Council on Foreign Relations

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Council on Foreign Relations
logo
legal form Private Policy Think Tank
founding 1921
founder Edward M. House
Seat New York City - Washington, DC
Chair Richard N. Haass
sales $ 83,795,500 (2017)
Members 4500 & 250 companies
Website www.cfr.org

The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR ; German  Council for Foreign Relations ) is a private American think tank with a focus on foreign policy issues with offices in New York City and Washington . The company was founded in New York in 1921 by Edward M. House in collaboration with German-born bankers Paul M. Warburg and Otto Hermann Kahn , America's most influential journalist, Walter Lippmann , as well as New York entrepreneurs, bankers and high-ranking politicians.

Since its inception, the Council has been accorded an outstanding role in the formulation process of foreign policy strategies and, with the Chatham House and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , which are closely linked to the CFR, it is one of the four most influential private think tanks worldwide. The CFR is the publisher of the bi-monthly Foreign Affairs , a journal in the field of international relations . The headquarters of the Council on Foreign Relations has been the former home of Standard Oil Director Harold Irving Pratt at 58 East 68th Street / Park Avenue on the Upper East Side in the New York borough of Manhattan since April 16, 1945 . Branch offices are located in Washington, London and Tokyo .

history

In the winter of 1917/18, the two advisers to US President Woodrow Wilson , the diplomat Edward M. House and the journalist Walter Lippmann formed a discreetly operating community to work out options for President Wilson, such as the policy after the fall of the German Empire as a result of the First World War . The group was called simply The inquiry , which with the investigation can be translated. Lippmann made the following statement: “Our project is brilliant. Pure, sensational ingenuity - and nothing else. ” In official historiography, Lippmann and House are considered to be in charge of drafting Wilson's 14-point program from January 1918.

Otto Hermann Kahn : CFR Director 1921–1932
Paul M. Warburg : CFR Director 1921-1932
Walter Lippmann : CFR Director 1932–1937
Henry Kissinger US Secretary of State 1973–1977
CFR Director 1977–1981

When the on January 18, 1919 Entente States convened and its allies Versailles Peace Conference House was the chief negotiator for the US delegation. In contrast to Great Britain, the United States under House made the French at the peace conference far fewer difficulties in realizing their war goals than expected. House also played a central role in the founding of the League of Nations , the forerunner of the United Nations , on Wilson's behalf .

Almost two years after the end of the First World War , the members of a committee around the banker Paul Warburg, who had been a source of ideas for the establishment of the US Federal Reserve System , met regularly in a rented office in the winter of 1920/21 43rd Street in Manhattan and invited a number of select men to join the new Council on Foreign Relations . In the meantime, the representative of the US war trade authority George W. Wickersham, appointed by US President Wilson, worked with the lawyer, deputy foreign minister and US delegate at the Paris peace negotiations Frank Lyon Polk, a constitution for the Council on Foreign Relations . When the Council on Foreign Relations was finally formed on July 29, 1921, the elected board of directors consisted of Honorary President and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Elihu Root , President John W. Davis, and Vice President Paul D. Cravath, all three lawyers, with Davis and Cravath attorneys for notable New York investment banks like Kuhn, Loeb & Co. were. The first directors were Warburg and Otto Hermann Kahn , board members of the Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

The foundation of today's Council on Foreign Relations was thus triggered by the special experiences of the participants in the Paris Peace Conference and to a certain extent reflected the work of the Inquiry expert group . What began with a small group of intellectual political strategists, The Inquiry , was expanded expansively in the Council on Foreign Relations , founded in 1921, and has since been decisive for American foreign policy and diplomacy in the 20th century.

The founding of the CFR was part of an already existing internationalist current in US politics. As early as 1910, a small group of intellectual internationalists had gathered in the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, founded by the world's largest steel producer and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie , and in 1919, with the newly established Woodrow Wilson Foundation, campaigned nationwide for the United States to join the League of Nations . This group, composed of influential investment banks, business people, academics, and politicians, represented President Wilson's internationalist ideals. The 1st President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Elihu Root , was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912 for his constant efforts to balance interests and formulate arbitration agreements in international conflicts and was later to become one of the founding fathers and honorary president of the CFR. CFR co-thinker George W. Wickersham also founded the League of Non-Partisan Association (LNNPA) with Supreme Court Justice John Hessin Clarke in order to persuade the American people to join the League of Nations. These internationalist institutions were characterized by their homogeneity of membership. The members of the groups were all men, came from the American east coast, had close business, social and cultural relationships with one another, were mostly wealthy, belonged to the upper classes and were taught at famous US elite universities. They had almost no contact with the electorate, members of middle management or medium-sized companies. The internationalism they shaped and the associated globalization was rhetorically addressed to all citizens, but mostly only reached other internationalists or members of the foreign policy establishment .

In direct response to the start of World War II , the Rockefeller Foundation funded the CFR's War and Peace Studies in October 1939 . In December 1945 the CFR had organized and set up new post-war study groups, resulting in the framework conditions for the UN and the Marshall Plan . The CFR's influence on American foreign policy grew. Government expertise for the Cold War and the Vietnam War was prepared by CFR study groups.

The 55 CFR officers held management positions (chairman of the executive board, chairman of the supervisory board) in 74 business and financial groups. A study by Wiliam Minter and Laurence Shoup showed that between 1945 and 1972 of a total of 502 government members, more than half were already members of the CFR. The author of the CFR history Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 states at this point in time: “The elite dinner club of Wall Street bankers and their academic protégés had grown into a broader-based community of Americans with expertise and responsibility for the United States' role in world affairs. ” (German: “ The elite dinner club made up of Wall Street bankers and their academic protégés grew into a vast community of Americans with competence and responsibility for the role of the United States in world affairs ” ).

1950 Dwight D. Eisenhower (US President 1953-1961) took over the chairmanship of a CFR study group. One member later said, “Whatever General Eisenhower knows about business, he learned from the CFR study sessions.” Within that study group, another working group called Americans for Eisenhower was created to increase his chances for the presidency. After the election to the US President (1953) Eisenhower recruited many cabinet members from the ranks of the CFR and he himself also became a member of the elite institution. Most importantly, he appointed CFR member John Foster Dulles as US Secretary of State. On January 12, 1954, Dulles gave a speech at a dinner at Harold Pratt House in New York City announcing a new direction for Eisenhower's foreign policy and a new perspective on possible retaliation against communist-ruled states. As a result of this address, a program on nuclear weapons and foreign policy was established and Henry Kissinger was elected to lead this study group.

Kissinger with Mao Zedong

The global strategist and Harvard graduate Henry Kissinger held his academic year at the CFR from 1955 to 1956 and published his bestseller "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy" published by the CFR in 1957 , which gave him a national reputation as a strategic thinker for the first time. In addition, Kissinger published twelve detailed academic reports in the journal Foreign Affairs, also published by the CFR .

Between 1964 and 1968 a study looked at relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China . Initial results published in 1966 concluded that American citizens were more open to talks with China than their elected representatives. Henry Kissinger was finally appointed by US President Nixon in 1969 to serve as the US National Security Advisor in the future. In 1971, Kissinger made a secret trip to Beijing to hold talks with the Chinese leadership. Nixon himself did not travel to China until a year later. Diplomatic relations with China were finally completely normalized in 1978 by the Secretary of State for the now incumbent US President Jimmy Carter . That US Secretary of State was Cyrus Vance , a longtime director of the CFR, before and after serving with the US government.

Many state guests from all over the world were received by the CFR, including the Dalai Lama , Fidel Castro (1959), the Yugoslav President Tito (1960), the Shah of Persia Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , Egypt's dictator Anwar al-Sadat (1981), the Jordanian royal couple Hussein bin Talal and Queen Noor, the Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir , Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin , president of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev , the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu , the Paraguayan dictator Alfredo Stroessner , the dictator of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe , the former Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadineschad .

The Princeton University managed the extensive archives of the CFR with the transcripts of all speeches, conferences, as well as results of study groups and meetings from 1918 to 1995. There is also a digital for everyone accessible audio database with speeches selection from 1953 to 1989th Here you can find, among other things, recordings of complete speeches by Konrad Adenauer (1953) and Helmut Kohl (1981) to the CFR members in the Harold Pratt House.

Of all 6,545 think tanks competing for influence around the world, the CFR ranks fourth in 2011.

organization

Board

Richard Nathan Haass

Richard Nathan Haass has been CFR President since 2003 , and Richard E. Salomon is Vice President. Continue to sit in the board of directors of the former US Secretary of State Colin Powell and all of them in investment banking and private equity operating Penny Pritzker , Peter George Peterson ( Blackstone Group ), Stephen Friedman (ex-CEO Goldman Sachs & Fed of NY ) and David M. Rubenstein ( Carlyle Group ). Former CFR boards include

and many other personalities, primarily from politics, finance and elite university circles with the greatest influence.

Members

Its 4,500 members include influential figures such as top government officials , respected academics, business leaders, outstanding journalists, well-known lawyers and other people with high positions in other professions.

Bill Clinton
Alan Greenspan

One of the first members since 1922 was the chairman and president of IBM , Thomas J. Watson . Today the CFR maintains the internal Thomas J. Watson Meetings Program . This CFR foundation funds meetings of senior US and foreign government and cabinet officials. Current well-known members include the former White House chief of staff under US President Barack Obama and current US Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew , the first Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) of all 17 US intelligence services, John Negroponte , the Secretary of State for Arms Control and US International Security, John Bolton , US Treasury Secretary until 2013, Timothy F. Geithner , Geithner's predecessor as Treasury Secretary and former CEO of Goldman Sachs , Henry Paulson , Vice President of the Federal Reserve System , Janet Yellen , President (until 07/2011) of the US rating agency Standard & Poor’s , Deven Sharma , the CEO of Goldman Sachs, Lloyd C. Blankfein , the CEO of JPMorgan Chase & Co. , James Dimon , the CEO of Citigroup , Michael E. O'Neill, the founder and CEO of the private equity giant KKR , Henry Kravis , the private equity icon and co-owner of Deut Schen Telekom AG , Stephen A. Schwarzman ( Blackstone Group ), the CEO of American Express , Kenneth Chenault , the NBC news icon Tom Brokaw , the presenter of the US news show No. 1 NBC Nightly News , Brian Williams, ABC -News- President, Benjamin Sherwood, CNN's chief policy analyst , David Gergen, the CBS News commentator, Douglas Brinkley, the speechwriter and one of America's most influential journalists, Charles Krauthammer , one of America's most influential journalists, Hendrik Hertzberg , the President of the Jewish world Congress , Ronald Lauder , the Supreme judge of the Supreme Court of the United States ( Chief Justice of the United States ), John Roberts , the Supreme Court Justice of the United States ( Supreme Court ), Ruth Bader Ginsburg , the Supreme Court of the United States, Stephen Breyer , the commander of ISAF and Joint Special Operations Command for operations vo n Special Forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, Stanley A. McChrystal , his successor as ISAF commander and later CIA director, David Petraeus , and his successor and current ISAF commander, John R. Allen , the commanding general of US European Command as well Supreme Allied Commander Europe of NATO, James G. Stavridis , the chairman of the American Council on Germany , William M. Drozdiak, the former chairman of the Fed , Alan Greenspan , the incumbent Mayor of New York, Michael Bloomberg , the Democratic candidate for the US - 2004 presidential election, John Kerry , former US President Bill Clinton , film producer Lawrence Bender , actress Angelina Jolie , actors George Clooney and Warren Beatty, and business and financial advisor Jeffrey Epstein .

Likewise, a large number of past US presidents, US secretaries of state, and US chiefs of staff of the 20th and 21st centuries belonged to the CFR.

Annual membership dues vary from $ 200 to $ 2,860, depending on age, occupation, and location.

The corporate members , there are different levels of priority. At the top of the founding companies of the CFR, the so-called stand Founders . These include Goldman Sachs , JPMorgan Chase & Co. , Bank of America , Merrill Lynch , ExxonMobil , McKinsey & Company and the international stock exchange operator NASDAQ OMX . This is followed by the corporate members of the Presidents Circle such as BP plc , Royal Dutch Shell , Credit Suisse , Lockheed Martin and other well-known global players. At the end of the corporate membership there are premium members such as Deutsche Bank , Airbus , De Beers , Google , VW , Walmart and Warburg Pincus . In total, the CFR is home to around 250 companies. Membership fees are $ 50,000 for Presidents Circle members and $ 25,000 for Premium members.

tasks

The tasks of the CFR include firstly the work in the discussion and study groups, secondly public relations work with the aim of promoting a pro-internationalist foreign policy of the USA and thirdly the work in the process of formulating US-American foreign policy. In a globalization that is paired with monetary nationalism ( monetary nationalism ), the CFR provides a dangerous combination, create financial crises and geopolitical tension. The David Rockefeller Studies Program is one of the key pillars of the CFR. This CFR-internal think tank employs 70 full-time so-called CFR Fellows who develop economic and political expertise and transmit it to decision-makers via the existing network. In addition, the fellows write books, newspaper articles, blogs and take part in discussions about world politics. The CFR plays a further important role as a private provider both for official government advice and in unofficial diplomacy.

War and Peace Studies, UN, NATO, World Bank, IMF and Marshall Plan

As a direct reaction to the beginning of the Second World War, the Rockefeller Foundation financed the CFR's historic War and Peace Studies in October 1939 , with a whopping 350,000 US dollars at the time (inflation-adjusted 2012: around 5.7 million US dollars). Over a period of five years, more than 100 men worked on this private and independent study program, which developed government recommendations for the coming war years and especially for the period afterwards. Subdivided into the sections Economy and Finance , Security and Armaments , Territorial Affairs and Politics . These different groups met over 250 times, always in New York City, always from dinner until late at night. They produced a total of 682 memoranda for the corresponding departments of the US State Department . The project was declared "top secret" because there were grave fears if it became common knowledge that the United States Department of State was cooperating so intensively with external, unelected groups. The prominent head of the security and armaments section was the later CIA director, head of the US secret service OSS in Switzerland and Nazi Germany, and CFR president Allen Dulles . Shortly before the attack on Pearl Harbor and the associated entry into the war by the Americans, the group developed an expertise that “an American occupying power may be needed in Germany” .

Allen W. Dulles
John F. Dulles

In December 1945 the CFR had organized and established new post-war study groups. The discussion groups , with 20 to 40 participants, were divided into groups such as the British Empire and Commonwealth Affairs , Far Eastern Affairs , Latin Affairs and Western Europe Affairs . The latter group continued the work on Economic and Political Reconstruction under the direction of the former OSS chief in Germany Allen Dulles. His brother and later US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was already working for the US State Department at the time. In the autumn of 1946 Germany moved into the focus of all further considerations. Allen Dulles was able to continue his work in the study group The Problem of Germany , founded for the academic year 1946/47 . The discussion group Reconstruction of Western Germany operated under the direction of Charles Spofford , with David Rockefeller as Secretary . As deputy managing director of the American Committee for a United Europe , co-financed by the Rockefeller Foundation , Dulles met representatives of Christian parties from Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria and the Netherlands in Geneva in 1947/48. The Cologne CDU politician and later Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was sent to represent Germany to these 16 secret Geneva talks . Adenauer and the bank manager Hermann Josef Abs gave numerous speeches to the members of the CFR in Harold Pratt House from 1953, mostly accompanied by McCloy or Rockefeller. Adenauer was connected through his second wife Gussi to the lawyer, politician, CEO of Rockefellers Chase Manhattan Bank and CFR director John McCloy .

John Jay McCloy CFR Director 1953–1972 and once most influential individual in the United States

Blueprints and drafts for the UN , NATO , World Bank , IMF and Marshall Plan have their origins to a significant extent at the CFR. In particular, the little-known CFR / Brookings Institution strategist Leo Pasvolsky is considered to be the main author of the UN and the Marshall Plan. The American sociology professor William Domhoff told the news magazine Spiegel in 1975 : “ The Council is the crucial link between the big corporations and the government ” and stated that “ the importance of this association for the understanding of the basic motives and basic lines of American world politics is hardly high enough can be estimated ”. He said “that the vast majority of the citizens of this country, which considers itself to be the best-informed community of all time, have no idea of ​​the existence of such a body. The free press in this country takes the liberty, a body in which the most powerful men in this country to deal with world affairs, to be regarded as a kind of private bridge club, no one and no one touches As for something. " .

Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies

The director of the CFR's internal study program is Associate Editor of the Financial Times , former editor of the Washington Post and two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist, Sebastian Mallaby.

The series Crisis Guide is one of the award-winning and most innovative journalistically innovative information products from the Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies ( CGS ) named after the American top manager Maurice R. Greenberg ( inter alia CEO of the world's largest insurance group AIG ; Fed of NY , NYSE ) .

Crises Guides are fully elaborated, multimedia, documentary-style articles on crisis topics that are made available to news agencies and newsrooms around the world. The content of these interactive, textually and musically accompanied crisis leaders are economic, political and social recommended solutions - made by CFR . The 2008 Crises Guide "Darfur" was awarded the Emmy Award at the 29th News & Documentary Emmy Awards in the category New Approaches to News & Documentary Programming: Current News Coverage ( Innovative News and Documentation Programs: Current Reporting ) . A year later the Crisis Guide "The Global Economy" was in the category New Approaches to Business and Financial Reporting ( Innovative economic and financial reporting ) again won an Emmy Award. In 2007 the guides also won first prize at the internationally renowned Knight Batten Awards in the category of innovations in journalism .

The Crisis Guide "The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict", the Crisis Guide "The Korean Peninsula" and the Crisis Guide "Climate Change" also appeared in the series. The study program also developed direct collaborations with the TV channels HBO and PBS .

Study centers, study programs and initiatives

The CFR degree programs examine the major foreign policy issues facing the United States and the international community today. The CFR experts analyze the world's most important geographic regions, critical global challenges such as the rising powers in Asia, political changes in the Middle East, global health, as well as energy security and climate change.

The CFR has set up the following study centers, study programs and initiatives:

  • Africa Program
  • Asia Program
  • Europe Program
  • Latin America Studies Program
  • Middle East Program
  • International Institutions and Global Governance Program (International Institutions and Global Governance Program)
  • US Foreign Policy Program
  • Renewing America
  • National Security and Defense Program
  • Center for Preventive Action
  • Global Health Program
  • Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Initiative
  • Program on Energy Security and Climate Change
  • Cyberconflict and Cybersecurity Initiative
  • Women and Foreign Policy Program
  • Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies

Scholarships

The Council on Foreign Relations Fellowship Program has offered unique career opportunities with an emphasis on international relations since 1949. The program offers fellows the opportunity to broaden their view of foreign policy and conduct research at any CFR internal or other institution in New York or Washington, DC.

The fellows are recruited all year round. A scholarship usually lasts twelve months. Fellows are employed as independent contractors and not as employees of the CFR.

The CFR currently awards the following scholarships:

  • International Affairs Fellowship (grant for international affairs)
  • International Affairs Fellowship in Nuclear Security
  • International Affairs Fellowship in Japan (International Affairs Fellowship: Japan)
  • International Affairs Fellowship in India (International Affairs Fellowship: India)
  • International Affairs Fellowship in South Korea (International Affairs Fellowship: South Korea)
  • National Intelligence Fellowship
  • Edward R. Murrow Press Fellowship
  • Military Fellowship (military scholarship for the Chiefs of Staff of the US Army , Navy and Marines )
  • Stanton Nuclear Security Fellowship (grant from the Stanton Foundation for Nuclear Safety)

Foreign Affairs

An important and generally accessible source is Foreign Affairs , which has been published every two months since 1922 and is published by the CFR and is considered the most important publication for foreign policy worldwide. The current circulation is 140,000 copies. On the occasion of its 90th birthday , the Washington Post described Foreign Affairs as the “bible of foreign policy thought” , and Time Magazine considers Foreign Affairs to be the “world's most influential journal” for foreign policy strategies.

The X-Articles of then Chief of the Planning Staff of the US State Department George F. Kennan , first published in Foreign Affairs in 1947 , and the theses of the US political scientist Samuel P. Huntington , who wrote the article Clash of Civilizations in the CFR in 1993, aroused worldwide discussions -Publication published.

The most important authors of the early days of Foreign Affairs include Gustav Stresemann (1923 Reich Chancellor and from 1923 to 1929 Reich Foreign Minister), Hjalmar Schacht (Reich Economics Minister and President of the Reichsbank ), Wilhelm Marx (1922–1925 and 1926–1928 German Reich Chancellor), Wilhelm Groener ( Reichswehr General), Leon Trotsky and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Even Konrad Adenauer , Ludwig Erhard , Willy Brandt , Yugoslavia national leader Tito , the CPSU -Vorsitzende Nikita Khrushchev and Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser published articles in Foreign Affairs . Global strategist Henry Kissinger completed his academic year at the CFR and by the time he was appointed Nixon's National Security Adviser, he had already published twelve in-depth academic reports for Foreign Affairs . Josef Joffe , editor and journalist of Die Zeit , is an irregular author in Foreign Affairs .

German Council on Foreign Relations

In 1955 the German Society for Foreign Policy (DGAP) was founded under the influence of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Chatham House and has always been considered an outpost of the CFR in Germany. In international politics, the DGAP operates as the German Council on Foreign Relations . The German Society for Foreign Policy is one of the major research institutions for questions of international politics and foreign and security policy based in Berlin. In this role, the institution tries to actively support the formation of foreign policy opinions at all levels. His work is aimed at decision-makers in German politics, business, administration, in NGOs, in the military and the general public. The DGAP publishes the journal Internationale Politik every two months . Among other things, it is the host of the EU-Russia Forum . The DGAP sees itself as a practice-oriented think tank that offers demand-oriented policy advice on a scientific basis . It is financed through the contributions of its members, through project funds raised and through grants from sponsors and patrons, including the German Foreign Office , Deutsche Bank and the aerospace and defense group EADS .

German speakers in front of the Council on Foreign Relations

Many top German politicians and managers have spoken to the New York Council on Foreign Relations in recent decades . The first documented German speakers were on October 6, 1930, the President of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht , and in 1936 the banker and President of the Bank for International Settlements during the Second World War Emil Puhl and the former Chancellor Heinrich Brüning in the Harold Pratt House in New York City Guest.

After the war, in the early years of the Federal Republic of Germany, one of the central themes of the CFR was the development of the still young democracy in this country. Accordingly, many study groups and conferences revolved around the Federal Republic of Germany and many German guests were invited by the CFR to report on the latest developments and plans. In particular, leading representatives of the then governing parties of the grand coalition of the CDU and SPD were heard, later also members of the coalition partner FDP and with Petra Kelly also a founding member of the Greens . Willy Brandt (eight speeches) and Ludwig Erhard (six speeches) appeared particularly frequently in front of the CFR, mostly in a duet with John McCloy or David Rockefeller. Konrad Adenauer , Hermann Josef Abs , Franz Josef Strauss , Karl Theodor zu Guttenberg , Otto Wolff von Amerongen , Rainer Barzel , Carlo Schmid , Erik Blumenfeld , Walther Leisler Kiep , Helmut Schmidt , Helmut Kohl , Kurt Biedenkopf and gave at least two speeches to the CFR Otto Graf Lambsdorff . Other prominent German speakers at the Harold Pratt House were Kurt Georg Kiesinger , Richard von Weizsäcker , Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker , Theodor Heuss , Kurt Schumacher , Ernst Reuter , Fritz Berg , Johannes Rau , Hans-Dietrich Genscher and many more.

criticism

science

According to Hans-Jürgen Krysmanski , “policy discussion groups” like the CFR are the power-political cores of the system of influence of the money and power elites. For many decades, and most certainly in the 1950s, the Council on Foreign Relations was such a central planning group.

conspiracy theories

In 1952 the New York doctor Emanuel Josephson published a pamphlet against what he believed to be an " internationalist " David Rockefeller , whom he accused of misusing his economic power and his diverse relationships for selfish and dishonest purposes. The CFR headquarters is the center of a "Soviet-Rockefeller axis". Since then, the CFR has repeatedly been the subject of conspiracy theories . After the allegations that the CFR was making a secret pact with the Soviet Union became obsolete with the end of the Cold War , it is assumed to be striving for a “ New World Order ” in which the United States would have to cede its sovereignty to a world government. The demand for worldwide dismantling of trade barriers and the promotion of globalization are steps towards this goal, at the end of which American troops would only be used to suppress any resistance against the global super-government. The United Nations peacekeeping forces were a preliminary exercise for this future practice.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Foreign Affairs, Fall 1980: "Walter Lippmann and the American Century"
  2. ↑ a b c CFR: "Continuing the Inquiry" history of the CFR
  3. ↑ a b Michael Wala: Winning the Peace - American Foreign Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations, 1945–1950; The Making of the Council on Foreign Relations ; Franz Steiner Verlag with the support of the University of Hamburg. P. 28 ( online in Google Book search)
  4. ↑ Der Spiegel, issue 18/1964: "WALTER LIPPMANN is considered the most respected journalist in America, if not the world."
  5. ↑ THE GLOBAL GO TO THINK TANKS REPORT 2011, FINAL UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY EDITION from JANUARY 18, 2012 of the University of Pennsylvania, page 32/91 ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 818 kB)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fpri.org
  6. ↑ Internet presence of the Harold Pratt House in New York City
  7. ↑ Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, p. 27
  8. ↑ a b Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, p. 44
  9. ↑ a b Continuing the Inquiry “X” Leads the Way
  10. ↑ a b Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, pp. 39-41
  11. ↑ CFR's Historical Roster of Directors: Cyrus R. Vance 1968-76 & 1981-87
  12. ↑ Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, p. 24
  13. ↑ Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, p. 56
  14. ↑ Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, p. 59
  15. ↑ Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, pp. 55, 58
  16. ↑ Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, p. 65
  17. ↑ Ahmadinejad Spars With CFR Members ( Memento of the original from November 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cfr.org
  18. ↑ Iran's Leader Relishes 2nd Chance to Make Waves
  19. ↑ a b c d Council on Foreign Relations Meetings Records from 1920–1995 Database of all speeches, conferences and meetings of the CFR from the archives of Princeton University  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / findingaids.princeton.edu  
  20. ↑ Council on Foreign Relations Digital Sound Recordings, 1953–1989 Digital audio database of selected speeches, conferences and meetings of the CFR from the archives of Princeton University  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / findingaids.princeton.edu  
  21. ↑ THE GLOBAL GO TO THINK TANKS REPORT 2011, FINAL UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY EDITION from JANUARY 18, 2012 of the University of Pennsylvania, page 32/91 ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 818 kB)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fpri.org
  22. ↑ Board of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, (as of April 26, 2012)
  23. ^ Official list of former board members and directors of the CFR from 1921–2012. Homepage of the CFR
  24. ^ Thomas J. Watson Meetings Program, International Relations
  25. ↑ official member list of CFR 2011 (PDF file; 574 kB)
  26. ^ Wall Street's New Prize: Park Avenue Club House With World View
  27. ↑ List of Corporate Members of the Council on Foreign Relations, (as of April 26, 2012)
  28. ^ A b Diane Stone, Andrew Denham: Think Tank Traditions: Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas . Manchester University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-7190-6479-1 , page 23. ( Preview in Google Book Search)
  29. ↑ War and Peace Studies of the CFR
  30. ↑ Michael Wala: Winning the Peace - American Foreign Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations, 1945-1950; The Making of the Council on Foreign Relations ; Franz Steiner Verlag with the support of the University of Hamburg. P. 120 ( online in Google Book search)
  31. ↑ Michael Wala: Winning the Peace - American Foreign Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations, 1945-1950; The Making of the Council on Foreign Relations ; Franz Steiner Verlag with the support of the University of Hamburg. P. 120ff ( online in the Google book search)
  32. ↑ Jürgen Bevers: The man behind Adenauer: Hans Globkes Aufstieg vom NS-Juristen , Ch. Links Verlag (2009), page 12 ( online in the Google book search)
  33. ↑ Der Spiegel issue 50/1975 of December 8, 1975, "'A Politburo for Capitalism?' Wilhelm Bittorf on the 'Council on Foreign Relations' "
  34. ↑ Continuing the Inquiry “X” Leads the Way on the CFR homepage, "... CFR-President William Bundy, although he went on to credit Council study groups with“ at least general contributions to the framework of thinking that underlay the Marshall Plan and NATO. "
  35. ↑ "DIPLOMATIC LICENSE: the United Nations" CNN, December 24, 2004
  36. ^ "Brookings Institution History" ( Memento of the original dated February 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.brookings.edu
  37. ↑ A Politburo for Capitalism? , Wilhelm Bittorf, Der Spiegel 50/1975 '
  38. ↑ CFR experts: Sebastian Mallaby
  39. ↑ CFR.org's Darfur Crisis Guide Wins Emmy Award
  40. ↑ Interactive Guide to Economic Crisis Wins Emmy; Second for CFR
  41. ↑ CFR: "Continuing the Inquiry" history of the CFR , p. 10.
  42. ^ CFR: Centers, Initiatives, Programs
  43. ↑ CFR: Fellowships
  44. ↑ On the 90th anniversary of Foreign Affairs (PDF file; 2.21 MB)
  45. ↑ Michael Wala: Winning the Peace - American Foreign Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations, 1945-1950; The Making of the Council on Foreign Relations ; Franz Steiner Verlag with the support of the University of Hamburg. P. 40 ( online in Google Book search)
  46. ^ Publications by Josef Joffe in Foreign Affairs
  47. ↑ Hans Jürgen Krysmanski: The privatization of power is stabilizing (PDF; 77 kB)
  48. ^ Emanuel Josephson: Rockefeller, "internationalist": The Man Who Misrules the World . Chedney Press, New York 1952, pp. 4, 204 et al. ( online ).
  49. ^ Daniel Pipes : Conspiracy. The fascination and power of the secret. Gerling Akademie Verlag, Munich 1998, p. 183 f .; Chip Berlet and Matthew N. Lyons: Right-Wing Populism in America. Too Close for Comfort . Guilford Press, New York 2000, pp. 195 f.
  50. ↑ Marlon Kuzmick: Council on Foreign Relations . In: Peter Knight (Ed.): Conspiracy Theories in American History. To Encyclopedia . ABC Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver and Oxford 2003, Vol. 1, pp. 210 f .; Michael Barkun : A Culture of Conspiracy. Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press, Berkeley 2013, p. 67 f.