Espírito Santo
| Espírito Santo | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| Country | Brazil | ||
| Capital | Vitória | ||
| surface | 46,074.4 km² | ||
| Residents | 4,018,650 (estimate as of July 1, 2019) | ||
| density | 87 inhabitants per km² | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | BR-ES | ||
| politics | |||
| governor | Renato Casagrande | ||
| Political party | PSB | ||
| economy | |||
| GDP | 107,329 million R $ 29,996 R $ per capita (2012) |
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Coordinates: 19 ° 43 ′ S , 40 ° 29 ′ W
The federal state of Espírito Santo ( German Holy Spirit , officially Estado do Espírito Santo , abbreviation: ES) is located in southeastern Brazil . The population was estimated on July 1, 2019 at 4,018,650 inhabitants, who live in an area of around 46,074.4 km².
It is administratively divided into 12 regions with 78 municipalities ( municípios ). The 49th Governor has been Renato Casagrande ( PSB ) since January 1, 2019 .
geography
The state of Espírito Santo covers an area of 46,184 km² on the Brazilian Atlantic coast. It belongs to the southeast region and borders the states of Minas Gerais , Bahia and Rio de Janeiro . About 40% of the surface is in a strip of plains, although the relief of the state has significant differences in elevation. Two geographical regions can be distinguished: the lowland Baixada Espírito-Santense and the mountainous region with the Serra do Castelo and the Serra do Caparaó , where the Pico da Bandeira (2892 m) is also the highest point of Espírito Santo. The most important rivers are called Rio Doce , São Mateus , Itaúnas , Itapemirim and Jucu . They form the coastal plains of the southeast. The climate is tropical and humid, it is influenced by the air masses of the Atlantic Ocean. The precipitation, which amounts to 1000 mm to 1500 mm annually, falls mainly in summer. The average annual temperature is 22 ° C to 24 ° C.
Landforms
Most of Espírito Santo is a plateau that is part of the Atlantic massif. It lies at an altitude of 600–700 m above sea level, has a rather uneven surface and rocks from the Archean , where isolated mountains are characteristic. At the border to the state of Minas Gerais, the plateau merges into a mountain range with an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, here are the Serra do Caparaó and the Serra da Chibata and with the 2890 m high Pico da Bandeira one of the highest points in Brazil .
Five landforms can be distinguished in Espírito Santo:
- Coastal plains with extensive sandy areas, beaches and headlands ( Restingas ).
- Arenitic plateaus along the coastal plain, which are about 50 m high, are relatively flat and drop steeply to the east towards the coastal plain.
- Isolated hills and mountains that occur along the coast and in some places form cliffs between which bays and natural harbors form, such as the Baía de Vitória
- Alluvial plains along the rivers, some of which end in a delta like the mouth of the Rio Doce
- The mountainous country, eastern edge of the Brazilian mountainous country , with an average height of 700 m, whereby mountain massifs like the above-mentioned Serra do Caparaó stand out.
In contrast to the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, where the transition from highlands to plains is fluid, the edge of the highlands in Espírito Santo is jagged because the rivers have cut deep valleys into it. In the northern half of the state, the transition from the coastal lowlands to the inland highlands is gentler. North of the Rio Doce there is rugged land that is not very high, but is incorrectly called mountains.
coast
The coast of Espírito Santo is rocky in the south and in the center, with arenitic cliffs in the south and large granite blocks near the shore in the center. While the coast in the south and center is very rugged and has many bays and offshore islands, in the north it is sandy and straight. Sandy beaches and mountain pine vegetation as well as extensive dunes dominate there, especially in Itaúnas and Conceição da Barra . The state also includes the 12.5 km² island of Trindade , which is 1140 km east of the coast in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean , and Martim Vaz, 30 km from Trindade . Of the total of 73 islands in the state, 50 are in the capital Vitória.
climate
In Espírito Santo there are two basic forms of climate, namely tropical rainy climate (types Am and Aw according to effective climate classification ) and tropical mountain climate . The former predominates in the lower areas, it is characterized by year-round warmth and average temperatures above 22 ° C. This rainforest climate type with more than 1250 mm of precipitation per year and a weak dry season is predominant on the northern coast, at the foot of the mountainous region and in the Vitória region. The rest of the plains have a climate with 1000 mm of precipitation and a clearly pronounced dry season. The mountainous south of the state is dominated by the mountainous climate with no dry season; it knows low temperatures in winter, an annual mean of 18 ° C and strong climatic fluctuations.
Flora and fauna
The entire area of Espírito Santo was once completely covered by tropical forest. It has completely disappeared in the south of the state, where human colonization began the earliest. The search for new arable land and the logging of wood and especially hardwood have led to the expansion of the agriculturally used area, pastureland and destroyed areas. Forest reserves exist only in the north of the state, where deforestation is still progressing. The Serra do Caparaó , which was previously completely covered by Mata Atlântica , is now completely devastated and grassland can only be found at altitudes above 2000 m above sea level.
Waters
The main rivers in the state are, from north to south, the Rio Itaúnas , the Rio São Mateus , the Rio Doce and the Rio Itapemirim . They all flow from west to east. The most important river is the Rio Doce, which has its source in Minas Gerais and divides the state of Espírito Santo into two halves of almost equal size. In its delta there are numerous lagoons, of which Lagoa Juparanã is the most important.
Cities
| city | No. | Residents | Mesoregion | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Vila Velha | 1 | 414,586 465,690 |
Central |
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Serra | 2 | 409.267 476.428 |
Central |
| Cariacica | 3 | 348,738 378,915 |
Central | |
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Vitória (capital) | 4th | 327,801 352,104 |
Central |
|
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim | 5 | 189,889 206,973 |
Sul |
| Linhares | 6th | 141,306 160,765 |
Litoral Norte | |
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Colatina | 7th | 111,788 121,670 |
Noroeste |
| Sao Mateus | 8th | 109,028 122,668 |
Litoral Norte | |
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Guarapari | 9 | 105.286 118.056 |
Central |
| Aracruz | 10 | 81,832 93,325 |
Litoral Norte |
population
The 2010 census carried out by the IBGE showed that the state of Espírito Santo had 3,514,952 inhabitants, whereas the population in 1991 was still 2,548,231; for July 1, 2019, 4,018,650 people were estimated. It is the 14th most populous state in Brazil, 1.8% of Brazilians live here. The same census also showed that Espírito Santo was home to 1,731,218 men and 1,783,734 women. The cities have 2,931,472 inhabitants; 583,480 people populate the rural areas. In ten years the state recorded a population growth of 13.59%, the growth of the cities is significantly higher than that of the rural population. An increase to almost 4.5 million inhabitants is predicted by 2030.
The population density of the state is 83.1 inhabitants per square kilometer, which puts the state in seventh place in the list of the most densely populated states in Brazil. The distribution of the population is uneven, with higher concentrations in the region around the capital Vitória and in the mountainous region in the interior of the state. The plains along the coasts almost everywhere have a lower population density than the national average. The northern part of the coastal plain is the most sparsely populated.
In two municipalities of the state, East Pomeranian is the second official language alongside Portuguese: in Vila Pavão and Santa Maria de Jetibá . In August 2011, Article 182 of the state constitution was changed with PIC 11/2009 so that the Pomeranian language together with the German language belong to the cultural heritage of the state.
religion
Although Catholicism has traditionally been the dominant religion in Espírito Santo, there has been a significant increase in Pentecostal followers in recent decades . According to the 2010 census, the Catholic Church is the religion of 53.4% of Espírito Santo's residents. Administratively, the Catholic Church is divided into an archdiocese , namely the Archdiocese of Vitória , and three dioceses : Diocese of São Mateus , Diocese of Colatina and Diocese of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim . With the Convento da Penha and the Basilica of Saint Anthony , two of the most important historical monuments of the state can be traced back to the Catholic faith. The 2010 census also shows that 33.1% of the population of Espírito Santo are supporters of the Protestant churches, which is the highest proportion in all of Brazil. There are numerous Evangelical Churches, the largest of which are the Assembléia de Deus in its various branches, followed by the Igreja Cristã Maranata , which was founded 43 years ago in Espírito Santo, the diverse Baptist Church and the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus .
There are also religions of African origin, such as spiritualists and others. The Evangelical Lutheran churches are also present throughout the state, especially in the highlands, where there are more descendants of Germans and Pomeranians. With the Zen monastery Morro da Vargem of Ibiraçu , the oldest Zen monastery in Latin America is located in Espírito Santo, just like the Convento da Penha , built in 1555, was the first monastery in Brazil and the first Lutheran church was also in Espírito Santo.
According to the 2010 census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the population of Espírito Santo is 53.4% Catholics, 33.1% Evangelicals, 9.61% non-religious people, 0.72% Spiritists , 0, 02% Buddhists, 0.14% Umbandists and 0.01% Jews.
history
Pre-colonial history
Before the arrival of the Europeans, the region was inhabited by various indigenous tribes , all of whom belonged to the Tupí people. The tribes of the hinterland were called Botocuds , and warlike and hostile behavior, including cannibalism , was ascribed to them. The tribes living on the coast were also hostile, but had slightly different customs. The indigenous peoples to the south of what is now Espírito Santo and in the Serra Caparaó were considered peaceful, and their name derives from their custom of bringing visitors to the Serra do Castelo to hear the silence . The remaining tribes were Aimorés and Goitacás .
Early Portuguese colonial rule
On May 23, 1535, the Portuguese nobleman Vasco Fernandes Coutinho , a veteran of the conquests in Africa and India, later passed by King John III. furnished captaincy Espírito Santo ashore. Since it was Pentecost Sunday (in Portuguese domingo do Espírito Santo , Sunday of the Holy Spirit), he named the village he had built and the area around it Espírito Santo. These included the 50 miles of coastline between the Mucuri and Itapemirim rivers , and the hinterland 50 miles deep from the point where the area bordered to the north on the parcel of Pero de Campos Tourinho , who had been gifted with the capitania de Porto Seguro . The then founded Vila do Espírito Santo is now called Vila Velha . In 1535 the Vila became a captaincy, in 1822 a province and in 1889 a federal state .
The establishment of the settlement was a story of struggle because the indigenous people did not want to leave their gardens and houses to the Portuguese without resistance. They retreated into the forest, where they formed and began a guerrilla fight that lasted with short breaks until the middle of the 17th century. Vasco Fernandes Coutinho had thus drawn a tough lot. For the gentlemen of Espírito Santo, captaincy was a gift that had turned into a punishment. To save his village, he had to use all his fortune, so that he died poor and destitute. The recipient was confronted not only with the insubordination of the natives, but also with discord among the Portuguese. By virtue of his powers, which he had received together with the deed of gift, he gave his comrades Jorge de Meneses and Duarte Lemos large estates. In doing so, he created two irreconcilable rivals.
Duarte de Lemos founded Vitória , then under the name Vila Nova , on the island of Ilha de Santo Antônio , which was in a strategically favorable position that was superior to that of Vila Velha when it came to defending against the Indians. He also moved the seat of the captainate there. At the same time the Jesuits arrived , which led to clashes with the settlers, because the settlers wanted to enslave the Indians and not convert them. The presence of Father José de Anchieta was of particular importance for the work of the priests of the Society of Jesus in the Land of the Holy Spirit: in 1561, Anchieta chose the village of Reritiba as his residence. From there he frequently traveled to São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro or Bahia to fulfill his duties . He wrote two poems in Reritiba: De Beata Virgine dei Marte Maria and De gestis Mendi de Saa . The latter is a heroic epic dealing with the dispatch of a squadron by the Governor General of Brazil Mem de Sá from Bahia to rescue Vasco Fernandes Coutinho and his people who were besieged by the Tamoios on the island of Ilha de Vitória . Most of the aboriginal fighters were concentrated in a fortified village near the Cricaré River . There it came to the decisive battle on May 22, 1558. The Portuguese won, but suffered heavy losses. Among the dead were the son of Mem de Sá, Fernão de Sá, who had commanded the squadron, and two sons of Caramuru (Diogo Álvares Correia) with the Indian Paraguaçu .
The strategic location of the captain's office, mainly thanks to its proximity to Rio de Janeiro, made it the target of several attacks by other colonial powers. In 1592 an attack by the British was repulsed under the command of Thomas Cavendish . In 1625 Francisco de Aguiar Coutinho had to fend off a first attack by the Dutch under Piet Pieterszoon Heyn , with the folk hero Maria Ortiz standing out in battle. In 1640 the Dutch called Espírito Santo again with seven ships, this time under the command of Colonel Koin. They managed to land with 400 men, but were driven away by Captain General João Dias Guedes and were unable to establish themselves in Vitória as planned. Then they attacked Vila Velha , where they were repulsed. In view of the repeated attacks, the colonial government decided to station 40 infantrymen from the regular troops in Vitória. Nevertheless, Koin managed to attack and sink two ships loaded with sugar.
The impoverishment of the population and the associated emigration threatened the captaincy several times in its early phase. The colonization scheme was laborious and costly, the agricultural approaches could not be deepened, and the foundations for further colonization were weak. Francisco de Aguiar Coutinho died in 1627, his successor Ambrósio de Aguiar Coutinho was not interested in the captaincy and became governor of the Azores . Several people took turns at the head of the captaincy, they achieved little due to disputes with the administration. Upon reaching the age of majority in 1667, Antônio Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho , the last descendant of the first captain, was appointed captain by Captain Antônio Mendes de Figueiredo , and he became a hardworking and respected ruler. In 1674, the last representative of the Câmara Coutinho family sold the area to the Bahian nobleman Francisco Gil de Araújo for 50,000 cruzados . This purchase was confirmed with the Carta Régia of March 18, 1675.
Search for gems
Agriculture and trade developed under the reign of the new patriarch. The main motive for buying the captainate, however, was the hope of being able to find green stones , i.e. emeralds . This hope was dashed. The search for gemstones began on the initiative of the government. The first expeditions, referred to by some historians as the Espírito Santo Cycle , were simple forays into the hinterland. The number of these expeditions was not high, they had hardly any tangible results, but they aroused interest in the hinterland and showed the importance of knowledge of the region. Among the most important are the expeditions of Diogo Martins Cão (1596), Marcos de Azeredo (1611) and Agostinho Barbalho de Bezerra (1664), which advanced along the Rio Doce. Francisco Gil de Araújo founded the city of Nossa Senhora de Guarapari and built the fortresses of Monte do Carmo and São Francisco Xavier . He had the destroyed fortress of São João rebuilt.
Gil de Araújo financed advances across the Rio Doce into the Serra das Esmeraldas , which may have led to contact with the Paulistas under Fernão Dias Pais . However, the great commitment of labor and capital did not lead to the hoped-for find of precious metal. Only new settlements and sugar cane plantations were established so that the profits could not offset the investments. For this reason, the son and heir of the patriarch may have decided to stay away from his father's property. After Gil de Araújo's death, the captaincy no longer had an owner and was sold to the Portuguese crown by Cosme Rolim de Moura, the patriarch's cousin. From now on, Espírito Santo fell back into the jurisdiction of the Bahia captainate and its disinterested colonels.
Interest in mining revived during the 18th century, fueled by the discovery of small amounts of gold in the Rio Doce by Antônio Rodrigues Arzão in 1692. Numerous expeditions followed and the opening of a road to Minas Gerais, while the gold veins in Castelo Residents of the neighboring captains attracted. There was thus a new impetus for the country's resolution, and bold settlers were granted new latifundia. These activities caught the attention of the colonial administration in Bahia, concerned about the royal monopoly and fear of a possible foreign invasion towards Minas Gerais by Espírito Santo. She therefore took measures to better defend the captaincy, while a royal order prohibited the exploration from continuing. This prevented attempts to open further mines. The captainate had to arm itself against surprise attacks on its coasts, apart from that it was isolated from the rest of the colony because of its natural protective walls, dense forests inhabited by dangerous indigenous people. Although the County of Vitória was founded in 1741, which included São Salvador de Campos and São João da Barra , colonization made no progress. In 1747 the supervisor Manuel Nunes Macedo wrote that there is no prison or town hall in Vitória because these buildings collapsed and none of my predecessors took care of their construction. The government has no income.
The urging of the miners and the improvements to the fortifications made it possible to relax the bans. In 1758 a royal road to the mines was opened and a customs post was set up in the village of Campos dos Goytacazes .
In 1797, King John VI. in the captaincy Espírito Santo, which he saw as almost extinct and entrusted to ignorant and not very zealous colonels, a new colonel. To this end, he selected the proven and respected frigate captain Antônio Pires da Silva Pontes .
The new governor took office on March 29, 1800. One of his first goals was a better connection with Minas Gerais. On October 8 of the same year, Silva Pontes signed an agreement with a representative of the government of Minas, which regulated the collection of taxes between the two captains. He was also interested in shipping on the Rio Doce, building roads, expanding agriculture and colonizing the territory. In 1810 the captaincy became independent from Bahia and was now directly subordinate to the governor general. Manuel Vieira de Albuquerque Touvar , who then held the post of Governor General, supported the Silva Pontes program. He also gave the old ruins of the town of Coutins the name Linhares.
The colonial era ended under better omissions , mainly due to the hard work of Francisco Alberto Rubim , who was appointed governor in 1812. He was the author of the statistical work from 1817, which gave 24,587 inhabitants, six villages, eight cities and eight parishes for the same year. So the population of the territory and the demographic base had consolidated. Given the difficulties, these data show not inconsiderable progress.
On March 20, 1820, Baltasar de Sousa Botelho e Vasconcelos was installed as governor, who it fell to lead the captaincy in the hectic days of independence and to hand over to the junta of the provisional government. Even before the constitution of the empire came into force, the overseer Inácio Acióli de Vasconcelos was appointed president of the province.
Development of the province
During the independence movement in March and April 1821 there were several political upheavals in the province of Espírito Santo : its representatives were elected at the court in Lisbon. After Brazil's independence was declared, the new political reality was given full support. On October 1, 1822, Peter I was recognized as Emperor of Brazil .
The provincial government faced a severe economic crisis in the early 1820s caused by a collapse in agricultural production due to prolonged drought. Nevertheless, the cultivation of coffee was introduced . To this end, the government encouraged the use of land by foreign settlers, but also the arrival of farmers from Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. As in other provinces in the south, the small farm was the backbone of Espírito Santo's agriculture, while in other areas of South America large estates predominated.
The agriculturally used area soon expanded to the central mountain region. In 1846 the colony of Santa Isabel (Campinho) was founded with German immigrants from the Hunsrück . In 1855 a private company founded the Rio Novo colony with Swiss, German, Dutch and Portuguese families. It was later taken over by the government. Between 1856 and 1862 there was a considerable influx of German immigrants into the colony of Santa Leopoldina , which was based in the port of what is now Cachoeiro de Itapemirim on the Rio Itapemirim , 50 km from its mouth. Soon the old pasture areas were interspersed with small farms that showed great expansive strength. The colonies of Santa Isabel and Santa Leopoldina, for example, created offshoots all over the plateau between the Jucu and Santa Maria rivers , and later across the Rio Doce.
In their colonization efforts, the immigrants faced, among other things, serious resistance from the indigenous population in the region of the Rio Doce. Despite efforts to settle down and despite attempts to use their labor, there were clashes with the settlers, and even serious clashes between Indios and the residents of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim , which in 1825 resulted in a high number of dead and injured. Two decades later, the commander of Itapemirim and future Baron Joaquim Marcelino da Silva Lima tried to organize a large settlement for the indigenous population on vacant land.
Influence of coffee
After the proclamation of the republic, the state tried to effectively promote the country's progress. The sugar cane planters were gradually replaced by coffee planters, although no coffee processing plants had yet been established. The sugar mills gradually disappeared. In addition to farmers living in the province who started growing coffee, there were also planters from the neighboring states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo, such as the Baron von Itapemirim . It is thanks to the work of these settlers that the abolition of slavery in the long term brought down the great fazendas , but not the economy of Espírito Santo. The necessary funds were even found for companies such as building railways, expanding the education system and founding new cities such as Muniz Freire . As a result, water and electricity supply networks were built, sewer systems, electric trams, a power station, sugar factories in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim and Itapemirim , a model farm in Cariacica , schools and the bridges between Vitória and the mainland were built. This and other work was financed with the income from growing coffee from European settler colonies that had formed since the monarchy.
The railway network, which was built in Espírito Santo in the mid-19th century under the influence of coffee exports, had its center in Campos dos Goytacazes and enabled traffic between the two major coffee-growing areas: the Zona da Mata in Minas Gerais and the south from Espírito Santo. Although it was outside the coffee region, it was the town of Vitória that made the greatest progress during this period, and as early as 1879 studies were made for the construction of a port through which all of the province's coffee production could be exported. In the middle of the 19th century, the state press appeared: the newspaper O Correio da Vitória , owned by Pedro Antônio de Azeredo , appeared from 1849.
In 1850 there were ten parishes in the Espírito Santo area: Vitória , Serra , Nova Almeida , Linhares , São Mateus , Espírito Santo , Guarapari , Benevente (today's Anchieta ) and Itapemirim . Shortly before that, the province had lost part of its territory when Campos dos Goytacazes and São João da Barra were separated from Espírito Santo and incorporated into the neighboring state of Rio de Janeiro.
Economy and Agriculture
Espirito Santo is one of the largest granite exporters in the world as well as one of the largest coffee producers in the country. Iron ore, which is processed in the CVRD ( Companhia Vale do Rio Doce ) plant (production in 2005, 240.4 million tons), is just as important an export good as cellulose from the city of Barra do Riacho, north of the capital Vitória ( Aracruz Celulose SA).
literature
- Ernst Wagemann : The German colonists in the Brazilian state of Espirito Santo. Duncker & Humblot, Munich / Leipzig 1915. ( digitized [PDF]). Reprinted 1992, ISBN 3-289-00575-5 .
See also
Web links
- Espírito Santo on portalbrasil.eti.br (Portuguese)
- Espírito Santo on vitoria-es-brasil.com (Portuguese, English, German)
- "The German Colonists in the Brazilian State of Espirito Santo" (en) (de)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Espírito Santo - Panorama. In: cidades.ibge.gov.br. IBGE , accessed September 3, 2019 (Brazilian Portuguese).
- ^ Renato Casagrande, do PSB, é eleito governador do Espírito Santo. In: globo.com. G1, accessed April 9, 2019 (Brazilian Portuguese).
- ↑ Brasil-Turismo: Geografia , visited on August 7, 2010.
- ↑ Governo do Espírito Santo: Espírito Santo em dados ( Memento of the original from April 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , visited on February 16, 2012.
- ↑ a b Renato Grimm e Luciana Panzarini on Bemtevibrasil: 08 a 11/07 - Parque Nacional do Caparaó - Pico da Bandeira , visited on July 11, 2010.
- ↑ Denis Richter: Domínios Morfloclimáticos Brasileiros, Os (segundo Aziz Ab'Saber) , visited on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ a b c d Eduardo de Freitas: Aspectos naturais do Espírito Santo , visited on July 19, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d Espírito Santo in the Nova Enciclopédia Barsa , São Paulo (Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda) 1998, p. 37
- ↑ Eduardo de Freitas: Aspectos naturais do Espírito Santo , visited on July 19, 2013.
- ↑ Turismo Capixaba: Praias no Espirito Santo , visited on August 7, 2010.
- ^ A b Eduardo de Freitas (Brasil Escola): Geografia do Espírito Santo . Visited on October 21, 2012
- ↑ Humberto Paulo Euclydes, Paulo Afonso Ferreira, Reynaldo Furtado Faria Filho, Afonso de Paula dos Santos: Regionalização hidrológica na região hidrológica na região Hidrográfica capixaba, compreendida entre os limites da bacia do Rio Doce e do Rio Itabapoana ( Memento of 6 July 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 429 kB; Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved April 9, 2019.
- ^ "Espírito Santo: Geografia", in: Nova Enciclopédia Barsa (Volume 6) , 1998, São Paulo: Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda. P. 37 ff.
- ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE): Cidades @ Espírito Santo - table. Retrieved February 25, 2014 (Brazilian Portuguese).
- ^ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE): Cidades @ Espírito Santo - overview page. Retrieved September 2, 2014 (Portuguese).
- ↑ a b c Sinopse do Censo Demográfico 2010. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, accessed December 8, 2013 .
- ↑ Projeção da População 2000-2030. IBGE , accessed December 8, 2013 .
- ↑ ALEES - PEC que trata do patrimônio cultural retorna ao plenary. (No longer available online.) Editora SÍNTESE, June 1, 2011, archived from the original on December 14, 2013 ; Retrieved December 8, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Official website of the Confederação Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil : Arquidioceses e Dioceses ( Memento of the original dated August 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , visited on October 4, 2010.
- ^ Luiz Guilherme Santos Neves: Lendas da Penha , visited on April 21, 2009.
- ↑ Basílica de Santo Antônio: História do Santuário de Santo Antônio ( Memento of the original from June 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , visited on March 29, 2011.
- ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística : População residente por cor ou raça e Religão , visited on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ Luteranos Portal: Imigrantes Alemães no Espírito Santo , dated June 25, 2012, accessed on January 17, 2013.
- ↑ Official website of the Mosteiro Zen da Vargem: Mosteiro Zen da Vargem , visited on August 5, 2010
- ↑ Official website of the Convento da Penha: 454 anos de história , visited on March 24, 2012
- ↑ Suzana Souza: Imigrantes no Brasil , visited on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Tabela 2094 - População residente por cor ou raça e Religão , visited on November 24, 2008
- ↑ a b Espírito Santo in Volume 6 of the Enciclopédia Delta Universal , Rio de Janeiro 1982, p. 2984
- ↑ Regina Horta Duarte: Olhares Estrangeiros. Viajantes no vale do rio Mucuri , in Revista Brasileira de História, vol. 22, nº 44 , 2002, visited on December 1, 2012.
- ↑ Eliaro Beltrame Pereira: Colonização do Solo Espírito Santense , visited on August 8, 2010.
- ↑ Família Gripp: O Estado , visited on August 8, 2010.
- ↑ a b Espírito Santo in the Nova Enciclopédia Barsa , São Paulo (Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda) 1998, p. 38
- ↑ Ache Tudo e Região: História de Vila Velha ES ( Memento of the original of August 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , visited on August 8, 2010.
- ↑ a b c d e Espírito Santo in the Nova Enciclopédia Barsa , São Paulo (Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda) 1998, p. 39
- ↑ UOL: Conjunto de vários citações bibliográficas sobre Maria Ortiz , visited on April 20, 2008.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Espírito Santo in the Nova Enciclopédia Barsa , São Paulo (Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda) 1998, p. 40
- ↑ José Teixeira de Teixeira: História do Espírito Santo ( Memento of the original of September 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 7.9 MB) , Arquivo Público do Estado do Espírito Santo 2008, visited on March 9, 2013
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Espírito Santo in the Nova Enciclopédia Barsa , São Paulo (Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda) 1998, p. 41
- ↑ a b Espírito Santo in the Nova Enciclopédia Barsa , São Paulo (Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda) 1998, p. 42
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