1597

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Heads of State · Obituary

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1597
Maurice of Orange undertakes the campaign of 1597 .	Cesare d'Este becomes Duke of Modena and Reggio , but not of Ferrara .
Toyotomi Hideyoshi has numerous missionaries and Christians crucified in Nagasaki .
1597 in other calendars
Armenian calendar	1045/46 (July turn of the year)
Ethiopian calendar	1589/90 (change of the year September 10th/11th)
Bengali solar calendar	1002/1003 (beginning of the year April 14 or 15)
Buddhist calendar	2140/41 (Southern Buddhism); 2139/40 (alternative calculation according to Buddha's parinirvana )
Chinese calendar	71st (72nd) cycle Year of the Fire Rooster丁酉 ( at the beginning of the year Fire Monkey 丙申)
Chula Sakarat (Siam, Myanmar) / Dai calendar (Vietnam)	959/960 (New Year's April)
Dangun era (Korea)	3930/31 (2/3 October)
Iranian calendar	975/976
Islamic calendar	1005/06 (change of the year August 13th/14th)
Jewish calendar	5357/58 (September 12/13)
Coptic calendar	1313/14 (September 10/11)
Malayalam calendar	772/773
Seleucid era	Babylon: 1907/08 (April turn of the year) Syria: 1908/09 (October turn of the year)

events

1597

politics and world affairs

Eighty Years War

→ Main article : Eighty Years' War

The Netherlands 1596–1598

• 1 August: Maurice of Orange leaves The Hague with his troops and embarks on the campaign of 1597 to strengthen the Dutch state position on the Lower Rhine and in western Munsterland. The first target is the Spanish -occupied town of Rheinberg .

Siege of Rheinberg 1597

• August 9–19: The Siege of Rheinberg ends with the surrender and withdrawal of the Spanish garrison from Rheinberg .
• After learning of the loss of Rheinberg, the Spanish governor of Ober-Geldern, Hermann von dem Bergh , strengthened the garrison of the nearby, heavily fortified town of Moers and retreated across the Maas with the main body of his troops .

Siege of Moers

• August 29: The siege of Moers by Maurice of Orange begins.
• September 3: The Spanish garrison in besieged Moers surrenders and hands over the town to Dutch troops.

Map of the Siege of Groenlo by Joan Blaeu

• September 11-28: The Dutch siege of Groenlos ends with the Spanish surrendering to Prince Maurice of Orange and the withdrawal of the Spanish garrison.

Siege of Bredevoort 1597

• October 1-9: The siege of Bredevoort ends with the capture and sack of the city by the troops of Maurice of Orange. The surviving Spaniards retreat to the fort and leave the city to its fate. On October 11th, the Spanish troops under Lieutenant van Broekhuysen capitulate and receive free withdrawal for a payment of 1700 gold guilders. A payment of 6000 gold guilders is imposed on the citizens of Bredevoort. The conquest of Bredevoort cost the state troops more casualties than all other armed conflicts of the campaign combined. Moritz garrisoned two companies in Bredevort and marched towards Enschede with the rest of the army .
• 18/19 October: Enschede is taken without fighting by handing over the city in return for free withdrawal. After the occupation, Moritz has large sections of the city's fortifications razed to make the city uninteresting for future occupiers.
• October 19-21: The town of Ootmarsum is taken by state troops after a three-day siege.
• 20–23 October: The Siege of Oldenzaal begins at the same time as the Siege of Ootmarsum . The Spaniards finally evacuate Oldenzaal and withdraw to Lingen .
• October 28th to November 12th: The siege of Lingen , the last station of the autumn campaign, ends with an honorable surrender of the city. The last town on the right bank of the Rhine that was in Spanish hands fell into the hands of the Dutch.

Bavaria

Maximilian I as ruler (depiction by Wenceslas Hollar c. 1649)

• 15 October: After his father Wilhelm V abdicated , Maximilian I became the new Duke of Bavaria .

confederation

• Appenzeller land division : The canton of Appenzell is divided into the Catholic Innerrhoden and the Reformed Outerrhoden .

Italy

Alfonso II d'Este , Duke of Ferrara , Modena and Reggio , dies 27 October. As he has no descendants, years earlier he appointed his cousin Cesare d'Este , Margrave of Montecchio, as his heir. This is the eldest son of Alfonso d'Este, an illegitimate son of their grandfather Alfonso I d'Este . When the inheritance regulation was to take effect upon the death of Alfonso II, Pope Clemens VIII did not recognize it because Alfonso of Montecchio was born out of wedlock, took Ferrara as a defunct fief and incorporated it into the Papal States. In the imperial fiefdoms of Modena and Reggio, on the other hand, Cesare was able to assume his rule.

UK/Scotland

• 4 November: At the Battle of Carrickfergus in the Nine Years' War , troops of the Scottish Clan MacDonnell defeat the Royal English troops of Elizabeth I.

Other events in Europe

• 17 October to 17 November: Siege of Timisoara

• The mace war in Finland ends with a crushing defeat of the rebellious peasants.

America

• September 13: The Juanillo Rebellion of the Guale against the Spanish in present-day Georgia begins.

voyages of discovery

• June 13: Willem Barents leaves Novaya Zemlya after wintering.

East Asia

• 26./27. August: A Japanese fleet under Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeats a Korean fleet in the Naval Battle of Chilcheonryang in the Imjin War .
• October 26: At the naval battle of Myongnyang , a Japanese fleet of 133 battleships and 200 supply ships is devastated by 13 Korean warships.

business

• The Gold Ochsen brewery in Ulm is founded.
• The first regular newspaper , the “ Rorschacher Monthly ”, appears.

Culture

literature

Romeo and Juliet , 1st quarto

• The first quarto edition of William Shakespeare's tragedy Romeo and Juliet is published.
• The first collection of stories with Schildbürger - Schwänken appears under the name Das Lalenbuch. Wonderful, adventurous, unheard of and hitherto undescribed stories and deeds of the Lalen zu Laleburg .
• A year after Anna Wecker 's death , her main work, Ein Köstlich new Kochbuch , was published by her daughter . It is the first German-language cookbook written by a woman to go to press. It also mentions ice cream for the first time.

music and theatre

• Philipp Nicolai composed the chorale How beautiful the morning star shines .

society

Birstein witch trial 1597 (excerpt)

In Birstein near Frankfurt/Main there is a witch trial against four women from Rinderbügen . Court preacher Anton Praetorius is appointed by Count Palatine Friedrich IV to be a member of the witch court. Encouraged by the teacher Johannes Cisnerus , Praetorius rebels and does everything in his power to end the process and set the women free. As a local pastor, he railed against torture so vehemently that it actually happened. The last survivor of the trial is released. This is the only recorded case of a clergyman demanding an end to the inhuman torture during a witch trial and being successful. Praetorius is relieved of his post as court chaplain because of his commitment.

• The game of cricket has its first documentary mention in a Guildford court ruling .

religion

• February 5: Toyotomi Hideyoshi has three Portuguese Jesuits , six Spanish Franciscans and 17 Japanese Christians executed on the cross in Nagasaki . The proselytizing in the Azuchi-Momoyama period triggered conflicts with the state authorities in Japan.

Historical maps and views

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  The Tower of London 1597

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  Rostock 1597

• 

  Ulm 1597

• 

  Periplus map from the Theatrum orbis terrarum , showing the trade routes on the north-east African, Arabian and Indian coasts, by Abraham Ortelius , 1597

Born

date of birth saved

• January 8: Jobst Christoph Kreß von Kressenstein , envoy of the city of Nuremberg at the Westphalian Peace Congress († 1663)
• January 12: François Duquesnoy , Flemish sculptor (died 1643)
• January 15: Wolfgang Bachmeyer , German cartographer, surveyor, astronomer, mathematician and theologian († 1685)
• January 25: Johann Philipp , Duke of Saxe-Altenburg († 1639)
• February 28: Albrecht Friedrich von Barby und Mühlingen , German nobleman, member of the Fruiting Society (d. 1641)
• March 16: David Gloxin , mayor and diplomat of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck († 1671)

• April 9: John Davenport , English Puritan and founder of New Haven, Connecticut (d. 1670)
• April 14: Georg Lilien , German Lutheran theologian (died 1666)
• April 23: Alvise Contarini , Venetian diplomat (died 1651)
• May 22: Kanō Sadanobu , Japanese painter († 1623)

• June 9: Pieter Saenredam , Dutch painter (died 1665)
• June 16: Gottschalk von Wickede , mayor of Lübeck († 1667)
• July 23: Hugo Friedrich von Eltz , envoy of the Archbishop of Trier at the Westphalian peace negotiations († 1658)

• August 10: Charlotte Louise of Hanau- Münzenberg , German noblewoman (d. 1649)
• August 10: Abraham Heidanus , German Reformed theologian (died 1678)

• September 1: Johannes Micraelius , German poet and philosopher (died 1658)
• September 23 Francesco Barberini , Italian cardinal, antiquarian and patron (died 1679)
• September 28: Justus Suttermans , Flemish painter (died 1681)

• October 7 John Underhill , English puritan colonist and captain in the Massachusetts Bay Company in North America (d. 1672)
• October 13: Otto Ludwig von Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen , Swedish general († 1634)

• 1 November: Georg Friedrich vom Holtz zu Niederholz , Colonel Sergeant and General Feldzeugmeister in the Thirty Years' War († 1666)
• November 13: Johann Georg Dorsche , German Lutheran theologian (died 1659)
• November 17: Henry Gellibrand , English astronomer (died 1637)
• November 19: Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate , Electress of Brandenburg († 1660)
• November 20: Theodor Zwinger , pastor and professor of theology († 1654)
• November 24: Friedrich Leibniz , German notary, philosopher and ethicist († 1652)

• December 22: Frederick III. , Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf († 1659)

Martin Opitz

• December 23: Martin Opitz , German poet (died 1639)
• December 24: Honoré II , Prince of Monaco († 1662)

Exact date of birth unknown

• Lucius Gabriel , Swiss Evangelical Reformed pastor and Bible translator into the Rhaeto-Romanic written language of the Sursilvan idiom († 1663)
• John Theyer , English lawyer, writer and antiquary (died 1673)

Born around 1597

• Thomas Gage , English clergyman (died 1656)

Died

First half of the year

• January 10: Anna Landmann , victim of the Hornburg witch hunts
• January 15: Juan de Herrera , Spanish architect and naturalist (b. 1533)
• January 29: Elias Nikolaus Ammerbach , German organist and arranger (b. 1530)

• February 2: Lucas van Valckenborch , Flemish painter (b. c. 1535)
• February 4: Joachim von Beust , German jurist (b. 1522)
• February 5: Paul Miki , Christian martyr in Japan (b. c. 1565)

• March 24: Giovanni Bernardino Bonifacio , Italian count, humanist, book collector, librarian and founder of the City Library of Gdańsk (b. 1517)
• March 26: Theophanes I Karykes , Patriarch of Constantinople
• March 27: Stanislaus Bornbach , Polish chronicler (b. 1530)

• April 13: Clas Eriksson Fleming , Swedish admiral (b. c. 1530)
• April 16: Caspar Cruciger the Younger , German Lutheran theologian (b. 1525)
• April 17: Wilhelm Friedrich Lutz , German Lutheran theologian and early critic of the witch trials (b. 1551)
• April 21: Severyn Nalyvajko , Ukrainian Cossack leader (b. c. 1560)
• May 10: Ulrico Aostalli , Swiss master builder

• June 2: Dietrich Sonoy , Dutch warlord (b. 1529)
• 6 June: Katharina Bernburg , victim of the Wernigerode witch trials (b. c. 1550)
• June 9: José de Anchieta , Spanish missionary, Jesuit and linguist (b. 1554)
• June 20: Willem Barents , Dutch navigator (b. c. 1500)
• June 24: Johannes Posthius , German physician and poet (b. 1537)
• June: Aron Tiranul , ruler of the Principality of Moldova

Second half of the year

• July 3: John Norreys , English general (b. 1547)
• July 8: Luís Fróis , Portuguese missionary of the Society of Jesus (b. 1532)
• July 19: Gunilla Bielke , Queen of Sweden (b. 1568)
• 20 July: Franciscus Raphelengius the Elder , Flemish printer and scholar (b. 1539)
• August 7: Beat Ludwig von Mülinen , mayor of Bern (b. 1521)

• 3 September: Jakobe of Baden-Baden , Duchess of Jülich-Kleve-Berg (b. 1558)
• September 8: Helena Magenbuch , German botanist and pharmacist (b. 1523)
• September 16: Hans Irmisch , Electoral Saxon land builder (b. 1526)

• October 4: Sarsa Dengel , Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1550)
• October 19: Ashikaga Yoshiaki , Japanese shogun (b. 1537)
• 27 October: Alfonso II d'Este , Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio (b. 1533)

• 6 November: Catherine Michaela of Spain , Duchess of Savoy (b. 1567)
• 19 November: Wilhelm , Count of Nassau-Weilburg (b. 1570)

• 17 December: Frederick , Count Palatine and Duke of Palatinate-Parkstein (b. 1557)
• 18 December: Barbara Blomberg , mistress of Charles V (b. 1527)
• December 20: Wolfgang von Ysenburg-Ronneburg , Regent of the Office of Langen (b. 1533)
• December 21: Petrus Canisius , German Jesuit, theologian and writer, political pioneer of the Counter-Reformation, Doctor of the Church and saint of the Catholic Church (b. 1521)

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