History of the city of Minden
The history of the city of Minden describes the development of the East Westphalian city of Minden , which was initially a trading center at a ford on the Weser, developed into a trading and episcopal town in the Middle Ages, received a fortress in Prussian times and finally became the district town of the Minden-Lübbecke district has been.
Location of the city
Minden was created at the point of the low mountain range threshold where the Weser breaks through the Porta Westfalica (Westphalian Gate) and flows into the North German Plain . A ford was created here , which was the only place to cross the river up to Bremen, which is around 100 km away. Several trade routes crossed the river at this point, favoring the beginning of settlement. Well-known old ways through or near Minden are the Bremer Weg , the Westfälische Hellweg , the Hellweg under the mountain and the Hellweg in front of the Santforde . There was also a bridge over the Weser as early as the middle of the 13th century.
From the beginning to the Middle Ages
Prehistory and early history
Minden has probably been settled since the 3rd century. Finds of settlements in several places in the current urban area suggest this.
middle Ages
Was first documented in Minden 798 in the so-called imperial annals , a Frankish chronicle , as Charlemagne a national assembly in "Minda" held. Around 800, Charlemagne founded a diocese in Minden ; first bishop was from 803 to 813 Erkanbert von Minden († June 7, 830 in Minden). In December 852, Ludwig the German held a court day in Minden. In 977 the city was granted market rights , coinage rights and customs rights. In 1003 Heinrich II visited Minden. In 1024 the Benedictine monastery of Saint Mauritius was founded on an island in the Weser lowlands to secure the ford over the Weser .
On May 19, 1062, during a visit by Emperor Heinrich IV at Pentecost, a fire broke out during a dispute between the imperial entourage and the citizens, which destroyed Minden Cathedral and the city. It was the second time (after 947) that the core settlement around the cathedral was destroyed by fire. The cathedral and the cathedral freedom were rebuilt for the second time and consecrated in 1071. Parts of the second cathedral are still preserved today in the westwork. On February 1, 1168, after divorcing his first wife , Henry the Lion married Mathilde , the twelve-year-old daughter of King Henry II of England and sister of Richard the Lionheart, in the Minden Cathedral .
Until the beginning of the 13th century, the Wichgraf appointed by the bishop was head of the city and head of administration. Around 1230, the citizens of Minden and their council were able to break away from the ecclesiastical ruler, the bishop, and received city rights . They took advantage of these new rights and began a trade independent of the Church. The profit from this was one of the foundations for the further development of the city. In the Middle Ages Minden was a member of the Hanseatic League .
Around 1235, the Holy Spirit Hospital was founded on the market square , where old and poor residents of the city were housed and cared for. The Dominican monastery of St. Pauli was built in the upper town .
The regional importance of Minden at this time can be seen in the adoption of the Minden city charter when several cities were founded in the region, for example in the town elevation of Lübbecke in 1279.
The increased self-confidence of the citizens of Minden was also evident in the construction of the historic town hall , which was probably built around 1260 right next to the cathedral immunity . In 1306/07, the then Minden Bishop Gottfried von Waldeck therefore preferred to move his residence from Minden to Petershagen Castle.
In the late Middle Ages, Minden was ravaged five times by large city fires that had a decisive impact on the city's development.
Council and Mayor
The councilors represented the interests of the Minden citizens towards their city lords, the bishop of the diocese of Minden . By 1301, the bishop determined who should become a member of the council.
Without the consent of the Bishop of Minden, the eleven councilors wrote a charter on January 6, 1301, which was to determine the future election procedure and the voters of the city council. The election took place in three electoral stages, whereby the number of voters was restricted from stage to stage. First of all, the outstanding representatives of the guilds of merchants, bakers, butchers and shoemakers selected 40 suitable people from among their number. Each year they elected twelve people from among their number as new councilors. These twelve people were the actual voters of the council. After the circle of those entitled to vote had been so clearly restricted, the fact that any person who had the citizenship of the city of Minden could be elected councilor is astonishing .
Since 1360, the council election regulations stipulated that craftsmen who had been elected to the council had to give up their craft and become members of the merchants' guild for 20 gold guilders. This regulation was intended to cement the power of the merchants in the city council.
The office of mayor is mentioned for the first time in 1303, when the mayor was the first among equals to be the spokesman for the council. In 1396, Mayor Heinrich Gieseler donated his private fortune to a hospital in which mainly travelers, but also old and sick people were cared for.
In 1405, the most serious constitutional conflict in the history of the city of Minden, the so-called "Minden layer", ignited the process of council elections. In the Minden council electoral code of 1301, only certain groups of Minden citizens were given the right to vote in the city council. Only the representatives of the merchants, butchers, shoemakers and bakers were allowed to participate in the council elections, the representatives of the smaller professional groups of shopkeepers, furriers, wool weavers, blacksmiths, Schröder, Höker and the citizens of the suburbs were denied this right. Some councilors who spoke out against the right to vote laid down in the council electoral code were expelled from the city with their families in 1405. The remaining councilors turned to the council of the city of Dortmund on August 14, 1405 , which at that time was Minden's court of appeal on all legal issues. The letter made it clear that the Minden merchants had evidently exceeded their competencies and that the citizens no longer felt they were adequately represented by the city council. A short time later, the expelled councilors also turned to the Dortmund council and described their point of view. In a letter to the Dortmund council, Otto IV. Von Rietberg, as Bishop of Minden on October 8, 1405, confirmed the representation of the councilors who remained in Minden. On November 19, 1405, King Ruprecht asked the Dortmund council to settle the dispute. However, the conflict continued to smolder and on May 14, 1407 King Ruprecht I declared all citizens of Minden older than fourteen years of imperial ban . On August 11, 1407, the most powerful Hanseatic cities of Hamburg , Lübeck and Lüneburg joined the conflict. They demanded that the parties accept an award of the Hanseatic League and threatened in return with the Verhansung the city of Minden, the strongest instrument of power of the Hanseatic League. The Veransung would have meant economic decline for the city of Minden, as it would have been completely excluded from trade with the Hanseatic League. In 1408 an agreement was finally reached and the king lifted the imperial ban on October 29, 1408.
In 1460, according to a report by Canon Heinrich Tribbe, the influence of the Minden merchants on the election of the council was significantly reduced. They no longer had 22 men in the "Forties Committee", but only 16. The other four major offices (baker, butcher, shoemaker, tailor) also had 16 representatives. In addition to these representatives, the smaller offices and the suburbs now had a seat and vote in the committee for council elections. However, the committee was no longer elected, instead the representatives were members of the committee by virtue of their office in the individual offices and suburbs. In order to maintain continuity in the management of the council, half of the twelve councilors were re-elected every six months. The mayor of the city of Minden was always elected by the six new councilors from the group of six old councilors, and this procedure should also maintain continuity.
From the Reformation to the 18th century
In 1519 Minden was involved in the Hildesheim collegiate feud and besieged by its bishop Franz von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel . In 1521 the bishop demanded that the fishing, Marien and Simeons suburbs should be demolished in order to better defend the city. This demand and the positive reaction of the councilors from among the merchants triggered an uprising in the city. The bishop was temporarily banned from the city and the power of the merchants was further restricted in favor of the craft offices. In the course of the Reformation there was another serious conflict in Minden in 1529. Evangelical preaching has been taking place in Minden since the mid-twenties of the 16th century without causing great unrest. In 1529, however, the Protestant faith in Minden had already won so many followers that the majority of the citizenry no longer accepted the arrest of the evangelical preaching monk Heinrich Traphagen. A committee of thirty-six men was formed in November 1529, who from then on took over the city regiment. At Christmas 1529, the Lutheran preacher Nikolaus Krage preached from the pulpit of the Martini church for the first time . The Catholic clergy then partially left the city and most of their possessions were confiscated in January 1530. Thereupon an armed conflict broke out between the city of Minden and Johann von Münchhausen , who owned the Haddenhausen estate because the clergy had placed themselves under his protection. The conflict ended with the defeat of Johann von Münchhausen and the destruction of Gut Haddenhausen.
Finally, on February 13, 1530, Nikolaus Krage proclaimed the Protestant church order for the city of Minden from the pulpit of the Martinikirche. The "thirty-six" also disempowered the "forty" in 1532 and took over the council elections, but nothing was changed in the electoral process. The old councilors refused to cooperate with the newly elected councilors, and a new election of the mayor from among the old councilors did not take place. The old councilors were then removed from their offices by the "thirty-six". It was not until 1535 that the "forties" took control of Minden again. On March 27, 1536, the Imperial Court of Justice condemned the city of Minden to surrender the confiscated goods of the clergy ; disregarding the verdict threatened the imperial ban. In August 1536, the city of Minden then joined the Schmalkaldic League in order to join forces with other Protestant imperial cities against the Catholic countries. On October 9, 1538, the imperial ban was finally imposed on the city of Minden and its citizens. In 1539 there was another arbitration award that changed the council election regulations. The councilors no longer had to belong to the merchants' guild and the council was only elected once a year.
At the time of the witch hunts, there were witch trials against a total of 170 people from 1584 to 1684 . 134 people were charged and at least 95 were executed. As in many neighboring regions, proceedings were opened almost exclusively against women in Minden, for example against Anna Maßmeyer in 1655 and against Margarethe Rockemann in 1669 .
During the Thirty Years War , Minden was occupied by the Emperor's Catholic troops from 1625 to 1634. In 1634 the city was besieged by the Protestant Swedish troops and finally conquered. Queen Christina of Sweden granted the citizens of Minden full sovereignty in all internal and external affairs of the city. After the Thirty Years War, Minden came under the Treaty (Article XI, § 4) of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 into the possession of the Electorate of Brandenburg , which later became part of the Kingdom of Prussia ; the affiliation remained until the actual dissolution of Prussia at the end of the Second World War or its formal dissolution by the Allied Control Council on February 25, 1947.
With the sovereign city regulations of June 10, 1711 by King Friedrich I , the four hundred year self-determination of the Minden citizens ended. The city council was replaced by a magistrate and the committee of the "forties" was dissolved by the king. The magistrate was elected for life by a committee of 16 merchants, 16 craftsmen and eight representatives of the community. On July 14, 1723, King Friedrich Wilhelm I tightened the city regulations so that all members of the magistrate required the approval of the new royal war and domain chamber in Minden before being appointed .
Until 1806 the area around the Minden Cathedral was the so-called Cathedral Freedom . In contrast to the other urban areas, it was not the city council that ruled here, but the spiritual rulers of Minden.
Minden's importance as a central administrative center increased considerably during the Prussian period. From 1719 to 1807 the city was the administrative seat of the Minden-Ravensberg territory . The Minden War and Domain Chamber, established in 1722, became the upper administrative authority not only for the unified Minden-Ravensberg area, but also for the County of Lingen and the County of Tecklenburg .
In the course of the Seven Years' War , the Battle of Minden took place on August 1, 1759 , which has been remembered by British soldiers every year since then with a wreath-laying ceremony.
19th century
After the Prussian defeat of 1806/1807 and the Peace of Tilsit in 1807, the city's situation changed suddenly. On November 13, 1806, it was occupied by French troops and in 1807 incorporated into the vassal state of the Kingdom of Westphalia . Minden belonged to the department of the Weser and was in this capital of the district Minden . The administration and the legal system were reshaped according to the French model, old feudal and ecclesiastical legal positions were eliminated. The Minden cathedral chapter was repealed. At this time, the expansion of the highways began according to the Chaussee principle; the almost dead straight course of today's B 65 between Minden and Haddenhausen is a relic from this time.
Until the end of 1810 Minden belonged west of the Weser to the Kingdom of Westphalia , from January 1, 1811 as part of the Département de l'Ems-Supérieur (German: Departement der Oberen Ems ) directly to the French Empire . Today's eastern districts continued to belong to the Kingdom of Westphalia, as part of the cantons of Windheim and Hausberge to the district of Rinteln in the department of the Leine . It was the only time in its history that a state border ran through the middle of Minden. After Napoleon I was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813 , the French troops left the Mindener Land. It was subordinated to the Prussian General Government between Weser and Rhine , whose management was given to Ludwig von Vincke , who came from Minden and had been district administrator there from 1798 to 1803.
In 1815 the province of Westphalia was created, and Vincke was appointed as its chief president . In the following year, Minden became the seat of the district government of the newly established administrative district of Minden .
During the tenure of the first Minden district administrator von Arnim (1816-1820), the Minden fortress was rebuilt under the supervision of the government. The construction of the fortress hampered industrial and economic development, so that in the 19th century it almost completely bypassed Minden. The city remained constricted within its fortress walls. Cities with a much smaller population than Minden around 1815 - such as Bielefeld and Dortmund - laid the foundation for economic prosperity and strong growth.
The Weser Shipping Act , decided by the representatives of all the Weser riverside states in Minden on September 10, 1823, put an end to stacking rights and other medieval privileges and obliged all neighboring states to carry out necessary electricity construction measures and to secure shipping on the Weser.
On October 15, 1847, the Cöln-Minden Railway was opened.
The Prussian period was very formative for the cityscape of Minden, as many buildings from this period are still there today. Until 1873 the city was a Prussian fortress. Then, on May 30, 1873 , the Reichstag in Berlin passed the law to repeal the fortresses of Minden, Stettin , Erfurt , Wittenberg , Kosel , Graudenz , Kolberg and Stralsund . Only now were the city walls razed and the city was able to catch up economically. The course of the fortress belt is still clearly visible in the remains of the fortress and in the road network. However, the city of Minden could not maintain its former political and economic importance.
The Mindener Tageblatt , a regional newspaper, has been published by JCC Bruns since 1856 .
From September 1893 a steam tram ran in Minden . In 1898 the Mindener Kreisbahnen opened their first line to Uchte .
20th century to 1930s
In 1902 the Stadtwerke Minden were founded, which supplied the city with natural gas and electricity.
From 1902 to 1957 (conversion to standard gauge ) there was a separate district station at Minden station . At the beginning of the 20th century, the surrounding district was opened up by a meter gauge network.
From the beginning of the 1920s, the Minden tram was fully electrified.
The November Revolution at the end of the First World War was relatively calm in Minden. In some barracks of the Minden garrison there were minor unrest on November 7th and 8th, 1918, but these were calmed down by local representatives of the SPD and the trade unions. On the afternoon of November 8, 1918, a workers 'and soldiers' council took over public power in the city of Minden.
Consequences of the Kapp Putsch for Minden
During the so-called Kapp Putsch in March 1920, the situation in the city of Minden was much more tense. When the coup became known on March 13, the representatives of the SPD , DDP and USPD in the Minden city council declared themselves loyal to President Ebert and the Bauer government , only the representatives of the center took a wait-and-see attitude. After the parties in Minden had called for a general strike , the Minden workers' council was reconstituted on March 13, 1920 with representatives from the SPD, DDP and USPD; one of the driving forces was the later district administrator Willy Michel (SPD). The workers' council, however, had no socialist overthrow in mind, its members only wanted to restore constitutional order. On March 14, 1920, the members of the workers' council succeeded in establishing contact with the Reich government, which gave them the power of attorney by telephone to protect the lawful government, maintain law and order and prevent the putschists from being published.
In contrast to the Westphalian Oberpräsident Bernhard Wuermeling, the Minden government president Rudolf von Campe was unable to decide to unconditionally support the government. This attitude led to Campes's application for release on March 17, 1920. The mood in the more conservative civil servants and military town of Minden was very tense during the period of the coup, some of the soldiers stationed in Minden were recruited from the Freikorp troops and were accordingly nationally conservative.
On March 15, 1920, the workers' council intervened directly in the administration of the city for the first time; Mindener Tageblatt and Mindener Zeitung, as they had published decrees of the putschists, were initially censored and later banned. Such measures were previously unprecedented for Minden, not even during the November 1918 Revolution such drastic measures had been taken. The representatives of the center and the right-wing parties in the city council then founded a “citizens ' union ” in order to “counter the terror of the social democrats, in particular the attacks by the workers and the executive council, with suitable countermeasures. “District President von Campe unsuccessfully asked the Minden magistrate to use the police to restore freedom of the press, the magistrate had been informed of the powers of the workers' council by government commissioner Carl Severing and supported the council in its actions. On March 16, 1920, Reich President Friedrich Ebert and Reich Chancellor Gustav Bauer confirmed the powers of the Workers 'Council in a telegram: " The Minden Workers' Council is given supreme executive power. He has to take all measures to secure the constitutional government and to implement its application. signed Ebert Reich President, signed Bauer Reich Chancellor. “On March 17th, after the failure of the putschists became known, the general strike was declared over at a gathering of over 12,000 people on the Minden market square.
After the failure of the Kapp Putsch, the population and the party landscape in Minden were even more polarized. When Reich Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau was assassinated on June 24, 1922 , riots in Minden were sometimes serious. On June 27, 1922, a rally with around 15,000 participants took place on the market square, as the Reich government had called for demonstrations for the republic. After the rally ended, numerous demonstrators, “fueled” by a fiery speech by Willy Michel, marched through the city and searched the apartments, shops and restaurants of “reactionaries” and nationalist Minden people. Numerous busts and pictures as well as black-white-red flags and other objects were smashed or burned. The Mindener Zeitung described the unrest on July 1, 1922 as "Russian conditions".
The second World War
During the Second World War , underground factories, called U-relocations , were built in the Weser and Wiehen Mountains near Minden , in which forced laborers from the Neuengamme concentration camp had to manufacture weapons and other war-essential goods. After the war, the machines in these factories were dismantled by the Americans and the entrances closed.
At the Minden waterway intersection, employees of the state shipyard and the Minden shaft lock were protected in a so-called angle tower bunker. The bunker was demolished after the war and demolished in 2010.
Most of the Jews in Minden were deported and expropriated. Today the “ Stolpersteine ” project commemorates them.
During the Second World War, Minden suffered severe damage from bombing . In the initial phase of the war there were only minor air raids in the Minden city area, the first heavy attack with 29 deaths and considerable property damage occurred on December 29, 1943. From autumn 1944, the Allied air raids increased steadily, the main target of the attacks the railway and canal systems in the Minden city area. On October 26, 1944, an attack on the canal systems on Friedrich-Wilhelm-Strasse hit the canal embankment directly, which was then torn up over a length of about 50 meters. The masses of water fell into the lower ground and flooded numerous buildings and the underpass on Friedrich-Wilhelm-Strasse. Five barges were torn from their anchorages in the canal and washed through the fracture point onto open terrain. The canal ran completely empty between the lock gates in Hahlen (west) and Berenbusch (east). In the flooded air-raid shelter of the Busch box factory, numerous people trapped in rubble were killed. On March 28, 1945, the last and most devastating air raid on the city of Minden finally took place. The urban layout of the Minden city center is still decisively shaped by this attack. The historic center of the city with the town hall and the cathedral and the surrounding buildings were almost completely destroyed, over 180 people were killed.
In March and April 1945, extensive files from the holdings of the NSDAP and its subgroups as well as the administration were burned in Minden. By the end of March 1945, the Allied troops had penetrated the German Reich so far that the occupation of the city was imminent. Numerous high-ranking members of the NSDAP and the administration then moved across the Weser to the east, including District Administrator Georg Lichtenberg . At lunchtime on April 3, 1945, Minden's mayor Werner Holle released the civil servants and employees of the city administration from their duties and sent them home. At 3 p.m. a "tank alarm" was triggered for the city of Minden. Unless they had fled the city, the population was in the air raid shelters. Almost all bridges over the Mittelland Canal and the Weser were blown up on April 4, 1945, including the Minden waterway intersection . As a result, the Mittelland Canal ran partially empty and the Weser was dammed back, making both waterways unusable for a long time.
On April 3, American troops from Bad Oeynhausen called the mayor or the combat commander (?) To hand over the city. The American troops did not succeed in advancing north, however, and so on April 4th the 1st Canadian Paratrooper Battalion came into the city from the west and stood on the market square shortly before midnight, the city of Minden was occupied. As early as April 9, 1945, the city administration temporarily resumed operations.
Post-war period to the turn of the millennium
Minden became part of the British zone of occupation . The former German barracks were taken over by the British Army until they were finally withdrawn in the 1990s.
On October 20, 1945, a German Economic Council was established in Minden as an advisory body to the British military government, from which the Central Office for Economic Affairs (ZWA) , headed by Viktor Agartz , was established in April 1946 in order to regulate the economic reconstruction administratively. On January 1, 1947, this was expanded to become an administrative office for the economy (VAW) for the Bizone , but was relocated to Frankfurt am Main at the end of 1947 .
This loss of centrality was considerably increased in the same year by the agreement of the Lippe punctuation between the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lippe to unite the two states, in which the seat of the district government was moved to Detmold . The Oberpostdirektion Minden (1934), the Oberfinanzdirektion and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry had already been relocated. Later it was the merger of the Minden employment office with the Herford employment office.
The tram network was supplemented by a trolleybus in December 1953. Its only line ran between Mindener Markt and Hausberge via Lerbeck. The last tram ran on December 29, 1959, the last trolleybus on July 20, 1965. Since then, the city area has been served exclusively by diesel buses.
The 1968 movement expressed itself in Minden as well as in neighboring Hanover in 1969 through red dot campaigns that led to demonstrations. The protest was directed against increases in public transport fares.
In the 1970s, the first urban redevelopment in the old town was carried out in Minden . The area around the Wesertor was reorganized and older, small-scale developments were replaced by large-scale new buildings - primarily by the Karstadt , C&A department stores and extensions to the Hagemeyer department store. Local public transport has also been reorganized. The central bus stop was moved from the city center to the southern edge and a new town hall was built on the previous site. The line of sight from the portico of the town hall to the westwork of the cathedral was disturbed by the new building.
Overall, the reorientation meant a redesign to a car-friendly city (including multi-lane wall and ring road around the center, new construction of Weser bridges) with an old town area largely reserved for pedestrians. The public transport was now given a supplementary function to the individual transport ; instead of optimally serving all inner city areas, it was assigned a “central location” ( ZOB ) on the outskirts. Parking lots and houses have been greatly expanded (including Chancellor's Weide as a large parking area with a new pedestrian bridge ). As a result of this reorganization, part of the old half-timbered houses in Minden was torn down, which was later often referred to as a mistake in this urban redevelopment.
In August 1994, the Minden-Ravensberg public transport company introduced a completely new city bus network . However, under pressure from the population, the network changes had to be withdrawn after six months because they were supposedly completely unsuitable. A considerable loss of image for the company meant that a new attempt was only made in 2005 to introduce a clearer route network. Here, the intervals were adjusted to the number of passengers and significantly thinned. Since then, all bus lines have ended at the ZOB.
From 2000 until today
On May 18, 2006, the city council of Minden decided with a large majority (42 votes) to take up concrete plans for the construction of a shopping center on the site of the 1978 town hall and the adjacent areas between the large and small cathedral courtyard and Scharn. Multi Development Deutschland GmbH was selected as the investor, while ECE GmbH from Hamburg and mfi from Essen were defeated in the secret ballot. If the shopping center with a retail space of around 17,000 m² is to be realized at this point, the new town hall from 1978 would have to be demolished and the seat of the city administration and council of the city of Minden relocated to another location in the city center. With the demolition of the new town hall, the historical line of sight from the town hall arbor to the westwork of Minden Cathedral should also be exposed again. The plans were highly controversial in the citizenry as well as among the local businessmen in the city center.
On 29 March 2007, the City Council declared Minden with 32 to 17 votes a submitted against the demolition of the new town hall public petition inadmissible. In the opinion of the majority of the council, the referendum violated the municipal code of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. After the Higher Administrative Court of North Rhine-Westphalia supported the admissibility of the referendum in a statement, the Minden Council corrected its March decision in August 2007 and declared the referendum admissible by a large majority. Since the council did not want to endorse the content of the request with a unanimous decision, a referendum was scheduled for November 23, 2007 . This vote took place exclusively by letter and reached a record value for referendums in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia with a participation of over 46 percent. In the vote, 57 percent of those who voted opted to keep the town hall, the previous plans to build a shopping center with integrated city administration have thus failed for an indefinite period in the opinion of the majority of the council.
On September 23, 2008, the city received the title “ Place of Diversity ” awarded by the federal government .
In 2009 , the city drafted a master plan for inner-city development , which was approved by the city council in June 2009.
The city is planning to upgrade its ports in Minden economically .
literature
- Hans Nordsiek: Minden writes church history. Essay on the city's 1200th anniversary. online version , edited by Hans-Jürgen Amtage
- City of Minden (ed.): Minden. Witnesses and testimonies to its urban development . Minden 1979
Web links
- Topographic map of Westphalia, edited by General Major von Le Coq: Section X
- Topographic map 1: 25000 (measuring table sheet), sheet Minden, 1898
Individual evidence
- ^ Thomas Hill: The city and its market - Bremen's surrounding and external relations in the Middle Ages (12th – 15th centuries). VSWG-Beihefte 172, Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-51508068-6 Digitized at Google Books
- ↑ http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/annalesregnifrancorum.html
- ^ A b Caspar Ehlers : The integration of Saxony into the Franconian empire . In: Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History . tape 231 . Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-35887-0 , p. 80 ( excerpts online at Google Books - plus Habilitation University of Würzburg (2005)).
- ↑ Temporary power since 1301. Retrieved June 2, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c History - 1200-year-old city of Minden. Retrieved September 4, 2013 .
- ↑ List of names of the victims of the Minden witch trials (PDF; 24 kB)
- ^ Westfälischer Friede: Treaty text
- ^ Fritz Klausmeier: From "Napoleonstrasse" to Prussian State Road. Communications of the Mindener Geschichtsverein 44 (1972), 126-136
- ↑ Joachim Meynert, Ursula Bender-Wittmann (ed.): No journeymen without a fatherland. Contributions to the history of social democracy in Minden . Minden 1994, ISBN 3-928959-04-2 , p. 124
- ↑ Quoted from: Meynert, Bender-Wittmann, p. 126
- ↑ Kristan Kossack: Viktor Agartz and the "Central Office for Economy" in Minden. Economic policy initiatives in the first post-war years . In: Mitteilungen des Mindener Geschichtsverein , year 65 (1993), pp. 95–119
Coordinates: 52 ° 17 ′ 17.9 " N , 8 ° 54 ′ 54.3" E