Shinzo Abe

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Shinzō Abe (official portrait, 2015)

Shinzō Abe ( Japanese 安 倍 晋 三 Abe Shinzō ( listen ? / I ) [ abe ɕinzoː ]; born September 21, 1954 in Shinjuku , Tokyo Prefecture ) is a Japanese politician . He was the 57th Prime Minister of Japan from December 26, 2012 to September 16, 2020 , after holding this office from September 26, 2006 to September 26, 2007. Abe was also chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party , which he chaired from 2006 to 2007 and re-chaired it from 2012 to 2020. Time magazineAudio file / audio sample voted Abe one of the hundred most influential people in the world in 2014 and 2018. Abe was the longest-serving Prime Minister in Japanese history and, as of August 24, 2020 (before his great-uncle Satō Eisaku ), also the Prime Minister with the longest uninterrupted term in office.

Life

Career

Abe comes from a well-known family of politicians. After graduating from Seikei University Law School's Department of Political Science in 1977, Abe studied Politics at the University of Southern California . After returning to Japan, he worked for Kobe Steel Ltd. until 1982 . Then he became his father's assistant in various offices: the Foreign Minister Shintarō Abe , private secretary of the chairman of the Council for General Affairs of the LDP (Executive Council) Shintarō Abe and finally private secretary of the LDP general secretary Shintarō Abe. In 1993 Abe was elected in the four-mandate First Constituency of Yamaguchi Prefecture with the highest number of votes in succession to his father, who died in May 1991, and has been re-elected six times in a row since 1996 in the new single-mandate constituency Yamaguchi 4 . He was Deputy Head of Cabinet Secretariat in the Mori and Koizumi governments from 2000 to 2003 . Then he was General Secretary of the LDP until 2004.

From October 31, 2005 to September 26, 2006 Abe was Chief Cabinet Secretary under Jun'ichirō Koizumi .

On September 20, 2006, he was elected party leader of the LDP with a clear majority : Abe received 464 votes, Tarō Asō 136, Sadakazu Tanigaki 102.

First term as Prime Minister (2006-2007)

Shinzō Abe and George W. Bush (2007)

On September 26, 2006 he was elected the youngest Japanese head of government after the Second World War with 339 of 475 votes in the House of Representatives and 136 out of 240 votes in the House of Lords .

The Japanese upper house election on July 29, 2007 ended in a severe election defeat for Abe's LDP. The party only won 37 (previously 64) of 121 seats in the upper house and lost its position as the strongest force in the upper house to the Democratic Party . The Cabinet Abe was then On 27 August 2007 transformed . But Abe could only delay his resignation: A month later he had to give up his office.

Second term as Prime Minister (2012-2014)

Abe (3rd from left) at the appointment as Prime Minister by Emperor Akihito (1st from left) in December 2012

On September 26, 2012 Abe returned to the top of the LDP when he prevailed against former Defense Minister Shigeru Ishiba in the second ballot . After Yoshihiko Noda's Democratic Party (DPJ) was defeated in the general election on December 16, 2012 , Abe was elected Prime Minister by both houses of the Japanese Parliament ten days later. He was appointed Prime Minister by the Tennō on the same day .

Because of his visit to the Yasukuni Shrine , Abe sparked a diplomatic conflict with China . Relations with South Korea also deteriorated .

In the upper house election in 2013 , the LDP won the absolute majority of the seats available for election, but was still dependent on the coalition partner Kōmeitō to control the legislature because of the weaker performance in 2010 and lack of its own two-thirds majority in the lower house.

On November 21, 2014, he dissolved the House of Commons for the purpose of early elections for December 14, 2014. The elections confirmed the government majority almost unchanged, the coalition continued to rule. Abe himself held his seat unopposed from the larger bourgeois opposition parties with over 76% of the vote.

Third term as Prime Minister (2014-2017)

To introduce Japan at the closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics , Abe appeared in costume as Super Mario . Preparations for the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics formed a large part of Abe's third term in office.

On December 24, Abe was elected Prime Minister for the third time, and the cabinet's personnel remained almost unchanged from the previous government that was only newly formed in September 2014.

In the regular election of the LDP chairman in September 2015, Abe was confirmed as chairman for another three years without an opposing candidate, the only declared challenger Seiko Noda (lower house, Gifu 1, without faction) did not find the 20 supporters necessary for a candidacy in the two LDP parliamentary groups in the national parliament. In October 2015, the cabinet was restructured .

In the upper house elections in 2016 , the LDP won 56 seats in the eligible class, bringing it to 121 out of 242 seats in total. A few days later, with Tatsuo Hirano (Iwate, 2013–2019) joining the LDP, it won its first independent upper house majority since the 1989 election defeat . In August 2016, the cabinet was restructured again .

In May 2016, Abe hosted the G7 summit in Ise-Shima .

In the spring of 2017, Japanese media reported that Abe and his wife Akie were involved in a scandal surrounding the nationalist school and kindergarten operator " Moritomo Gakuen " ( 学校 法人 森 友 学園 Gakkō Hōjin Moritomo Gakuen ). At Abe's request, he received substantial discounts on a plot of land in Osaka for building a nationalist primary school . The government cited the poisoned property floor as the official reason for the discounts, which the school operator had to decontaminate himself. In addition, Akie Abe donated, according to the school operator, one million yen and was supposed to act as honorary director of the school. Abe himself denied any interference in the construction of the school and promised during a parliamentary debate that he would step down as prime minister if he or his wife were involved in the scandal. I.a. the city administration Osaka investigated the incident and has been able to detect any interference of Abes (August 2020); Kagoike and his wife were in custody from July 2017 to May 2018 for subsidy fraud .

Another educational scandal followed in May 2017. Kōtaro Kake, the chairman of the company "Kake Gakuen" ( 学校 法人 加 計 学園 Gakkō Hōjin Kake Gakuen ) and a close friend of Abes, received government approval in January 2017 to build an educational facility for prospective veterinarians. On May 17, 2017, the Asahi Shimbun reported the existence of documents in which the Cabinet Secretariat advised the Ministry of Education to approve the construction “with the Prime Minister's intention”. Abe and Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga initially denied the existence of the documents and described them as "implausible". However, on June 15, 2017, Education Minister Hirokazu Matsuno stated that 14 of the 19 documents sought had been found, including the one with the phrase “with the intent of the Prime Minister”. Abe said during a parliamentary debate on June 17, 2017 that he apologized for the duration of the finding of the documents and that he would take the criticism of the way the building permit was granted seriously.

On September 28, 2017, Abe dissolved the House of Commons; the early elections took place on October 22nd. The elections confirmed the government majority almost unchanged, the coalition continued to rule. Abe himself won his constituency with around 73% of the vote.

Foreign and Security Policy

Abe and Donald Trump on the
White House grounds in February 2017

On July 16, 2015, despite strong opposition, parliament passed the controversial Collective Self-Defense Act , which extends the powers of the Japanese armed forces to the extent that they are now part of a collective defense system under the Treaty on Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the No longer is the United States limited solely to defending Japan.

2015, relations with South Korea improved, as Abe in November of that year, the then President Park Geun-hye met and in December of Japan and South Korea regarding comfort women agreed -Konflikts and reached an agreement. It included an apology from Japan and 1 billion yen in compensation for the South Korean victims. However, in January 2017 a statue to commemorate the comfort women was erected in front of the Japanese consulate in Busan , whereupon the government withdrew the Japanese ambassador to South Korea. With President Moon Jae-in , Abe relied on an improvement in Japanese-South Korean relations and a solution to the comfort women 's conflict.

Abe sought an agreement with Russia in the Kuril conflict and has met with Russian President Vladimir Putin several times since 2015 . The Japanese government still claimed the three islands of Etorofu , Kunashiri and Shikotan for themselves.

Under Abe's third term, Barack Obama's visit to Hiroshima in May 2016 and Abe's visit to Pearl Harbor in December 2016 contributed to the processing of events in World War II. Abe also wanted to maintain good relations with the USA under the Trump cabinet in order to convince the new US administration of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, among other things .

Abe and Xi Jinping at a Sino-Japanese summit in Jakarta in April 2015

Relations with the People's Republic of China generally deteriorated during Abe's third term. In the territorial conflict over the Senkaku Islands , there have been several incidents in which Chinese ships invaded the area claimed by the Japanese government, which is why the Japanese ambassador to China was withdrawn in August 2016.

On June 15, under pressure from Abes, the Kokkai passed a controversial “conspiracy law” designed to reduce the risk of terrorism in view of the Tokyo Olympics. It gives investigators extended access to phone calls and chats . Critics of the law such as B. Edward Snowden criticized that Japan could become a surveillance state, and thus feared a significant restriction of privacy and saw the law as a threat to Japanese democracy. The United Nations also advised Abe against passing the law. During the relevant parliamentary session, demonstrations took place accusing Abe of "dictatorial" behavior.

Fourth term as Prime Minister (2017-2020)

On November 1, 2017, Abe was elected Prime Minister for the fourth time by the National Assembly, and the cabinet's personnel remained unchanged from the previous government that was only newly formed in August of that year .

In March 2018, Abe's government came under further pressure after the Treasury Department admitted that it had forged documents relating to the sale of the property to "Moritomo Gakuen". a. Removing Akie Abe's name. The approval ratings for the Abe cabinet then fell to below 40 percent in some polls; the rejection values ​​were slightly higher. Abe as well as Finance and Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō denied any guilt and referred to misconduct by the Ministry of Finance, but Asō, as its head, refused to resign.

On August 26, 2018, Abe announced that he would face challenger Shigeru Ishiba in the election of the LDP chairman in September of that year . At the LDP party convention in March 2017, a rule change was decided that allows Abe a fourth term as party chairman and thus as prime minister. In the election, Abe clearly won against Ishiba and reshuffled his cabinet in October 2018 .

In June 2019, Abe hosted the G20 summit in Osaka .

In the upper house election in July 2019 , the LDP received 57 of the 124 seats available for election; together with the Kōmeitō, the governing coalition won 71 seats and retained their majority in the House of Lords with a total of 141 of 242 seats. Another cabinet reshuffle took place in September 2019 .

As a consequence of the global COVID-19 pandemic , Abe announced in March 2020 that he had asked the Chairman of the International Olympic Committee Thomas Bach to postpone the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo by one year and that he had reached an agreement.

On August 28, 2020, Abe announced at a press conference that he was stepping down from the post of prime minister and party leader due to his deteriorating health. He made the decision to do so on August 24th after consulting his doctors and wanted to continue to manage the official business until a successor was appointed. Abe resigned from office on September 16, 2020.

Foreign and Security Policy

On December 8, 2017, after a telephone conversation with EU Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker , Abe confirmed the conclusion of negotiations on a planned free trade and investment protection agreement between Japan and the European Union ( Japan-EU Free Trade Agreement , abbreviated to JEFTA ) and resigned indicated that it should be signed in mid-2018 and come into force in early 2019. However, there are reports that there has not yet been full agreement on investment protection; negotiations in this regard should therefore be continued. The agreement was finally signed in Tokyo on July 17, 2018.

After an initial rejection due to diplomatic tensions with South Korea regarding the comfort women conflict, Abe finally took part in the opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang at an invitation from Moon Jae- in.

Following the announcement of summits between North Korean “Supreme Leader”  Kim Jong-un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in, and later US President Trump, Abe deviated from his stiff stance on North Korea in March 2018. While he continued to demand “maximum pressure” in the form of sanctions, he was also optimistic and could imagine direct talks, especially to enable Japanese citizens kidnapped by North Korea to return .

In August 2019, the conflict with South Korea intensified when Japan removed South Korea from its list of preferred trading partners. Abe's government justified this with security concerns over possible links with North Korea and a loss of confidence as a result of the breach of the comfort women agreement. The South Korean government then called on its people to boycott Japanese products and canceled a military agreement on the exchange of intelligence (General Security of Military Information Agreement) . As a result of the conflict, for. E.g. the export of food to South Korea fell by 40 percent and in August 2019, 48 percent fewer South Koreans visited Japan than in August 2018.

Political positions

Abe is the right-conservative assigned spectrum and is the special consultant nationalistisch embossed Nippon Kaigi . In this context, Stephen Bannon described him in March 2019 as "Trump before Trump" and explained that Abe was the first nationalist politician to rule successfully in a developed country and was a "hero" for the populist worldwide movements. Since his re-election as Prime Minister in 2012, however, Abe has been pursuing an increasingly pragmatic policy, according to general assessments, and separating his personal political views from his office.

Defense policy

Abe at a Parade of the Self-Defense Forces (2018)

In July 2006 he published his book Utsukushii kuni e ( 美 し い 国 へ '[The Way] To a Beautiful Country'), which read in large parts like an election program. In it he wrote, for example, that Article 9 of the constitution , which is controversial among right-wing politicians , which prohibits warfare and the threat of military violence, should be changed in order to be able to assume a new military role. Due to the tensions with the People's Republic of China and the North Korean nuclear weapons program, Abe intended a more independent course in Japanese foreign policy . In return, armaments expenditure should be increased significantly and the self-defense forces should be explicitly recognized as the official armed forces of Japan in the Japanese constitution . Paragraph 1 of Article 9 should be retained, Paragraph 2 should be adapted and a third article should be added which recognizes the self-defense forces as such. In the Shūgiin , Abe and the LDP- Kōmeitō coalition had the two-thirds majority required for a constitutional amendment. In addition, up to the 2019 upper house election, over two-thirds of the Sangiin's MPs were members of parties that stand for a constitutional amendment. Abe dated the entry into force of the new constitution in 2017 in 2020.

Understanding of history

In Abe's understanding, Japan was not wrong during World War II. He also publicly questions the Tokyo war crimes trials , which (e) makes him unpopular in China and Korea . In his book Utsukushii kuni e , he wrote that as a child he felt a strong dislike for non-conservatives because his grandfather Kishi Nobusuke was imprisoned as a suspected Class A war criminal from 1945 to 1948. From this experience he derived his conservative attitude. While Abe's predecessor Koizumi in 2001 expressed his “deep regrets” for the fate of those women who were forced into prostitution in the occupied territories of Korea, China and Southeast Asia during World War II (see Comfort women ), and for their “immeasurable and painful experiences” Abe said on March 1, 2007: "There is no evidence that coercion was applied to women as it was initially said." This was preceded by a US Congress resolution demanding that Japan formally recognize responsibility for the suffering inflicted on these “comfort women”. Abe also defended Jun'ichirō Koizumi's controversial visits to the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo in 2006 , commented on his first overseas trip to the PRC, but not on possible Yasukuni visits of his own: “I cannot say whether I am go or not. Whether I went or not. ”On August 15, 2007, the 62nd anniversary of the Japanese surrender, he and 15 of his 16 ministers did not visit the shrine. Abe also announced a tougher course on North Korea . He also advocates educational reform to instill patriotism in schools and is a member of the revisionist " Association for the Creation of New History Textbooks ". In this context he was also the leader of a project against "excessive" sex education within the LDP .

Economic policy

During his second term in office, Abe represented an economic program with radical monetary , fiscal and structural policy approaches. The term Abenomics summarizes Abe's attempt to break through the economic crisis that has lasted more than two decades with an extensive infrastructure program (13 trillion yen), an enormous glut of money and deregulation. Whether Japan is in a deflationary spiral and whether deflationary tendencies are causal for the reluctance to buy among many Japanese is controversial.

Since the upper house election on July 21, 2013, Abe had a parliamentary majority in both chambers of the Kokkai and also had a great deal of political support within the party. Yet his deregulation plans were hardly implemented; according to government officials u. a. because the economic prerequisites have not yet been met. It is believed that the success of Abenomics can only be assessed more precisely after the implementation of the deregulations.

Energy policy

Abe is considered a nuclear proponent. In Japan, after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima (since March 2011), many of the country's over 50 nuclear power plants were shut down. Abe announced that the nuclear power plants that had been shut down as a result of the events in Fukushima would be put back into operation and that the construction of new nuclear reactors would resume (after a thorough safety review). The Sendai nuclear power plant was the first nuclear power plant to be restarted on August 11, 2015.

Migration policy

Like his predecessors, Abe fundamentally rejects the acceptance of migrants. Between 2013 and 2018, Japan granted asylum to a total of 134 refugees. However, due to demographic trends and the resulting labor shortage, Abe introduced a new visa law in April 2019 that makes it easier for residents of Southeast Asian countries to work in Japan for up to five years.

Family and private

The Abe family in 1956, from left: Yōko, Shinzō, Shintarō and Hironobu

Abe's father Shintarō was a member of the House of Commons for the 1st constituency of Yamaguchi and, among other things, Foreign Minister (1982-1986), Chairman of the LDP Executive Council (1986-1987), LDP General Secretary (1987-1989) and from 1986 chairman of the Fukuda faction , one of five major factions of the LDP. The grandfather Kan abe (1894-1946) was an independent member of the House of Commons opponents of the militaristic policies of Hideki Tōjō . Great-great-grandfather Yoshimasa Ōshima served as a general in the Imperial Japanese Army . Abes mother Yōko (* 1928) is the daughter of the MP, party leader and Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi ; his great uncle Eisaku Satō was a member of parliament, party chairman, prime minister and Nobel Peace Prize laureate . Abe's younger brother Nobuo Kishi , who was adopted by the Kishi family, is also a politician and a member of the House of Lords. His older brother Hironobu (* 1952) joined the Mitsubishi conglomerate after studying economics at Seikei University , where he rose to CEO of Mitsubishi Shōji Packaging ( Mitsubishi Corporation Packaging ), a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation .

In June 1987 Abe married Akie Matsuzaki , a daughter of Akio Matsuzaki, former head of the confectionery manufacturer Morinaga. The marriage remained childless.

Abe suffers from ulcerative colitis and is therefore dependent on the medicinal substance mesalazine . According to his own information, the health complaints resulting from this illness were largely responsible for his resignations in 2007 and 2020.

See also

Web links

Commons : Shinzō Abe  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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