Duluth, Minnesota

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Duluth
Skyline
Skyline
Location in Minnesota
St. Louis County Minnesota Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Duluth Highlighted.svg
Basic data
Foundation : 1679
State : United States
State : Minnesota
County : St. Louis County
Coordinates : 46 ° 47 ′  N , 92 ° 6 ′  W Coordinates: 46 ° 47 ′  N , 92 ° 6 ′  W
Time zone : Central ( UTC − 6 / −5 )
Inhabitants :
-  Metropolitan Area :		 86,265 (as of 2010)
279,452 (as of 2012)
Population density : 489.6 inhabitants per km 2
Area : 226.2 km 2  (approx. 87 mi 2 ) of
which 176.2 km 2  (approx. 68 mi 2 ) is land
Height : 214 m
Postcodes : 55801-55812
Area code : +1 218
FIPS : 27-17000
GNIS ID : 0661145
Website : www.duluthmn.gov
Mayor : Emily Larson
Duluth canal.jpg
Duluth Harbor

Duluth [ dəˈluːθ ] is a city (with a status of " City ") with approximately 86,000 residents that is the administrative seat of St. Louis County in the US state of Minnesota .

The fourth largest city in Minnesota, together with the adjoining city of Superior (Wisconsin) to the south, forms the metropolitan region called Twin Ports , which has a shared port. This is connected to the Atlantic via the St. Lawrence Seaway and is of particular economic importance. The main cargo handled are raw materials from the Midwestern United States, primarily iron ore , grain , coal , oil and wood .

history

Early settlement

The Native Americans inhabited the Duluth area thousands of years ago. It is believed that the original inhabitants belonged to the Paleo-Indians . About 2000 years ago, the Woodland peoples , known for their tumuli and pottery, inhabited the area. They also grew wild rice , which is still grown today by Ojibwa tribes in the area. One of the first Europeans in the area was the French Pierre-Esprit Radisson , who explored the Midwest in the 1650s and 1660s .

In 1679 Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut came to the area of ​​today's Duluth. His goal was to resolve the conflicts between the local Indian peoples of the Dakota and Ojibwa in order to promote the fur trade in the region. Through his negotiating skills, he ensured peace between the peoples and was able to secure his fur business. In 1692 the Hudson's Bay Company set up a small trading post at Fond du Lac, now a district of Duluth.

It was not until 1792, the next trading post on the belonging to Wisconsin side of was St. Louis River by Jean Baptiste Cadotte of the North West Company opened. When a fire destroyed the post in 1800, the German emigrant Johann Jakob Astor built a new one on the Minnesota river side. However, business went very badly, as the Indians held on to the fur trade with their well-known English and French partners. However, Astor was able to convince the United States Congress to forbid foreigners from trading on American soil and thus make trading profitable again for his American Fur Company .

With two agreements between the United States and the Ojibwe (Chippewa), ownership was clarified. In the Treaty of Washington (1826) and in the Treaty of Fond du Lac (1847) the Ojibwa Indian reservations were assigned.

Development of the city

St. Louis County Courthouse in Duluth

The region attracted a lot of interest when rumors of copper deposits surfaced in the 1850s . Numerous settlers settled in the as yet nameless city, although no agreement had yet been concluded with the Indian peoples on the right to the mineral resources. In 1856 the settlement was named Duluth and became the administrative seat of the county.

At the same time, newly built canals and locks between the Great Lakes made it possible for large ships to enter Duluth. In addition, a road was also built connecting Duluth to the Twin Cities . Numerous small suburbs formed around the city.

When the copper deposits became scarce around 1857, the region concentrated on forestry. A US-wide financial crisis caused three-quarters of the city's early residents to emigrate. 1859 reduced a scarlet - epidemic the population continues.

At the end of the 1860s, the entrepreneur Jay Cooke was able to convince the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad to expand the railway line from St. Paul to Duluth. The newly built railway line also opened up new transport routes for iron ore mining northwest of Duluth. At the beginning of 1869 the population was fourteen families, on Independence Day (July 4th) there were already 3,500 people.

In 1884 the son of the German revolutionaries Fritz and Mathilde Anneke , Percy Shelley Anneke , came to Duluth as an auditor and sales agent for the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company and bought into the local Lake Superior Brewery . Fitgers was one of the most important breweries in the Midwest until 1972 , they survived prohibition with non-alcoholic soft drinks and boxing promotions . In the 1930s, Fitgers was the first brewery to sell canned beer in the Midwest. Fitgers has been a themed hotel with restaurants and a National Historic Monument since 1984.

20th century

Loading of ships with iron ore

In the 20th century the city continued to grow, so that the slopes around the city were also settled. The port rose to become one of the most important ports in the United States, overtaking the port of New York City in terms of gross tonnage shipped . At that time there were ten newspapers, six banks, and an eleven-story skyscraper in the city. In 1907, US Steel announced that it wanted to build a new steel mill in the region.

For much of the 20th century, the city was an industrial port city with a cement factory, a nail factory, wire rod mills and the steel mill. During the First World War, work was carried out on up to eight ships at the same time. Numerous residents settled around the docks on the St. Louis River. To this day the area is known as the Riverside . Further industrial projects were realized during the Second World War.

On June 15, 1920 there was Duluth lynching in Duluth , in which a mob killed three blacks, members of a circus on tour in Duluth, because they were suspected of having raped and murdered a local girl . The act attracted national attention, the alleged victim was later found unharmed.

Population growth continued during and after World War II. The population peaked in 1960 with 106,884.

Due to foreign competition, the steel factory closed in 1971, which meant a severe setback for the city. Other companies and the Air Force base followed with further closures. Within a decade the unemployment rate rose to 15 percent.

As the city's industrial core weakened, economic activity shifted to tourism . The inner city was redesigned; old warehouses on the riverside were converted into cafes, shops and restaurants and now form Canal Park , a district primarily geared towards tourism.

present

The Duluth Superior region has largely overcome the economic crisis and is now the center of northeastern Minnesota. It is a major port of transportation for coal, iron ore, and agricultural products.

geography

The city is located at the westernmost point of Lake Superior at 46 ° 47'11 "north latitude and 92 ° 06'01" west longitude. According to the data of the United States Census Bureau, the area of ​​the city is 226.2 square kilometers, making Duluth the second largest city in the state after Hibbing . Around 22.1 percent (50.0 km 2 ) of this is water.

climate

Duluth is subject to the continental climate . The cold and long winters and cool summers gave the city the nickname "the air-conditioned city". During the winter months, temperatures are often below the frost line for weeks. On average, there is a permanent snow cover from December to March. Winter storms are favored by the location of the city, which is bounded on the one hand by the lake and on the other by the mountain slopes in the north and west. Often these storms bring 30 cm or more of snow into the city within a short period of time, while further inland significantly less snow falls.

Summers are cool and pleasant with daytime temperatures averaging 20 to 30 degrees due to the lake's easterly winds. Furthermore, Duluth is also influenced by the maritime climate of the Upper Lake, which means that the seasons appear considerably delayed.

Duluth, Minnesota
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
31
 
-9
-19
 
 
20th
 
-6
-16
 
 
49
 
1
-9
 
 
57
 
9
-2
 
 
77
 
17th
4th
 
 
97
 
22nd
9
 
 
92
 
25th
13
 
 
101
 
23
12
 
 
98
 
18th
7th
 
 
63
 
11
2
 
 
46
 
2
-6
 
 
32
 
-6
-15
Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm
Source: National Weather Service, US Dept of Commerce ; wetterkontor.de
Monthly average temperatures and rainfall for Duluth, Minnesota
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) −8.8 −5.7 0.5 9.0 16.6 21.7 25.1 23.3 17.7 11.3 1.8 −6.3 O 8.9
Min. Temperature (° C) −19.0 −16.2 −9.1 −1.7 4.2 9.2 12.8 11.8 6.9 1.7 −5.8 −15.1 O −1.6
Precipitation ( mm ) 31.0 20.3 48.5 57.2 77.0 97.0 91.7 101.3 97.5 63.2 45.7 31.5 Σ 761.9
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 4.4 5.5 6.7 7.3 8.4 9.2 10.2 8.8 6.5 5.2 3.3 3.3 O 6.6
Rainy days ( d ) 6.2 5.2 7.4 7.6 9.1 9.7 8.9 9.1 9.2 7.2 6.7 6.5 Σ 92.8
Humidity ( % ) 72 70 69 64 63 70 71 75 76 71 75 76 O 71
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
−8.8
−19.0
−5.7
−16.2
0.5
−9.1
9.0
−1.7
16.6
4.2
21.7
9.2
25.1
12.8
23.3
11.8
17.7
6.9
11.3
1.7
1.8
−5.8
−6.3
−15.1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		31.0
20.3
48.5
57.2
77.0
97.0
91.7
101.3
97.5
63.2
45.7
31.5
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Demographic data

Population development
Census Residents ± in%
1860 71 -
1870 3129 4,307%
1880 3483 11.3%
1890 33,115 850.8%
1900 52,969 60%
1910 78,466 48.1%
1920 98.917 26.1%
1930 101,453 2.6%
1940 101.065 -0.4%
1950 104,511 3.4%
1960 107,312 2.7%
1970 100,578 -6.3%
1980 92,811 -7.7%
1990 85,493 -7.9%
2000 86,918 1.7%
2010 86,265 -0.8%
2011 estimate 86,277 0%
1860-2000 2010 2011

According to the 2010 census , Duluth had 86,265 people in 35,705 households. The population density was 489.6 inhabitants per square kilometer. Statistically, 2.23 people lived in each of the 35,705 households.

The racial the population was composed of 90.4 percent white, 2.3 percent African American, 2.5 percent Native American, 1.5 percent Asian and 0.3 percent from other ethnic groups; 3.0 percent were descended from two or more races. Regardless of ethnicity, 1.5 percent of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

18.5 percent of the population were under 18 years old, 67.7 percent were between 18 and 64 and 13.8 percent were 65 years or older. 51.0 percent of the population was female.

The average annual income for a household was 41,116  USD . The per capita income was $ 24,174. 21.4 percent of the population lived below the poverty line.

politics

The 38th mayor, as of January 4, 2016, became the first woman to be Emily Larson . She took over the office of Don Ness ( DFL ), who was elected 37th Mayor of Duluth in November 2007 and took over his office in 2008 from predecessor Herb W. Bergson, who did not run for election again.

Duluth is located in Minnesota's eighth congressional electoral district. He was represented in the House of Representatives by Jim Oberstar ( DFL ). Oberstar had been a member of the House of Representatives since 1975 and was confirmed in his office in 2006 with around 64 percent of the votes. He died in 2014.

education

Duluth is the seat of various higher education institutions. This includes the University of Minnesota Duluth , the second largest university in the University of Minnesota system with 10,500 students .

Attractions

  • Walk by the lake in Canal Park

  • The freighter "William A. Irwin" is a museum ship in the harbor

  • The "Aerial Lift Bridge" can be raised to 40 m within 55 seconds.

  • View of the port and the city at night

Twin cities

sons and daughters of the town

literature

  • Richard Hudelson and Carl Ross: By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth. Minneapolis 2006, ISBN 978-0-8166-4637-1

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ US Decennial Census. Retrieved on DD. MMMM 2013
  2. ↑ a b American Fact Finder. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  3. ↑ State & County QuickFacts - Duluth, MN ( Memento of the original from August 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 5, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / quickfacts.census.gov

Web links

Commons : Duluth  - collection of images, videos and audio files