ingestion of antifreeze products containing ethylene glycol and fluorescein, a Wood's lamp may reveal fluorescence of a patient’s [[perioral]] area, clothing, [[vomitus]], or [[urine]] which can help to diagnose poisoning.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Winter ML, Ellis MD, Snodgrass WR |title=Urine fluorescence using a Wood's lamp to detect the antifreeze additive sodium fluorescein: a qualitative adjunctive test in suspected ethylene glycol ingestions |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=663–7 |year=1990 |month=June |pmid=2344083 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Wallace KL, Suchard JR, Curry SC, Reagan C |title=Diagnostic use of physicians' detection of urine fluorescence in a simulated ingestion of sodium fluorescein-containing antifreeze |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=49–54 |year=2001 |month=July |pmid=11423812 |doi=10.1067/mem.2001.115531 |url=}}</ref>
{{see also|Higher education in Manitoba}}


[[Image:UniversityOfManitobaAdministrationBuilding.jpg|thumb|250px|The University of Manitoba has the largest student enrollment in Manitoba.]]
==Treatment==


There are four universities in [[Manitoba]].<ref name=aucc /> The [[Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy]] is responsible for post-secondary institutions in the province.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://www.cicic.ca/en/page.aspx?sortcode=2.20.24.27.37.37|title=Quality Assurance Practices for Postsecondary Institutions in Manitoba |publisher=Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials }}</ref> Both the [[University of Manitoba]] and the [[University of Winnipeg]] are located in [[Winnipeg]], the capital and largest city in the province. The University of Winnipeg does not have graduate-level programs. The [[Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface]] is the oldest university in the province, established in 1818, and [[Brandon University]] is the newest, formed in 1899. The Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface is also the smallest university, with 984 students, while the University of Manitoba has the most students among universities in the province, with 26,800 students.
Initial treatment consists of stabilizing the patient and [[gastric]] decontamination. As ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed, gastric decontamination needs to be performed soon after ingestion to be of benefit. [[Gastric lavage]] or [[nasogastric aspiration]] of gastric contents are the most common methods employed in ethylene glycol poisoning.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> Although the usefulness of gastric lavage has been questioned in poisoning situations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vale JA, Kulig K |title=Position paper: gastric lavage |journal=J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=933–43 |year=2004 |pmid=15641639 |doi=10.1081/CLT-200045006 |url= }}</ref> [[Syrup of ipecac|Ipecac]]-induced [[vomiting]] is not recommended. As [[activated charcoal]] does not [[adsorb]] glycols, it is not recommended as it will not be effective at preventing absorption.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fountain JS, Beasley DM |title=Activated charcoal supercedes ipecac as gastric decontaminant |journal=[[The New Zealand Medical Journal]] |volume=111 |issue=1076 |pages=402–4 |year=1998 |month=October |pmid=9830429 |doi= |url=}}</ref> It should only be used in the presence of a toxic dose of a another poison or drug.<ref name="Jacobsen">{{cite journal |author=Jacobsen D, McMartin KE |title=Antidotes for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=127–43 |year=1997 |pmid=9120880 |doi=10.3109/15563659709001182 |url= }}</ref> Patients with significant poisoning often present in a [[Medical state|critical condition]]. In this situation [[ABC (medicine)|stabilization]] of the patient including airway management with [[endotracheal intubation|intubation]] is the most important initial management.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> Patients presenting with metabolic acidosis or seizures require treatment with [[sodium bicarbonate]] and anticonvulsives such as a [[benzodiazepine]] respectively.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> Sodium bicarbonate should be used cautiously as it can worsen [[hypocalcemia]] by increasing the [[plasma protein binding]] of calcium. If hypocalcemia occurs it can be treated with calcium replacement although calcium supplementation can increase the precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals leading to tissue damage.<ref name="Hall TL"/>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
Following decontamination and the institution of supportive measures, the next priority is inhibition of further ethylene glycol metabolism using [[antidote]]s. The antidotes for ethylene glycol poisoning are [[ethanol]] or [[fomepizole]], both of
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
which act by inhibiting the [[enzyme]] [[alcohol dehydrogenase]]. This antidotal treatment forms the mainstay of management of ethylene glycol poisoning. Pharmaceutical grade ethanol is usually given [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]] as a 5 or 10% solution in 5% [[dextrose]], but it is also sometimes given orally in the form of a strong spirit such as [[whisky]], [[vodka]], or [[gin]]. Ethanol acts by competing with ethylene glycol for alcohol dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase has about a 100 times greater affinity for ethanol than for ethylene glycol; ethanol therapy saturates the enzyme inhibiting further ethylene glycol metabolism thus limiting the formation of toxic metabolites.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/>
! Institution
! Location(s)
! E
! U
! P
! T
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|align="left"| [[Brandon University]]
|align="left"| [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]]
| 1899
| {{nts|3140}}
| {{nts|120}}
| {{nts|3260}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/brandon_e.html|title=Brandon University |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface]]
|align="left"| [[Saint Boniface, Manitoba|Saint Boniface]]
| 1818
| {{nts|930}}
| {{nts|54}}
| {{nts|984}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/st_boniface_e.html|title=Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[University of Manitoba]]
|align="left"| [[Winnipeg]]
| 1877
| {{nts|23640}}
| {{nts|3160}}
| {{nts|26800}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/manitoba_e.html|title=The University of Manitoba |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[University of Winnipeg]]
|align="left"| [[Winnipeg]]
| 1871
| {{nts|9010}}
| {{nts|0}}
| {{nts|9010}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/winnipeg_e.html|title=The University of Winnipeg |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|}


==Newfoundland and Labrador==
Fomepizole is a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, similar to ethanol it acts to block the formation of the toxic metabolites.<ref name="Hall TL"/><ref name="NEJM-Brent">{{cite journal | author = Brent J, McMartin K, Phillips S, Burkhart K, Donovan J, Wells M, Kulig K | title = Fomepizole for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Methylpyrazole for Toxic Alcohols Study Group | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 340 | issue = 11 | pages = 832–8 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10080845}}</ref> Fomepizole has been shown to be highly effective as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning.<ref name="NEJM-Brent"/><ref name="Borron-Lancet"/> It is the only antidote approved by the USA [[FDA]] for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> Both antidotes has advantages and disadvantages. Ethanol is readily available in most hospitals, inexpensive, and can be administered orally as well as intravenously. Its adverse effects include intoxication, [[hypoglycemia]] in pediatric patients, and possible hepatotoxicity.<ref name="Jacobsen"/> Patients receiving ethanol therapy also require frequent blood ethanol level measurements and dosage adjustments to maintain a [[Therapeutic index|therapeutic]] ethanol concentration. Patients therefore must be monitored in an [[intensive care unit]]. Alternatively, the adverse side effects of fomepizole are minimal and the approved dosing regimen maintains therapeutic concentrations without the need to monitor serum levels of the drug. The disadvantage of fomepizole is that it is expensive. Costing 1,000 [[USD]] per gram; an average course used in an adult poisoning would cost approximately $3,500 to 4,000.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shannon M |title=Toxicology reviews: fomepizole--a new antidote |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=170–2 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9583406 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Scalley RD, Ferguson DR, Piccaro JC, Smart ML, Archie TE |title=Treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=807–12 |year=2002 |month=September |pmid=12322772 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Despite the cost, fomepizole is gradually replacing ethanol as the antidote of choice in ethylene glycol poisoning.<ref name="NEJM-Brent"/><ref name="Borron-Lancet">{{cite journal |author=Borron SW, Mégarbane B, Baud FJ |title=Fomepizole in treatment of uncomplicated ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9181 |pages=831 |year=1999 |month=September |pmid=10485727 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)80015-4 |url=}}</ref> Adjunct agents including [[thiamine]] and [[pyridoxine]] are often given based on the fact that they may help prevent the formation of oxalic acid.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> The use of these agents is based on theoretical observations and there is limited evidence to support their use in treatment; they may be of particular benefit in people who could be deficient in these vitamins such as malnourished or [[alcoholic]] patients.<ref name="Hall TL"/>
{{see also|Higher education in Newfoundland and Labrador}}


There is one university in [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].<ref name=aucc /> The Degree Granting Act regulates degree-granting universities in the province.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://www.canlii.org/nl/laws/sta/d-5/20080818/whole.html|title=Degree Granting Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. D-5 |publisher=Canadian Legal Information Institute. }}</ref> The only university in Newfoundland and Labrador, [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], has campuses in two cities, in [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, and on the west coast of the province, in Corner Brook. With 17,690 enrolled students, it is the largest university in [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-12|url=http://www.mun.ca/music/home/|title=About the School of Music |publisher=Memorial University }}</ref>
In addition to antidotes, an important treatment for poisoning is the use of [[hemodialysis]]. Hemodialysis is used to enhance the removal of unmetabolized ethylene glycol, as well as its metabolites from the body. It has been shown to be highly effective in the removal of ethylene glycol and its metabolites from the blood.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gabow PA, Clay K, Sullivan JB, Lepoff R |title=Organic acids in ethylene glycol intoxication |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=16–20 |year=1986 |month=July |pmid=3717806 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Moreau CL, Kerns W, Tomaszewski CA, McMartin KE, Rose SR, Ford MD, Brent J |title=Glycolate kinetics and hemodialysis clearance in ethylene glycol poisoning. META Study Group |journal=J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=659–66 |year=1998 |pmid=9865233 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Hemodialysis also has the added benefit of correcting other metabolic derangements or supporting deteriorating kidney function. Hemodialysis is usually indicated in patients with severe metabolic acidosis (blood [[pH]] less than 7.3), kidney failure, severe [[electrolyte imbalance]], or if the patients condition is deteriorating despite treatment.<ref name="Hall TL"/><ref name="ClinToxicol1999-Barceloux"/> Often both antidotal treatment and hemodialysis are used together in the treatment of poisoning. Because hemodialysis will also remove the antidotes from the blood, doses of antidotes need to be increased to compensate.<ref name="Drugs2001-Brent"/> If hemodialysis is not available, then [[peritoneal dialysis]] also removes ethylene glycol, although less efficently.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aakervik O, Svendsen J, Jacobsen D |title=[Severe ethylene glycol poisoning treated wtih fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole)] |language=Norwegian |journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske lægeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny række |volume=122 |issue=25 |pages=2444–6 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12448112 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
==Prognosis==
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Institution
! Location(s)
! E
! U
! P
! T
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|align="left"| [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]
|align="left"| [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] & [[Corner Brook]]
| 1925
| {{nts|15290}}
| {{nts|2400}}
| {{nts|17690}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/memorial_e.html|title=Memorial University of Newfoundland |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|}


==New Brunswick==
Generally if the patient is treated and survives then a full recovery is expected.<ref name="Leth"/> Patients who present early to medical facilities and have prompt medical treatment typically will have a favorable outcome.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Velez LI, Shepherd G, Lee YC, Keyes DC |title=Ethylene glycol ingestion treated only with fomepizole |journal=J Med Toxicol |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=125–8 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=18072148 |doi= |url=http://jmt.pennpress.org/strands/jmt/pdfHandler.pdf?issue=20070303&file=20070303_125_128.pdf}}</ref> Alternatively, patients presenting late with signs and symptoms of coma, hyperkalemia, seizures, or severe acidosis have a poor prognosis.<ref name="Caravati"/> Patients who develop severe central nervous system manifestations or [[stroke]] who survive may have long term neurologic dysfunction; in some cases they may recover, although convalescence may be prolonged.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jacobsen D, McMartin KE |title=Methanol and ethylene glycol poisonings. Mechanism of toxicity, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment |journal=Medical toxicology |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=309–34 |year=1986 |pmid=3537623 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Berger JR, Ayyar DR |title=Neurological complications of ethylene glycol intoxication. Report of a case |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=724–6 |year=1981 |month=November |pmid=7305705 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lewis LD, Smith BW, Mamourian AC |title=Delayed sequelae after acute overdoses or poisonings: cranial neuropathy related to ethylene glycol ingestion |journal=Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=692–9 |year=1997 |month=June |pmid=9209253 |doi=10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90105-3 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Spillane L, Roberts JR, Meyer AE |title=Multiple cranial nerve deficits after ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=Annals of emergency medicine |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=208–10 |year=1991 |month=February |pmid=1996809 |doi= |url=}}</ref> The most significant long-term complication is related to the kidneys. Cases of permanent kidney damage, often requiring chronic dialysis or [[kidney transplantation]], have been reported after severe poisoning.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nizze H, Schwabbauer P, Brachwitz C, Lange H |title=[Fatal chronic oxalosis after sublethal ethylene glycol poisoning] |language=German |journal=Pathologe |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=328–34 |year=1997 |month=July |pmid=9380607 |doi= |url=http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00292/bibs/7018004/70180328.htm}}</ref><ref name="Davis"/>
{{see also|Higher education in New Brunswick}}


[[Image:UNB OldArtsBuilding.JPG|thumb|250px|The University of New Brunswick has the largest student enrollment in the province.]]
==Epidemiology ==
Ethylene glycol poisoning is a relatively common occurrence worldwide.<ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |author=Davis DP, Bramwell KJ, Hamilton RS, Williams SR |title=Ethylene glycol poisoning: case report of a record-high level and a review |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=653–67 |year=1997 |pmid=9348055 |doi=10.1016/S0736-4679(97)00145-5|url=}}</ref><ref name="Watson"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kotwica M, Czerczak S |title=Acute poisonings registered since 1970: trends and characteristics. Analysis of the files collected in the National Poison Information Centre, Łódź, Poland |journal=Int J Occup Med Environ Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=38–43 |year=2007 |pmid=17509968 |doi=10.2478/v10001-007-0010-8 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Krenová M, Pelclová D, Navrátil T, Merta M |title=Experiences of the Czech toxicological information centre with ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=473–5 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16601813 |doi= |url=http://publib.upol.cz/~obd/fulltext/Biomed/2005/2/473.pdf}}</ref> Human poisoning often occurs in isolated cases, but may also occur in epidemics.<ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=Ethylene glycol intoxication due to contamination of water systems |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=36 |issue=36 |pages=611–4 |year=1987 |month=September |pmid=3114608 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Leikin JB, Toerne T, Burda A, McAllister K, Erickson T |title=Summertime cluster of intentional ethylene glycol ingestions |journal=JAMA |volume=278 |issue=17 |pages=1406 |year=1997 |month=November |pmid=9355997 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldsher M, Better OS |title=Antifreeze poisoning during the October 1973 War in the Middle-East: case reports |journal=Mil Med |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=314–5 |year=1979 |month=May |pmid=113700 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Many cases of poisoning are the result of using ethylene glycol as a cheap substitute for alcohol or intentional ingestions in [[suicide]]-attempts.<ref name="Leth">{{cite journal |author=Leth PM, Gregersen M |title=Ethylene glycol poisoning |journal=Forensic Sci. Int. |volume=155 |issue=2-3 |pages=179–84 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16226155 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.11.012 |url=}}</ref> Less commonly it has been used as a means of [[homicide]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Armstrong EJ, Engelhart DA, Jenkins AJ, Balraj EK |title=Homicidal ethylene glycol intoxication: a report of a case |journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=151–5 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16738434 |doi=10.1097/01.paf.0000203221.17854.38 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Munro | first = Ian | title = Death by anti-freeze 'perfect murder' | work = | publisher = [[The Age]] | date = October 13, 2007 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/death-by-antifreeze-perfect-murder/2007/10/12/1191696176894.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-10-01}}</ref> Children or animals may be exposed by accidental ingestion; children and animals often consume large amounts due to ethylene glycol having a sweet taste.<ref name="Goldfrank">{{cite book | editor = Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS | title = Goldfrank’s toxicologic emergencies | year = 2002| pages = 980-90 | publisher = McGraw-Hill | id = ISBN 0-07-136001-8}}</ref> In the United States there were 5816 cases reported to poison centers in 2002.<ref name="Caravati">{{cite journal |author=Caravati EM, Erdman AR, Christianson G, ''et al'' |title=Ethylene glycol exposure: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=327–45 |year=2005 |pmid=16235508 |doi=10.1080/07313820500184971 |url=}}</ref> Additionally, ethylene glycol was the most common chemical responsible for deaths reported by US poison centers in 2003.<ref name="Watson">{{cite journal |author=Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Rodgers GC Jr, Youniss J, Reid N, Rouse WG, Rembert RS, Borys D |title=2003 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System |journal=Am J Emerg Med |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=335–404 |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15490384 |doi= |url=|issn=}}</ref> However, these numbers may underestimate actual numbers because not all cases attributable to ethylene glycol are reported to poison control centers.<ref name="LaKind">{{cite journal |author=LaKind JS, McKenna EA, Hubner RP, Tardiff RG |title=A review of the comparative mammalian toxicity of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol |journal=Crit. Rev. Toxicol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=331–65 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10451263 |doi= 10.1080/10408449991349230|url=}}</ref> Most deaths from ethylene glycol are intentional suicides; deaths in children due to unintentional ingestion are extremely rare.<ref name="White">{{cite journal |author=White NC, Litovitz T, White MK, Watson WA, Benson BE, Horowitz BZ, Marr-Lyon L|title=The impact of bittering agents on suicidal ingestions of antifreeze |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=507–14 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18584362 |doi=10.1080/15563650802119700 |url=}}</ref>


There are four universities in [[New Brunswick]].<ref name=aucc /> They are governed by the Ministry of Post Secondary Education, Training and Labour.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://www.gnb.ca/cnb/news/pet/2007e0075pe.htm|title=Premier announces NB Commission on Post-Secondary Education (07/01/19) |publisher=Government of New Brunswick|date=2007-01-19 }}</ref> New Brunswick holds the distinctions of having the first English-language university in Canada and the first public university in North America, the [[University of New Brunswick]];<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://www.unb.ca/welcome/facts.html|title=UNB: Quick Facts |publisher=University of New Brunswick }}</ref> and the first university in the [[British Empire]] to award a bachelor's degree to a woman, [[Grace Annie Lockhart]], in 1875 from [[Mount Allison University]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005477|title=Mount Allison University |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia }}</ref> [[St. Thomas University]] and [[University of New Brunswick]] have campuses in the province's capital of [[Fredericton]]; St. Thomas University is the only university in the province to not offer graduate-level programs. Established in 1785, the University of New Brunswick is the oldest in the province, while the [[Université de Moncton]] is the newest, formed in 1963. University student enrollment ranges from the smallest, Mount Allison University, with 2,240 students, to the largest, the University of New Brunswick, with 10,880 students.
In an effort to prevent poisoning, often a bittering agent called [[denatonium benzoate]], known by the trade name Bitrex, is added to ethylene glycol preparations as an adversant to prevent accidental or intentional ingestion. The bittering agent is thought to stop ingestion as part of the human defense against ingestion of harmful substances is rejection of bitter tasting substances.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jackson MH, Payne HA |title=Bittering agents: their potential application in reducing ingestions of engine coolants and windshield wash |journal=Vet Hum Toxicol |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=323–6 |year=1995 |month=August |pmid=8540219 |doi= |url=}}</ref> In the United States, three states ([[Oregon]], [[California]], [[New Mexico]]) have made the addition of bittering agents to antifreeze compulsory.<ref name="White"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Neumann CM, Giffin S, Hall R, Henderson M, Buhler DR |title=Oregon's Toxic Household Products Law |journal=J Public Health Policy |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=342–59 |year=2000 |pmid=11021047 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Follow up studies assessing the efficacy of bittering agents in preventing toxicity or death have, however, shown limited benefit of bittering ethylene glycol preparations.<ref name="White"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mullins ME, Zane Horowitz B |title=Was it necessary to add Bitrex (denatonium benzoate) to automotive products? |journal=Vet Hum Toxicol |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=150–2 |year=2004 |month=June |pmid=15171494 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Institution
! Location(s)
! E
! U
! P
! T
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|align="left"| [[Mount Allison University]]
|align="left"| [[Sackville, New Brunswick|Sackville]]
| 1839
| {{nts|2230}}
| {{nts|10}}
| {{nts|2240}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/mt_allison_e.html|title=Mount Allison University |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[St. Thomas University (New Brunswick)|St. Thomas University]]
|align="left"| [[Fredericton, New Brunswick|Fredericton]]
| 1910
| {{nts|2810}}
| {{nts|0}}
| {{nts|2810}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/st_thomas_e.html|title=St. Thomas University |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[Université de Moncton]]
|align="left"| [[Moncton]]
| 1963
| {{nts|5410}}
| {{nts|790}}
| {{nts|6200}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/moncton_e.html|title=Université de Moncton |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[University of New Brunswick]]
|align="left"| [[Fredericton, New Brunswick|Fredericton]] & [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
| 1785
| {{nts|9690}}
| {{nts|1190}}
| {{nts|10880}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/new_brunswick_e.html|title=University of New Brunswick |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|}

==Nova Scotia==
{{Main|List of universities in Nova Scotia}}
{{see also|Higher education in Nova Scotia}}

[[Image:Kings College.jpg|250px|thumb|The University of King's College is the oldest university in Nova Scotia.]]

There are 11 universities in [[Nova Scotia]],<ref name=aucc /> several of which have strong religious connections. The University of King's College, first founded in [[Windsor, Nova Scotia|Windsor]], holds the distinction of being the first college with university powers in [[British North America]], at a time when [[Upper Canada]] had no government of its own. It has always remained under the control of the [[Church of England]]. [[Dalhousie University]], first known as Dalhousie College, was established in Halifax in 1820 with the help of the [[Presbyterian Church]], while, [[Acadia University]] was founded by [[Baptist]]s. [[Catholic]]s formed both [[Saint Mary's University, Halifax|Saint Mary's University]] and [[Saint Francis Xavier University]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Intellectual Development of the Canadian People|author=Bourinot, John George |date=2004 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=1419167472 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6466 }}</ref> The Degree Granting Act regulates degree-granting universities in the province.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/legc/statutes/degree.htm|title=Degree Granting Act |publisher=Government of Nova Scotia }}</ref>

* [[Acadia University]] ([[Wolfville, Nova Scotia|Wolfville]])
* [[Atlantic School of Theology]] ([[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]])
* [[Cape Breton University]] ([[Sydney, Nova Scotia|Sydney]])
* [[Dalhousie University]] (Halifax)
* [[Mount Saint Vincent University]] (Halifax)
* [[Nova Scotia Agricultural College]] ([[Bible Hill, Nova Scotia|Bible Hill]])
* [[Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University]] (Halifax)
* [[Saint Francis Xavier University]] ([[Antigonish, Nova Scotia|Antigonish]])
* [[Saint Mary's University, Halifax|Saint Mary's University]] (Halifax)
* [[University of King's College]] (Halifax)
* [[Université Sainte-Anne]] ([[Church Point, Nova Scotia|Church Point]])

==Ontario==
{{Main|List of universities in Ontario}}
{{see also|Higher education in Ontario}}

[[Image:University college1.JPG|250px|thumb|The University of Toronto is Ontario's oldest university, and has the largest student enrollment in the province.]]
[[Image:IGP3095.JPG|250px|thumb|The Ontario College of Art & Design is the largest and oldest university for art and design in Canada.]]

There are 22 universities in [[Ontario]]<ref name=aucc /> that are secondary education institutions with degree-granting authority.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-06-26|url=http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/list/univers.html|title=Find a university|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities}}</ref> Each of these institutions were either established through an [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|Act of the Legislative Assembly]] or through a [[Royal Charter]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Governments and the University|author= Cooper, William Mansfield|journal=Peabody Journal of Education|volume=45|issue=1|date=July 1967|pages=57–60}}</ref>

* [[Algoma University]] ([[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]])
* [[Brock University]] ([[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]])
* [[Carleton University]] ([[Ottawa, Ontario|Ottawa]])
* [[Dominican University College]] (Ottawa)
* {{sort|Guelph, University of|[[University of Guelph]]}} ([[Guelph, Ontario|Guelph]] &amp; [[Leeds and Grenville]] &amp; [[Prescott and Russell]] &amp; [[Chatham-Kent]] &amp; [[Toronto]])
* [[Lakehead University]] ([[Thunder Bay, Ontario|Thunder Bay]] &amp; [[Orillia]])
* [[Laurentian University]] ([[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]] &amp; [[Barrie]])
* [[McMaster University]] ([[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]])
* [[Nipissing University]] ([[North Bay, Ontario|North Bay]] &amp; [[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]])
* [[Ontario College of Art & Design]] (Toronto)
* {{sort|Ontario Institute of Technology, University of|[[University of Ontario Institute of Technology]]}} ([[Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa]])
* {{sort|Ottawa, University of|[[University of Ottawa]]}} ([[Ottawa]])
* [[Queen's University]] ([[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]])
* [[Royal Military College of Canada]] (Kingston)
* [[Ryerson University]] (Toronto)
* {{sort|Toronto, University of|[[University of Toronto]]}} (Toronto &amp; [[Mississauga]])
* [[Trent University]] ([[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]] &amp; [[Oshawa]])
* {{sort|Waterloo, University of|[[University of Waterloo]]}} ([[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] &amp; [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] &amp; [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]])
* {{sort|Western Ontario, University of|[[University of Western Ontario]]}} ([[London, Ontario|London]])
* [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] (Waterloo &amp; [[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]] &amp; [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]])
* {{sort|Windsor, University of|[[University of Windsor]]}} ([[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]])
* [[York University]] (Toronto)

==Prince Edward Island==
{{see also|Higher education in Prince Edward Island}}

There is only one university in [[Prince Edward Island]] that is authorized to grant degrees.<ref name=aucc /> Higher education in the province falls under the jurisdiction of the Higher Education and Corporate Services Branch within the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/education/heacs-info/index.php3|title=Higher Education and Corporate Services |publisher=Government of Prince Edward Island }}</ref> The only university in the province, the [[University of Prince Edward Island]], is located in the province's capital of [[Charlottetown]]. The institution resulted from an amalgamation of [[Prince of Wales College]], a former [[university college]] founded in 1834, and [[Saint Dunstan's University]], founded in 1855.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-12|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0003534|title=University of Prince Edward Island |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Institution
! Location(s)
! E
! U
! P
! T
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|align="left"| [[University of Prince Edward Island]]
|align="left"| [[Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island|Charlottetown]]
| 1804
| {{nts|3800}}
| {{nts|230}}
| {{nts|4030}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/pei_e.html|title=University of Prince Edward Island |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|}

==Quebec==
{{Main|List of universities in Quebec}}
{{see also|Higher education in Quebec}}

[[Image:Udemontreal.jpg|250px|thumb|Université de Montréal has the largest student enrollment in Quebec.]]

There are 17 universities in the largely [[French language|French]]-speaking province of [[Quebec]].<ref name=aucc /> They are all accredited by the ''Conférence des recteurs et des principaux des universités de Québec''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-27|url=http://www.crepuq.qc.ca/article.php3?id_article=31|title=Qui sommes-nous ? |publisher=Conférence des recteurs et des principaux des universités de Québec|language=French }}</ref>

* [[Bishop's University]] ([[Sherbrooke]])
* [[Concordia University]] ([[Montreal]])
* {{sort|Ecole de technologie supérieure|[[École de technologie supérieure]]}} (Montreal)
* {{sort|Ecole nationale d'administration publique|[[École nationale d'administration publique]]}} ([[Quebec City]])
* {{sort|Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal|[[École Polytechnique de Montréal]]}} (Montreal)
* [[HEC Montréal]] (Montreal)
* [[Institut national de la recherche scientifique]] (Quebec City)
* [[McGill University]] (Montreal)
* [[Université de Montréal]] (Montreal)
* [[Université de Sherbrooke]] (Sherbrooke)
* [[Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue]] ([[Rouyn-Noranda]])
* [[Université du Québec en Outaouais]] ([[Gatineau]])
* [[Université du Québec à Chicoutimi]] ([[Chicoutimi, Quebec|Chicoutimi]])
* [[Université du Québec à Montréal]] (Montreal)
* [[Université du Québec à Rimouski]] ([[Rimouski]])
* [[Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières]] ([[Trois-Rivières]])
* [[Laval University|Université Laval]] (Quebec City)

==Saskatchewan==
{{see also|Higher education in Saskatchewan}}

There are three universities in [[Saskatchewan]].<ref name=aucc /> The [[Government of Saskatchewan]] must establish statutes individually to degree-granting universities; the statute outlines the authority of each institution, their regulations, and bylaws.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-11|url=http://www.cicic.ca/en/page.aspx?sortcode=2.20.24.27.28.28|title=Quality Assurance Practices for Postsecondary Institutions in Saskatchewan |publisher=Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Institution
! Location(s)
! E
! U
! P
! T
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|align="left"| [[First Nations University of Canada]]
|align="left"| [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
| 1976
| {{nts|840}}
| {{nts|0}}
| {{nts|840}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/first_nations_e.html|title=First Nations University of Canada |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[University of Regina]]
|align="left"| [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
| 1911
| {{nts|10690}}
| {{nts|1480}}
| {{nts|12170}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/regina_e.html|title=University of Regina |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[University of Saskatchewan]]
|align="left"| [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Saskatoon]]
| 1907
| {{nts|16430}}
| {{nts|2190}}
| {{nts|18620}}
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/saskatchewan_e.html|title=University of Saskatchewan |publisher=AUCC }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[Group of Thirteen (Canadian universities)]]
*[[Higher education in Canada]]

;Lists
{{colbegin|2}}
*[[List of business schools in Canada]]
*[[List of Canadian universities by endowment]]
*[[List of colleges in Canada]]
*[[List of law schools in Canada]]
*[[Lists of universities and colleges]]
*[[List of universities and colleges by country]]
{{colend}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


{{Universities in Canada}}
[[Category:toxicology]]
{{G13}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Canada|*]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Canada|*]]


[[de:Liste der Universitäten in Kanada]]
{{Poisoning and toxicity}}
[[es:Anexo:Universidades de Canadá]]
[[fr:Liste des universités du Canada]]
[[it:Lista di università canadesi]]
[[zh:加拿大大學列表]]

Revision as of 05:01, 12 October 2008

Template:Canada provinces map/universities in Canada

In Canada, the constitutional responsibility for higher education, including universities, rests with the provinces and territories of Canada. The decision to assign responsibility for universities to local legislatures was cemented as law in the British North America Act in 1867, later renamed the Constitution Act, 1867 in 1982.[1] The law was contentious upon inception.[2] The Act states "in and for each Province, the Legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to Education".[1] As a result of this constitutional agreement, a distinctive system of education, including higher education, has evolved in each province. Aboriginal peoples in Canada have a separate arrangement from other Canadian citizens. As the constitutional responsibility for Aboriginal Peoples with Treaty Status rests with the federal government of Canada under the Constitution Act of 1982, the federal government is largely responsible for funding higher education opportunities for Aboriginal learners. There are 83 universities in Canada.

E – Established; U – Undergraduates; P – Postgraduates; T – Total enrollment

Alberta

See also: Higher education in Alberta
The University of Alberta has the largest student enrollment in Alberta.

There are six universities in Alberta.[3] Post-secondary education in Alberta is regulated by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Technology.[4] The University of Calgary is the only university in the province located in Calgary, the province's most populated city. Three of the universities—the University of Alberta, Concordia University College of Alberta, and King's University College—are located in Edmonton, the province's capital city. King's University College is the only university in the province to not have graduate-level programs. The oldest university in the province is the University of Alberta, established in 1906, while King's University College is the most recently established university, formed in 1979. University student enrollment in Alberta range from the smallest university, also King's University College, with 560 students, and the largest university, the University of Alberta, with 35,490 students.

Institution Location(s) E U P T Notes
Athabasca University Athabasca 1970 29,090 2,160 31,250 [5]
University of Alberta Edmonton 1906 29,430 6,060 35,490 [6]
University of Calgary Calgary 1966 22,420 5,340 27,760 [7]
Concordia University College of Alberta Edmonton 1921 1,640 50 1,690 [8]
King's University College Edmonton 1979 560 0 560 [9]
University of Lethbridge Lethbridge 1967 7,930 300 8,230 [10]

British Columbia

Main article: List of universities in British Columbia
See also: Higher education in British Columbia
The University of British Columbia is the oldest university in British Columbia.

There are 14 universities in British Columbia.[3] New degree programs for all British Columbia secondary education institutions must be approved by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Labour Market Development; the Ministry must also give consent to private institutions to grant degrees in British Columbia and use the word "university" for educational purposes.[11]

Manitoba

See also: Higher education in Manitoba
The University of Manitoba has the largest student enrollment in Manitoba.

There are four universities in Manitoba.[3] The Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy is responsible for post-secondary institutions in the province.[12] Both the University of Manitoba and the University of Winnipeg are located in Winnipeg, the capital and largest city in the province. The University of Winnipeg does not have graduate-level programs. The Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface is the oldest university in the province, established in 1818, and Brandon University is the newest, formed in 1899. The Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface is also the smallest university, with 984 students, while the University of Manitoba has the most students among universities in the province, with 26,800 students.

Institution Location(s) E U P T Notes
Brandon University Brandon 1899 3,140 120 3,260 [13]
Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface Saint Boniface 1818 930 54 984 [14]
University of Manitoba Winnipeg 1877 23,640 3,160 26,800 [15]
University of Winnipeg Winnipeg 1871 9,010 0 9,010 [16]

Newfoundland and Labrador

See also: Higher education in Newfoundland and Labrador

There is one university in Newfoundland and Labrador.[3] The Degree Granting Act regulates degree-granting universities in the province.[17] The only university in Newfoundland and Labrador, Memorial University of Newfoundland, has campuses in two cities, in St. John's, the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, and on the west coast of the province, in Corner Brook. With 17,690 enrolled students, it is the largest university in Atlantic Canada.[18]

Institution Location(s) E U P T Notes
Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's & Corner Brook 1925 15,290 2,400 17,690 [19]

New Brunswick

See also: Higher education in New Brunswick
The University of New Brunswick has the largest student enrollment in the province.

There are four universities in New Brunswick.[3] They are governed by the Ministry of Post Secondary Education, Training and Labour.[20] New Brunswick holds the distinctions of having the first English-language university in Canada and the first public university in North America, the University of New Brunswick;[21] and the first university in the British Empire to award a bachelor's degree to a woman, Grace Annie Lockhart, in 1875 from Mount Allison University.[22] St. Thomas University and University of New Brunswick have campuses in the province's capital of Fredericton; St. Thomas University is the only university in the province to not offer graduate-level programs. Established in 1785, the University of New Brunswick is the oldest in the province, while the Université de Moncton is the newest, formed in 1963. University student enrollment ranges from the smallest, Mount Allison University, with 2,240 students, to the largest, the University of New Brunswick, with 10,880 students.

Institution Location(s) E U P T Notes
Mount Allison University Sackville 1839 2,230 10 2,240 [23]
St. Thomas University Fredericton 1910 2,810 0 2,810 [24]
Université de Moncton Moncton 1963 5,410 790 6,200 [25]
University of New Brunswick Fredericton & Saint John 1785 9,690 1,190 10,880 [26]

Nova Scotia

Main article: List of universities in Nova Scotia
See also: Higher education in Nova Scotia
The University of King's College is the oldest university in Nova Scotia.

There are 11 universities in Nova Scotia,[3] several of which have strong religious connections. The University of King's College, first founded in Windsor, holds the distinction of being the first college with university powers in British North America, at a time when Upper Canada had no government of its own. It has always remained under the control of the Church of England. Dalhousie University, first known as Dalhousie College, was established in Halifax in 1820 with the help of the Presbyterian Church, while, Acadia University was founded by Baptists. Catholics formed both Saint Mary's University and Saint Francis Xavier University.[27] The Degree Granting Act regulates degree-granting universities in the province.[28]

Ontario

Main article: List of universities in Ontario
See also: Higher education in Ontario
The University of Toronto is Ontario's oldest university, and has the largest student enrollment in the province.
The Ontario College of Art & Design is the largest and oldest university for art and design in Canada.

There are 22 universities in Ontario[3] that are secondary education institutions with degree-granting authority.[29] Each of these institutions were either established through an Act of the Legislative Assembly or through a Royal Charter.[30]

Prince Edward Island

See also: Higher education in Prince Edward Island

There is only one university in Prince Edward Island that is authorized to grant degrees.[3] Higher education in the province falls under the jurisdiction of the Higher Education and Corporate Services Branch within the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development.[31] The only university in the province, the University of Prince Edward Island, is located in the province's capital of Charlottetown. The institution resulted from an amalgamation of Prince of Wales College, a former university college founded in 1834, and Saint Dunstan's University, founded in 1855.[32]

Institution Location(s) E U P T Notes
University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown 1804 3,800 230 4,030 [33]

Quebec

Main article: List of universities in Quebec
See also: Higher education in Quebec
Université de Montréal has the largest student enrollment in Quebec.

There are 17 universities in the largely French-speaking province of Quebec.[3] They are all accredited by the Conférence des recteurs et des principaux des universités de Québec.[34]

Saskatchewan

See also: Higher education in Saskatchewan

There are three universities in Saskatchewan.[3] The Government of Saskatchewan must establish statutes individually to degree-granting universities; the statute outlines the authority of each institution, their regulations, and bylaws.[35]

Institution Location(s) E U P T Notes
First Nations University of Canada Regina 1976 840 0 840 [36]
University of Regina Regina 1911 10,690 1,480 12,170 [37]
University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon 1907 16,430 2,190 18,620 [38]

See also

Lists

References

  1. ^ a b "The Constitution Act, 1867". Canada Department of Justice. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  2. ^ Canada (1987). Federal policy on post-secondary education. Minister of Supply and Services Canada. ISBN 0662550862.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Canadian Universities". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  4. ^ "Post-Secondary Institutions". Advanced Education and Technology. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  5. ^ "Athabasca University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC). Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  6. ^ "University of Alberta". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  7. ^ "University of Calgary". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  8. ^ "Concordia University College of Alberta". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  9. ^ "The King's University College". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  10. ^ "The University of Lethbridge". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  11. ^ "Recommendations and Decisions". Ministry of Advanced Education and Labour Market Development. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  12. ^ "Quality Assurance Practices for Postsecondary Institutions in Manitoba". Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  13. ^ "Brandon University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  14. ^ "Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  15. ^ "The University of Manitoba". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  16. ^ "The University of Winnipeg". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  17. ^ "Degree Granting Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. D-5". Canadian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  18. ^ "About the School of Music". Memorial University. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  19. ^ "Memorial University of Newfoundland". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  20. ^ "Premier announces NB Commission on Post-Secondary Education (07/01/19)". Government of New Brunswick. 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  21. ^ "UNB: Quick Facts". University of New Brunswick. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  22. ^ "Mount Allison University". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  23. ^ "Mount Allison University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  24. ^ "St. Thomas University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  25. ^ "Université de Moncton". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  26. ^ "University of New Brunswick". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  27. ^ Bourinot, John George (2004). The Intellectual Development of the Canadian People. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1419167472.
  28. ^ "Degree Granting Act". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  29. ^ "Find a university". Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  30. ^ Cooper, William Mansfield (July 1967). "Governments and the University". Peabody Journal of Education. 45 (1): 57–60.
  31. ^ "Higher Education and Corporate Services". Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  32. ^ "University of Prince Edward Island". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  33. ^ "University of Prince Edward Island". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  34. ^ "Qui sommes-nous ?" (in French). Conférence des recteurs et des principaux des universités de Québec. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  35. ^ "Quality Assurance Practices for Postsecondary Institutions in Saskatchewan". Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  36. ^ "First Nations University of Canada". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  37. ^ "University of Regina". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  38. ^ "University of Saskatchewan". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
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