Herbert Backe

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Herbert Backe in the uniform of an SS group leader (photo from June 2, 1942)

Herbert Friedrich Wilhelm Backe (born May 1, 1896 in Batumi , Russian Empire , † April 6, 1947 in Nuremberg ) was a German politician ( NSDAP ). In 1933 he became State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture (RMEL) under the then Minister Walther Darré . From 1936 he was also head of the nutrition business group in Hermann Göring's authority for the four-year plan . In 1942 he was promoted to head of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. In April 1944 he was officially appointed Reich Minister without Portfolio and charged with continuing to manage the RMEL. After the end of the war, Backe was arrested by the Allies and questioned twice in Nuremberg. On April 6, 1947, he hanged himself in his cell in the Nuremberg War Crimes Prison .

In contrast to Darré, Backe pursued a pragmatic course with regard to the goal of self-sufficiency within the framework of the National Socialist agricultural policy . During the Second World War , before the Barbarossa company started in 1941 , Backe and his employees propagated a rigid hunger policy based on war economics and racial ideology , known as the Backe or Hunger Plan . Its aim was to withdraw the food produced in the occupied territories of the USSR from the local population and to use it to supply the Wehrmacht and the German population, consciously accepting the starvation of up to 30 million people.

Origin and youth in Russia

Herbert Backe was born as the son of the emigrated merchant and Prussian reserve lieutenant Albrecht Backe in the city of Batumi on the Black Sea , then part of Russia . His mother Luise Backe came from a Württemberg farming family that emigrated to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. Also because his maternal grandfather had made it to the factory owner, he initially grew up “in a secure, not to say prosperous, circumstances” that worsened due to unfavorable economic developments as a result of the Russian Revolution in 1905 . From 1905 Backe attended grammar school in Tbilisi . In 1907 his father committed suicide .

At the beginning of the First World War in 1914 he had to leave school without a qualification and was interned as a civil prisoner in Russia for four years because he was a German citizen. During the Russian Civil War Backe came to Germany in 1918 as a result of the mediation of the Swedish Embassy in St. Petersburg. Backe found employment as an assistant lathe operator, later as an assistant fitter and payroll clerk in a part of the Gut-Hoffnungs-Hütte Oberhausen plant in Sterkrade and made up his Abitur at the secondary school. According to his so-called "Big Report" about his career, which he made in 1946 in the Nuremberg custody, the Backes family was in material need in the first years after moving to the German Reich , so that Backe the sick mother, brother and had to support three sisters.

Studies and National Socialist agriculture in the Weimar Republic

Herbert Backe studied agriculture from 1920 to 1923 at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen and graduated as a qualified farmer. From 1923 to 1924 he was assistant for agricultural geography, especially Russian agriculture, with Erich Obst at the Technical University of Hanover . During this time assistant Backes emerged as a dissertation planned magazine The Russian grain industry as the foundation of agriculture and economy of Russia . Although this was never accepted by the university, it was reproduced "only for official use" in 1941, with a print run of 10,000 self-published.

As Backe himself wrote in the introduction to his revised version in 1941, the university rejected his dissertation because, on the one hand, it was conceptually too broad and, on the other hand, it had not considered the microeconomic aspects sufficiently. In this document he formulated his principles of National Socialist agricultural policy and called for a “new order in Europe” in the agricultural sector. His concept of a continental European food economy called for the exploitation of agricultural surplus areas from so-called countries with a higher "self-sufficiency rate", for example the Ukraine, in favor of highly industrialized countries on the basis of an "amalgamation of peoples of the same or related race and area". In his rejected doctoral thesis he advocated the thesis that the underdevelopment of Russia is not to be found in its history, geographical location and spaciousness or other conditions, but results from the racial inferiority of the Slavs and their genetic disposition:

"The Russian backwardness [...] is based on the genetic make-up of the Russian people, which cannot be 'developed'."

Backe joined the SA in 1922 and the NSDAP in Hanover in 1925 and received membership number 22,766. The then head of the NS-Gaus Hannover-Süd, Ludolf Haase , described him in his work Der Kampf der NSDAP 1921/24 in retrospect as an “unconditional supporter of the racial idea” who “felt particularly drawn to the unconditional hardship and clarity of our struggle ”. After the Gaus Hannover-Süd was dissolved in 1928, Backe let his membership rest until 1931.

In 1927 Backe was chief inspector, actually the manager of a large estate in Pomerania . He had been married to Ursula Backe since the beginning of October 1928 and, with the financial support of his father-in-law, took over the Hornsen domain with around 950 acres in the Alfeld district as a tenant in November 1928 . He managed to run the difficult business situation economically successfully. Against this background, according to the historian Joachim Lehmann, “Backe's re-entry into political life can be seen”.

During his activity as estate manager Backe was from 1927 to the end of 1930 a member of the paramilitary Stahlhelm , for which he gave lectures and speeches. In his Stahlhelm lecture on December 7, 1930, Backe regretted that the political leadership during the First World War did not have the courage to pass the conquest of settlement areas in the east as a war goal:

“Out of sentimentalism, our government during the war failed to show the German people a war goal. One spoke of self-assertion instead of clearly stating that we need land to settle, and that in the east. "

Backe reported back to the NSDAP in 1930, to which he was again accepted on October 1, 1931, and finally took over the NSDAP local group leadership in Lamspringe . Also in 1931 he became district chairman of the peasant functionary of the Reichslandbund and wrote articles in the specialist press. In his work “German Farmer Awake!” In 1931, for example, he called for the future organization of the large continental economy by force and saw the solution “to the problem of 'people without space' by the sword, not by acquiring colonies of raw materials, but by expanding the natural Habitat in the East ”. Backe went on to explain that short-term increases in income are only a means to an end in order to create the conditions for future space conquest:

"Today our task is inner colonization at all costs, in order to accumulate the living energy in a limited living space that is necessary to break the fetters of tight space tomorrow."

Walther Darré became aware of him through such contributions and brought him to work in his agricultural policy apparatus of the NSDAP. At Darré's endeavor, Backe ran for the Prussian state parliament , whereupon, after a successful election in April 1932, he was appointed chairman of the parliamentary group in the agricultural committee.

Backe himself sees the report he wrote in his internment in Nuremberg in 1946 in two events with Adolf Hitler in the spring and October 1931 in Braunschweig as a decisive impetus for his increased political activity. Hitler had impressed him very much, as he " demanded the national community as the first prerequisite for any internal recovery and appealed to the idealism and self-sacrifice of each individual".

At the beginning of January 1933 Backe gave a lecture in Munich on the situation of German agriculture in the smallest circle before Hitler.

time of the nationalsocialism

Backe and his sponsor, Minister of Nutrition Walther Darré, maintained a familiar and friendly relationship in 1933, which was reflected in the fact that Darré was godfather of Backes' second child, Albrecht, who was born in August 1933. At Darré's instigation, Backe became Reich Commissioner in June 1933 and State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture in October 1933 . Furthermore, he was head of department in the staff office of the Reichsnährstand and was a member of the Reichsbauernrat . A year later he introduced the so-called generation battle . The aim was to keep imports as low as possible by increasing food production and thus come close to the ideal of a self-sufficient economy, a goal that could never be achieved. Backe also had a steep career in the SS. On October 1, 1933, he was appointed SS-Sturmbannführer (SS-No. 87.882) and assigned to the staff of the Race and Settlement Main Office . On March 29, 1934 he was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer , on April 20, 1934 to SS-Standartenführer , on September 9, 1934 to SS-Oberführer and on January 1, 1935 to SS-Brigadführer in order to be part of the To occupy the 71st place in the hierarchy of SS leaders. In November 1942 he was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer , the second highest step of an SS general.

On February 27, 1934, Backe had already turned against the use of Jews as " rural workers " in agriculture at the Secret State Police Office for racist reasons

"In the event of a large influx of Jews from outside the profession into the country, there will be even more considerable dangers for keeping the race clean [...] I therefore urgently request that these Jewish endeavors aimed at racial poisoning under the guise of retraining not only in individual cases , but fundamentally in any case . "

In July 1935, Backe described his minister Darré in a letter to his wife Ursula as a “failure”, saying that he was “weak” and “insecure” on all economic issues. In 1936 Backe became head of the Nutrition Business Group within the framework of the four-year plan and thus directly reported to Hermann Göring . With this he had risen to the position of superior of the Reich Minister of Agriculture Darré in matters of nutrition, since Goering's four-year plan authority was superordinate to the ministries in terms of war economics. In fact, he now had more power than his minister. In the years from 1933 to 1936, Backe became “step by step the decisive figure within agricultural policy”. He himself characterized his appointment as Göring's nutritionist in 1946 as "an opportunity to get through to the top to tackle the problems that agriculture urgently needed to be solved". In fact, he was given the opportunity to speak directly to Hitler on the food situation.

Senator and First Vice President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society

In addition to his offices as Secretary of State for Nutrition and Head of the Nutrition Business Group in the four-year plan authority, Backe acted as a science politician. In 1937 he became a senator of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) for the promotion of science. At the center of his work was the expansion of the agricultural science institutes, which under his influence advanced to become the most rapidly expanding institutes of the KWG. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Breeding Research was known internally as the “Backe Institute”. The focus of the research was the breeding of protein and oil-containing plants, with which the protein and the " fat gap " of the German economy should be closed. At the end of November 1937, Backe also proposed the establishment of an “ Institute for Animal Research ” to the Senate , which was then implemented in mid-1938 after the KWG had received 2000 hectares of agricultural land not far from Rostock from the Reich Ministry of Food for this purpose. The " Institute for Agricultural Labor Sciences " and the " Institute for Crop Plant Research " were further "Backe Institutes" of the KWG .

On July 31, 1941, the Senate of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society appointed Backe as the first Vice President of its Presidium. Backe's election as First Vice-President was due to a corresponding intervention by Göring and also corresponded to the wishes of the Reich Ministry of Food, which, together with the Reich Ministry of Education, was the largest donor of the KWG; the "Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Breeding Research" even drew 80 percent of its budget from Backe's ministry. Backe's choice was related to the “beginning of the Russian campaign ”, which had taken place a few weeks earlier , as it was assumed that the expected “rapid military victory over the Soviet Union would enormously enhance the position of the Reich Food Ministry and, above all, Herbert Backes as the strong man there”. In the course of the intended use of the occupied territories of the Soviet Union, especially the Ukraine , as “granaries” for the German Reich, plans were made to create extensive research and action opportunities for the agricultural institutes there.

As a "science politician", Backe achieved the increased involvement of the agricultural research of the KWG in the vision of a "continental European economic area under German leadership", on the practical side he drove "the breeding of plants and animals that are especially suitable for the agricultural conditions of the occupied areas were “, moving forward. On February 9, 1942, Backe reached an agreement with the managing director of the KWG, Ernst Telschow and Heinrich Himmler's agricultural scientist, as well as SS Oberführer Konrad Meyer, on the expansion of the breeding research stations in the already occupied and still-to-be-occupied areas of the USSR, but not because of the course of the war more has been realized. Backe's relationship with Telschow was so “cordial” that in 1949 the former KWG board member represented Backe in an affidavit as essentially a non-political man of honor promoting science: “Mr. Backe was one of those personalities who were particularly committed to the German scientific research [...] In accordance with this view, he never allowed himself to be guided by political considerations during the deliberations in the Senate [...]. "

Goering's nutritionist in World War II

The "12 Commandments" Backes, June 1, 1941 (excerpt)

Since the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Backe was responsible for the food supplies for the troops fighting in the east. As early as June 1, 1941, in his capacity as State Secretary in the RMEL, he had published "12 Commandments for the Conduct of Germans in the East and the Treatment of Russians", which were intended to supplement his guidelines and instructions for the agricultural leaders of the Eastern Economic Organization . These would have to bring their “performance” on the basis of “the highest and most ruthless commitment [it]”. One should “not be afraid of decisions that could be wrong”, they should not play a role in the fight against Russia, the “land of corruption , denunciation and Byzantinism ”. The aim is "to make the population [...] our tool", the central question of every decision being: "What use is it for Germany?", While the following applies to the people of the Soviet territories to be conquered: "Poverty, hunger and Russian people have endured frugality for centuries. His stomach is flexible, so no false pity. ”Backe's“ 12 Commandments ”in the“ Kreislandwirtschaftsführermappe ”of June 1, 1941, which are also referred to in the literature as the“ Yellow Folder ”, were distributed to over 10,000 agricultural guides who were responsible for the Eastern use were provided.

Robert Ley , Albert Speer and Herbert Backe during a break during the working meeting of the NSDAP's training officers on August 4, 1942 at the “training castle” in Berlin-Wannsee

Because of his origins and his main research interests, Backe was considered an expert on Russia. Therefore, he followed Darré on May 23, 1942, who was not nominally dismissed, but was sent on permanent "sick leave", as head of the Ministry of Agriculture. Even before his leave of absence, he had step by step “disempowered Göring's four-year plan authority” from his minister. As Darré's successor, Backe also served as executive director of the Reich Office for the Rural People of the NSDAP from May 16, 1942 . Backe's main task was to ensure supplies of food in the war against the Soviet Union . As a member of Goering's East Economic Management Staff , to which he had been a member since April 1941, Backe had already drafted a radical hunger plan against the civilian population of the USSR in the spring of 1941 . In it he had factored in the starvation of 30 million people so that the food from the Soviet surplus areas, especially the Ukraine, would no longer be used to supply the large Soviet cities, but to feed the entire armed forces and to supplement the food supply for the German population. He did not even inform Darré, at that time still his minister, about his plans for food policy in the "Operation Barbarossa" in the spring of 1941, whom he regarded as ignorant in matters of war economics and for whom he felt only "contempt".

Yale historian Timothy Snyder estimates that 4.2 million people actually starved to death in the occupied territories because of the failed Blitzkrieg instead of the calculated 30 million . In addition to residents of sealed-off cities such as Leningrad , primarily people who were at the lower end of the food hierarchy due to alleged racial inferiority or considerations of usefulness in the war economy were affected: mainly Soviet prisoners of war , Jews , the disabled and psychiatric patients.

After Backe had previously taken care of the reduction in the rations of Jews still living in Germany on the “home front”, he worked consistently with Himmler from May to August 1942 to drastically reduce food consumption in the Generalgouvernement and justified so the British economic historian Adam Tooze , "the elimination of all Polish Jews from the food chain for the first time expressis verbis with the general food situation ". When the German officials on site pointed out on June 23, 1942 that the existing food rations were already insufficient for the Poles and that an outflow of food to Germany was unsustainable, Backes received the following reply:

“There are still 3.5 million Jews in the G [eneral] G [ouvernement]. Poland is to be redeveloped this year. "

In the occupied territories of the Soviet Union, Backe and Himmler cooperated primarily on "harvesting", in which partisan activities resulted in large failure rates, so that in July 1942 Himmler's SS was handed over the "harvest security" in the occupied eastern areas. For 1942, Himmler's official diary noted several meetings with Backe and the editing historians spoke in their introduction of a "particularly close" connection between Himmler and Backe, particularly in the "cooperation in settlement policy and in the violent confiscation of agricultural products". Himmler also showed his appreciation for Backe in his speech in Poznan on October 4, 1943 to his SS leaders:

“If the SS, together with the peasants, and we, together with our friend Backe, then run the settlement in the east, generously, without any inhibitions, without any questions about the traditional, with verve and revolutionary drive, then in 20 years we will overturn the national boundaries Push out 500 kilometers to the east. "

Backe was "repeatedly involved" in the deliberations for the elaboration of the General Plan East , which provided for the deportation of at least 31 million people after the victorious war that the Nazi leadership had hoped for .

Although the main focus of his work as Göring's nutritionist was during the Eastern War, Backe also took care of the procurement of food to a large extent and exerted pressure in the occupied Western European countries. Little Denmark, for example, had to supply a considerable share of ten percent of Germany's total demand for meat, butter and sugar and 90 percent of the demand for fresh fish. At the end of 1943, as he wrote in a note for Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , Backe saw in the Reich Plenipotentiary for Denmark Werner Best the decisive actor in the increasingly difficult task of managing the Danish economy against diverging interests in such a way that “the supplies from Denmark to continue at the intended level ", on which the" food supply in Germany in the fifth war economic year essentially depends ".

Backes self-image as a "high performance person" under National Socialism

In a letter to his wife in autumn 1943, Backe described himself as a politician who “only ever lets performance speak for itself” and regretted that “achievers” like him from the “Führer” had less sympathy than the “show-offs”. He counted the Gau economic advisor and SS economic leader Hans Kehrl and the head of the Reich Security Main Office Reinhard Heydrich among the “high achievers” with whom he also maintained private and friendly relationships . A letter from Heydrich's widow Lina to Backe of June 27, 1942 shows how much Heydrich held Backe in esteem :

“I know how much my husband valued and respected you and your work. Do you remember how often both of you noticed together how equally and under what circumstances your two work was created. [...] While still on his sick bed, Reinhard said to me: How good that Backe now has a free hand. "

How much the “high-performance man” Backe wanted the Jews to be exterminated is shown by the preserved notes that he left on a menu card during a business trip to Italy on May 5, 1943:

“Organization of the West, our historical task, to organize primitive peoples as glacis before us. Because Europe attracts the East. Commitment to this task. Judaism must be exterminated in Europe. [...] The whole war is an anti-Semitic war. State junk must be eliminated. Only hand to organize this: Germany, sword hand. [...] Insensitive to feelings for Jews. [...] Life is cruel. We are not inventors, but victims of this world. "

Backe himself wrote in his memoirs in Allied imprisonment that he saw a core idea of National Socialism in “that the life of the individual is only secured in a healthy national body”, and that he himself “as a breeder took the self-evident idea of ​​selecting the most capable "Taken for action orientation in order to achieve the greatest possible effect" for the general public ".

Backe, who was much more pragmatic than his predecessor, pushed back the romanticizing blood-and-soil ideology and oriented himself towards the industrial framework of agriculture in the 1930s and 1940s. On April 6, 1944, he was appointed "Reich Minister without Portfolio" by Hitler and entrusted with the continued management of the RMEL. The designation “Reich Minister without portfolio” served to continue “to conceal Darré's disempowerment from the outside”. For the renowned Hitler biographer Ian Kershaw, Backe is “one of [Hitler's] companions from the old days”. In accordance with Hitler's political will , Backe retained his ministerial post in the subsequent executive government of the Reich even after his suicide . He was one of the men to whom Hitler entrusted the task of “continuing the work of the coming centuries”, which, according to Ian Kershaw, meant “building a National Socialist state”. This apparent appreciation by the Fiihrer meant a lot to Backe, as he wrote in American custody in 1946.

Arrest and death

After the unconditional German surrender , Backe, together with Reich Transport Minister Dorpmüller, was asked by the Allies "to fly to Eisenhower's headquarters and ask for instructions on the first steps in reconstruction."

Backe was surprised by his arrest on May 15, 1945 at the US headquarters in Reims . He had believed the Americans would need him as an expert on famine prevention. Backe was even preparing for an expected meeting with General Dwight D. Eisenhower and had not expected to be treated as a prisoner. In a letter to his wife on January 31, 1946, he defended National Socialism as one of the “greatest ideas of all time”, which was primarily reflected in the National Socialist agricultural policy.

While in Allied custody, Backe was questioned during the Nuremberg Trials on February 21 and March 14, 1947. Backe was scheduled as a defendant for the Nuremberg Wilhelmstrasse trial . In the Nuremberg War prison cheek wrote two treatises: a so-called "big report" about his career and his work in National Socialism and on 31 January 1946 an imaginary for his wife Ursula and his four children Testament design. For fear of extradition to the Soviet Union , Backe hanged himself in his cell on April 6, 1947.

Historical reception

A comprehensive biography of Herbert Backe is not available. Gesine Gerhard, professor at the University of the Pacific in California , worked on this project for many years and presented her research in an interim report in the journal Contemporary European History in 2009 . In her study Nazi Hunger Politics , published in 2015 , she elaborated on these findings, but dispensed with a special Backe biography in favor of an overall presentation of the history of the National Socialist food policy with Backe "at the center of this story".

To this day, specialist publications rely primarily on the short biography of the Rostock historian Joachim Lehmann, who was "for a long time considered perhaps the best expert on Herbert Backes". Lehmann and Gerhard evaluated Backe's estate for their publications. This also applies to the study by Bertold Alleweldt, published in 2011, who was also able to interview Backe's children Armgard and Albrecht Backe for his master's thesis submitted to the University of Frankfurt in 2000.

After the war Backe was mostly "reduced to an efficient, apolitical technocrat in the manner of Albert Speer ". In contrast, the American Eastern European researcher Alexander Dallin Backe, who was the leading researcher on Eastern Europe from the 1950s to the 1970s, only characterized it as a representative of "non-political" warfare, insofar as his aim was not to allow any political concessions to the Soviet population or to show integration efforts. to see it merely as an object of exploitation ”. For Dallin, like Göring, Backe belongs to the group of "extreme exploiters" in the Nazi leadership. Backe was the "main pillar of German economic egoism".

While Backe is simply not listed in the German Encyclopedia of National Socialism , the no less renowned Encyclopedia of the Holocaust portrays him in a short biography as the "nutrition dictator" following the "weak leadership" Food Minister Walter Darré, who in the Nazi leadership the strong man for the Planning and implementation of the "ruthless exploitation of the food stocks of the occupied territories in the east" had been.

More recent assessments of Backes as a person fluctuate between a “ blood-and-soil ideologist ” and a realistic, technocratic pragmatist. Susanne Heim sees Backe's war economic calculation during the German attack on the Soviet Union a "strategy in which the starvation of 'tens of millions of people' was planned from the outset"; this is an indication that, as a coldly calculating Nazi pragmatist, he stood in opposition to his minister, the “Agriculture Minister Darré, who is floating in blood and soil myths”. Gesine Gerhard contradicts this view: she sees in it the construction of a pseudo contradiction between ideology and pragmatism, which goes back to Darré's self-portrayal in the Nuremberg war crimes trial. Backe was not in any disagreement with Darré's “blood and soil ideology”, but instead steered his ideological impetus into a pragmatic war-economy-oriented and legitimized hunger policy, to which he gave top priority and in whose implementation he enjoyed Hitler's full confidence. In their opinion, Backe, with his effective action in war, fits well into the ambitious group of Michael Wildt's "generation of the absolute", which Michael Wildt sees in the leadership corps of the Reich Security Main Office and which, according to their self-image, is a historical mission to transform society in the sense of National Socialism had to meet. Like Göring, Rüdiger Hachtmann sees Backe as a prominent example of a “type [...] of the political maker”.

Like Darré, Backe represented “visions of a peasant society” for Joachim Lehmann, which, unlike Darré, he only wanted to build up “for the decades after a successful war”, so that the “construction of a contradiction between the ' Etatist ' Backe and other 'blood and soil' ideologues superficial and false ”. The British economic historian and specialist in National Socialist war history Adam Tooze agrees with Lehmann's assessment that Backe was both: a pragmatic technocrat and an agricultural ideologist. Tooze advocates the thesis: "In reality, Backe, as a Nazi ideologist, was no less fanatical than Darré or, for that matter, Heinrich Himmler." The relationship between Backe and Darré was not shaped by ideological differences, but rather by the fact that Backe Eternal truths ”Darrés opposed“ a conventional step model of historical development ”that was just as compatible with short-term war economic results as with the long-term ideal of the self-sufficiency goal. Gesine Gerhard also denies an ideological contradiction between Darré and Backe. She speaks of a “final fratricidal struggle” that was not ideological, but rather a result of the conflict between different personalities and political rivalries.

The military historian Rolf-Dieter Müller sees in Backe the "strongest engine for a radical hunger policy"; it succeeded in “combining what is supposedly economically necessary with what is ideologically desirable”. The core of Backes' dubious achievement consists in the following facts: "He provided the arguments to objectively justify the hunger policy as an instrument of the racial ideological war of annihilation."

Fonts

  • The end of liberalism in business. Reichsnährstand Verlags-GmbH, Berlin 1938.
  • The Russian grain economy as the basis of Russia's agriculture and national economy. For official use only. Self-published [1941/42].
  • About the freedom of food in Europe. Global economy or metropolitan area. Goldmann, Leipzig 1942.
  • Capitalism and food freedom. Edited and provided with an introduction by Rolf Hinder. (= new, modified edition of To the freedom of food in Europe ). Publishing house of the Institute for Geosociology and Politics, Bad Godesberg 1957.

literature

  • Bertold Alleweldt: Herbert Backe. A political biography. wvb, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86573-642-0 .
  • Wigbert Benz : The hunger plan in "Operation Barbarossa" 1941. wvb, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86573-613-0 .
  • Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. The persecution and murder of the European Jews. Volume 1, ed. Eberhard Jäckel , Peter Longerich and Julius H. Schoeps . Argon, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-87024-300-7 (short biography p. 149 f.)
  • Gesine Gerhard: Nazi hunger politics. A history of food in the Third Reich. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham 2015, ISBN 978-1-4422-2724-8 ( review at Archives of Social History online).
  • Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, Issue 1 (2009), pp. 45-65. PDF (abstract) .
  • Rüdiger Hachtmann : Science Management in the Third Reich. History of the general administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. 2 volumes, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8353-0108-5 .
  • Susanne Heim : calories, rubber, careers. Plant breeding and agricultural research in Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes 1933–1945. (= History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in National Socialism, edited by Reinhard Rürup and Wolf Schieder on behalf of the Presidential Commission of the Max Planck Society, Volume 5). Wallstein, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-89244-696-2 , in particular pp. 23–32 ( Herbert Backe as a science politician ).
  • Susanne Heim: Research for Autarky. The contribution of scientists to Nazi rule in Germany. Results 4th row: Results. Preprints on the history of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism. Edited by Carola Sachse on behalf of the Presidential Commission of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science eV Berlin 2001. PDF .
  • Beatrix Herlemann , Helga Schatz: Biographical Lexicon of Parliamentarians of Lower Saxony, 1919–1945. Hahnsche Buchhandlung Verlag, Hanover 2004, pp. 29/30.
  • June 1941 - the deep cut. June 1941 - the deepest cut. Edited by German-Russian Museum Berlin-Karlshorst . Ch. Links Verlag, 2nd ext. Ed., Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86153-657-4 (short biography on Backe in German and English pp. 82–88).
  • Alex J. Kay : "The Purpose of the Russian Campaign Is the Decimation of the Slavic Population by Thirty Million": The Radicalization of German Food Policy in Early 1941. In: Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and radicalization. Edited by Alex J. Kay, Jeff Rutherford, and David Stahel. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY 2012. ISBN 978-1-58046-407-9 , pp. 101-129.
  • Ulrike Kohl: The Presidents of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism. Max Planck, Carl Bosch and Albert Vögler between science and power. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-515-08049-X .
  • Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. In: The brown elite II. Ed. Ronald Smelser , Enrico Syring and Rainer Zitelmann . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1993, ISBN 3-534-80122-9 , pp. 1-12.
  • Joachim Lehmann: Responsibility for survival, hunger and death. On the position of State Secretary Herbert Backe in the decision-making structure of food and agriculture, agricultural and aggression policy in Germany during the Second World War and their requirements. In: Studies on the history of society in the East Elbe. Festschrift for Gerhard Heitz on his 75th birthday. Edited by Ernst Münch. Ingo Koch Verlag, Rostock 2000, ISBN 978-3-929544-55-8 , pp. 509-526.
  • Adam Tooze : Economics of Destruction. The history of the economy under National Socialism. Translated by Yvonne Badal. Siedler, Munich 2007, ISBN 3-88680-857-2 . New edition: Series of publications by the Federal Agency for Civic Education . Vol. 663, Bonn 2007 ISBN 978-3-89331-822-3 ; New edition Pantheon, Munich 2008, ISBN 3-570-55056-7 .
  • Hermann Weiß (Ed.): Biographical Lexicon for the Third Reich . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-10-091052-4 .

Web links

Commons : Herbert Backe  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Susanne Heim: Calories, Rubber, Careers. Plant breeding and agricultural research in Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes 1933–1945. Göttingen 2003, p. 28.
  2. ↑ First names of the parents in: June 1941 - the deep cut. June 1941 - the deepest cut. Edited by German-Russian Museum Berlin-Karlshorst. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin, 2nd ext. Ed. 2011, p. 82.
  3. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. In: The brown elite II. Ed. Ronald Smelser, Enrico Syring and Rainer Zitelmann. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993, p. 1.
  4. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no. 1 (2009), pp. 45–65, here p. 48 f .; Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 1.
  5. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 2; Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no.1 (2009), p. 48.
  6. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 2.
  7. ↑ a b c Hermann Weiß (Ed.): Biographical Lexicon for the Third Reich. Frankfurt am Main, 1998, p. 27.
  8. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. In: The brown elite II. Ed. Ronald Smelser, Enrico Syring and Rainer Zitelmann. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1993, pp. 1–12, here p. 3.
  9. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 6; for circulation and self-publishing see Susanne Heim: Kalorien, Kautschuk, Karrieren. Plant breeding and agricultural research in Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes 1933–1945. P. 29.
  10. ^ A b Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no.1 (2009), p. 49.
  11. ↑ Quoted from Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 7.
  12. ↑ Quoted from: June 1941 - the deep cut. June 1941 - the deepest cut. Edited by German-Russian Museum Berlin-Karlshorst. Ch. Links Verlag, 2nd ext. Ed., Berlin 2011, p. 83.
  13. ↑ Gesine Gerhard refers to the mentioned page 49 of her article Food an Genocide as evidence of the biographical master's thesis on Backe by Bertold Alleweldt, University of Frankfurt 2000. This was published in early December 2011: Bertold Alleweldt, Herbert Backe. A political biography. wvb, Berlin 2011. Alleweldt states on page 20 f., footnote 28 there, that various dates on Backe's entry into the party stem from the fact that Backe "on December 13, 1934, entered November 24, 1923 as the entry date of the race and settlement office [ wrote] ”, while“ in the SS master roll of May 25, 1936 [...] December 1, 1925 [is] mentioned as the date of entry ”.
  14. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 4 (in contrast to Gesine Gerhard, Lehmann does not name a specific year of party entry 1925); Christoph Gunkel: 70 years of "Operation Barbarossa". Mass murder in the granary. In: one day , June 10, 2011, gives the year 1923 and Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Third Reich: Who was what before and after 1945. Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 23, the year 1926 for Backe's entry into the NSDAP on.
  15. ^ A b c d Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - Technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 4.
  16. ^ A b Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 3.
  17. ^ A b c Hans Kehrl : Crisis Manager in the Third Reich. With critical comments and an afterword by Erwin Viefhaus. Düsseldorf 1973, p. 49 f.
  18. ^ Bertold Alleweldt: Herbert Backe. A political biography. wvb, Berlin 2011, pp. 23–35 u. P. 119.
  19. ↑ Quoted from Bertold Alleweldt: Herbert Backe. A political biography. wvb, Berlin 2011, p. 34 f.
  20. ↑ Quoted from: Joachim Lehmann: Responsibility for survival, hunger and death. On the position of State Secretary Herbert Backe in the decision-making structure of food and agriculture, agricultural and aggression policy in Germany during the Second World War and their requirements. In: Studies on the history of society in the East Elbe. Festschrift for Gerhard Heitz on his 75th birthday. Edited by Ernst Münch. Ingo Koch Verlag, Rostock, 2000, pp. 509-526, here p. 514.
  21. ↑ Quoted from: Joachim Lehmann: Responsibility for survival, hunger and death. P. 514.
  22. ^ Bertold Alleweldt: Herbert Backe. A political biography. wvb, Berlin 2011, p. 27.
  23. ↑ Quotation from Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - Technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 4.
  24. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no.1 (2009), p. 50.
  25. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 4 f.
  26. ^ Ingeborg Esenwein-Rothe: Business associations and economic policy from 1933 to 1945. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1965, p. 185.
  27. ↑ Horst Gies , Gustavo Corni : Bread - Butter - Cannons. The food industry in Germany under Hitler's dictatorship. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1997, p. 315.
  28. ↑ List of seniority of the NSDAP Schutzstaffel. As of December 1, 1937. Edited by the SS Personnel Office. Printed in the Reichsdruckerei, Berlin 1937, p. 12 f.
  29. ^ Ernst Klee : Das Personenlexikon zum Third Reich: Who was what before and after 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 23.
  30. ↑ The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945 . Edited by Wolf Gruner. Volume 1. German Reich 1933–1937. Oldenbourg, Munich 2008, p. 309 (= Document 107: State Secretary Backe expresses concerns to the Secret State Police Office on February 27, 1934 about the retraining of Jews in agriculture. ) Emphasis (italics) in the original.
  31. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no.1 (2009), p. 51.
  32. ^ A b Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no.1 (2009), p. 46.
  33. ^ A b Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 6.
  34. ^ Rüdiger Hachtmann: Science Management in the Third Reich. History of the general administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. Vol. 1, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, p. 293.
  35. ^ Rüdiger Hachtmann: Science Management in the Third Reich. History of the general administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. Vol. 2, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, p. 746.
  36. ^ Rüdiger Hachtmann: Science Management in the Third Reich. History of the general administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. Vol. 2, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, p. 747.
  37. ^ Rüdiger Hachtmann: Science Management in the Third Reich. History of the general administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. Vol. 2, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, p. 748 f.
  38. ↑ Ulrike Kohl: The Presidents of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in National Socialism. Max Planck, Carl Bosch and Albert Vögler between science and power. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, p. 199.
  39. ^ A b c Rüdiger Hachtmann: Science Management in the Third Reich. History of the general administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. Vol. 2, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, p. 844.
  40. ^ Andreas Dornheim : Race, Space and Autarky. Expert opinion on the role of the Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture in the Nazi era. Developed for the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection . Bamberg, March 31, 2011, p. 106.
  41. ↑ Susanne Heim: Calories, Rubber, Careers. Plant breeding and agricultural research in Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes 1933–1945. P. 17 and P. 23 ff.
  42. ↑ Ulrike Kohl: The Presidents of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in National Socialism. Max Planck, Carl Bosch and Albert Vögler between science and power. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, p. 217.
  43. ^ Rüdiger Hachtmann: Science Management in the Third Reich. History of the general administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. Vol. 1, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, p. 293.
  44. ↑ Ulrike Kohl: The Presidents of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in National Socialism. Max Planck, Carl Bosch and Albert Vögler between science and power. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, p. 216.
  45. ↑ 12 commandments for the conduct of the Germans in the east and the treatment of the Russians. June 1, 1941. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär , Wolfram Wette (ed.): “Operation Barbarossa”. The German attack on the Soviet Union in 1941. Reports, analyzes, documents. Schöningh, Paderborn 1984, p. 380 ff. (= Document 37).
  46. ^ Wigbert Benz: The hunger plan in "Operation Barbarossa" 1941. Berlin 2011, p. 40; for figures Rolf-Dieter Müller: Hitler's Eastern War and the German settlement policy. The cooperation between the armed forces, business and the SS. Frankfurt a. M. 1991, p. 99.
  47. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 7.
  48. ↑ Gustavo Corni , Horst Gies : Blood and soil. Racial ideology and agricultural policy in the state of Hitler. Schulze – Kirchner Verlag, Idstein 1994, ISBN 3-8248-0025-X , p. 24.
  49. ↑ Martin Moll: "Leader Decrees" 1939–1945. Edition of all surviving directives in the fields of state, party, economy, occupation policy and military administration issued by Hitler in writing during the Second World War, not printed in the Reichsgesetzblatt. Stuttgart 1997, p. 251, ISBN 3-515-06873-2 . [1]
  50. ^ Minutes of the meeting in the Defense Economics and Armaments Office. April 29, 1941, in: The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg October 14, 1945–1. October 1946. Vol. 27, p. Nürnberg 1947, p. 32-38, here p. 32 (= document 1157 PS); see. also Rolf-Dieter Müller: From the economic alliance to the colonial war of exploitation. In: The German Reich and the Second World War . Vol. 4. The attack on the Soviet Union. Stuttgart 1983, pp. 98-189, here pp. 133 ff.
  51. ^ Christian Gerlach : Calculated murders. The German economic and extermination policy in Belarus 1941 to 1944. Hamburger Edition , Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-930908-54-9 , pp. 46–58; Wigbert Benz: The hunger plan in "Operation Barbarossa" 1941. Berlin 2011, pp. 32–40.
  52. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no.1 (2009), p. 53.
  53. ↑ Timothy Snyder: Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. CH Beck, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-62184-0 , p. 419.
  54. ↑ Götz Aly : Hitler's People's State . Robbery, Race War and National Socialism. 2nd edition, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-10-000420-5 , p. 351 f.
  55. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. The persecution and murder of the European Jews. Vol. 1, ed. Eberhard Jäckel , Peter Longerich and Julius H. Schoeps . Argon, Berlin 1993, p. 149.
  56. ↑ Adam Tooze: Economy of Destruction. The history of the economy under National Socialism. Siedler, Munich 2007, p. 626.
  57. ↑ Quoted from Adam Tooze: Economy of Destruction. The history of the economy under National Socialism. Siedler, Munich 2007, p. 627.
  58. ↑ Rolf-Dieter Müller (ed.): German economic policy in the occupied Soviet territories 1941–1943. The final report of the East Economic Staff and notes from a member of the Kiev Economic Command. Boldt, Boppard am Rhein 1991, p. 105 ff.
  59. ^ Christian Gerlach: War. Nutrition. Genocide. Research on German extermination policy in World War II. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 1998, p. 196, 204 f.
  60. ↑ Heinrich Himmler's 1941/42 service calendar. Edited, commented on and introduced by Peter Witte , Michael Wildt , Martina Voigt, Dieter Pohl , Peter Klein , Christian Gerlach, Christoph Dieckmann and Andrej Angrick on behalf of the Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg . Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1999, pp. 171, 362, 443, 527 f., 577.
  61. ↑ Heinrich Himmler's 1941/42 service calendar. Christians, Hamburg 1999, p. 89.
  62. ↑ The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg October 14, 1945 - October 1, 1946. Vol. 29, Nuremberg 1948, pp. 110-173 (= document PS-1919) here p. 171; Heinrich Himmler: Poznan speech of October 4, 1943. Full text at 1000dokumente.de.
  63. ^ Andreas Dornheim : Race, Space and Autarky. Expert opinion on the role of the Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture in the Nazi era. Developed for the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection . Bamberg, March 31, 2011, p. 121.
  64. ↑ Ulrich Herbert : Best. Biographical studies on radicalism, world view and reason 1903-1989. Verlag JHW Dietz Nachf., Bonn 2001 (unabridged study edition of the original edition 1996), p. 375.
  65. ^ A b c Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 9.
  66. ↑ Quoted from: June 1941 - the deep cut. June 1941 - the deepest cut. Edited by German-Russian Museum Berlin-Karlshorst. Ch. Links Verlag, 2nd ext. Ed., Berlin 2011, p. 87, there facsimile of the notes Backes; see also Joachim Lehmann: Responsibility for survival, hunger and death. P. 523 f.
  67. ↑ Susanne Heim: Calories, Rubber, Careers. Plant breeding and agricultural research in Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes 1933–1945. P. 29.
  68. ^ Andreas Dornheim: Race, Space and Autarky. Expert opinion on the role of the Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture in the Nazi era. Developed for the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection . Bamberg, March 31, 2011 (PDF, 1.09 MB), p. 60; see also Bertold Alleweldt: Herbert Backe. A political biography. wvb, Berlin 2011, p. 99.
  69. ↑ Susanne Heim: Calories, Rubber, Careers. Plant breeding and agricultural research in Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes 1933–1945. P. 31 f.
  70. ^ A b Ian Kershaw: Hitler 1936–1945. Stuttgart 2000, p. 1058.
  71. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 10.
  72. ↑ Ian Kershaw: The End. Fight until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1944/45. DVA, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-421-05807-2 , p. 511 f. - Kershaw refers to: Karl Dönitz : Ten years and twenty days. Athenaeum, Bonn 1958, p. 471. Dönitz himself writes on p. 470 f .: “In mid-May, the Minister of Transport, Dr. Dorpmüller and the Minister of Food, Backe, instructed the Allies to fly to the American headquarters. Since they had frequented the Allied control authorities in Mürwik in the problems of their department, they believed that the flight to Reims should serve their future practical work in their areas of activity. However, we did not hear from them again. Much later I found out that at least Cheek had not flown away to collaborate, but to be taken prisoner. "
  73. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. P. 63.
  74. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. P. 63.
  75. ^ Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes trials Interrogations 1946-1949. (PDF; 186 kB), published 1977.
  76. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. P. 64; Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 10, however, names April 7, 1947 as the date of death.
  77. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no. 1 (2009), pp. 45-65. PDF
  78. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Nazi hunger politics. A history of food in the Third Reich. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham 2015, p. 8.
  79. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. In: The brown elite II. Ed. Ronald Smelser, Enrico Syring and Rainer Zitelmann. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1993, pp. 1–12; zu Lehmann himself there p. 271 f.
  80. ^ Andreas Dornheim: Race, Space and Autarky. Expert opinion on the role of the Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture in the Nazi era. Developed for the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection . Bamberg, March 31, 2011 (PDF, 1.09 MB), p. 31.
  81. ^ Herbert Backe estate in the Federal Archives in Koblenz .
  82. ^ Bertold Alleweldt: Herbert Backe. A political biography. wvb, Berlin 2011, p. 15.
  83. ^ So Adam Tooze: Economy of Destruction. The history of the economy under National Socialism. Siedler, Munich 2007, p. 208, who cites John Kenneth Galbraith as an example of this assessment ; similar to Robert Wistrich : Who was who in the Third Reich. Harnack, Munich 1983, p. 15.
  84. ↑ Alexander Dallin: German rule in Russia 1941-1945. A Study of Occupation Policy. [From d. American. transfer by Wilhelm u. Modeste horse camp]. Königstein / Ts., Athenäum-Verlag 1981 (= unchanged reprint of the German edition published in 1958 by Droste-Verlag), p. 51; American original edition: German Rule in Russia 1941–1945. A study of occupation politics. St. Martin's Press, New York 1957.
  85. ↑ Alexander Dallin: German rule in Russia 1941-1945. P. 334.
  86. ↑ Alexander Dallin: German rule in Russia 1941-1945. P. 373.
  87. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. The persecution and murder of the European Jews. Vol. 1, ed. Eberhard Jäckel, Peter Longerich and Julius H. Schoeps. Argon, Berlin 1993, p. 149.
  88. ^ Andreas Dornheim : Race, Space and Autarky. Expert opinion on the role of the Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture in the Nazi era. Developed for the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Bamberg, March 31, 2011, p. 59.
  89. ↑ Susanne Heim: Calories, Rubber, Careers. Plant breeding and agricultural research in Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes 1933–1945. P. 27 and P. 31.
  90. ↑ Gesine Gerhard: Review of: Heim, Susanne: calories, rubber, careers. Plant breeding and agricultural research in Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes from 1933 to 1945. Göttingen 2003 , in: H-Soz-u-Kult , September 13, 2004.
  91. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Nazi hunger politics. A history of food in the Third Reich. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham 2015, pp. 65-82, especially pp. 81f.
  92. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no.1 (2009), p. 64 f. PDF ; Gerhard refers to Michael Wildt: Generation of the Unconditional. The leadership corps of the Reich Security Main Office. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2003.
  93. ^ Rüdiger Hachtmann: Science Management in the Third Reich. History of the general administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. Vol. 1, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, p. 319.
  94. ^ Joachim Lehmann: Herbert Backe - technocrat and agricultural ideologist. P. 10 f.
  95. ↑ Adam Tooze: Economy of Destruction. The history of the economy under National Socialism. Siedler, Munich 2007, p. 209 ff.
  96. ↑ Adam Tooze: Economy of Destruction. The history of the economy under National Socialism. Siedler, Munich 2007, p. 210 f.
  97. ^ Gesine Gerhard: Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. In: Contemporary European History. 18, no.1 (2009), p. 53.
  98. ^ Rolf-Dieter Müller: The Second World War 1939-1945. Gebhard. Handbook of German History , Volume 21, Ed. Wolfgang Benz , Klett-Cotta [first, improved reprint of the 10th edition], Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-608-60021-6 , p. 128.
  99. ^ Christian Gerlach : Review by: Bertold Alleweldt, Herbert Backe. A political biography (PDF; 88 kB). In: Archiv für Sozialgeschichte (online) 52, 2012, July 2, 2012, accessed on July 4, 2012.
personal data
SURNAME Cheek, Herbert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Backe, Herbert Friedrich Wilhelm (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German politician (NSDAP), Member of the State Parliament, Reich Minister
DATE OF BIRTH May 1, 1896
PLACE OF BIRTH Batumi , Russian Empire , today Georgia
DATE OF DEATH April 6, 1947
Place of death Nuremberg
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on September 15, 2011 in this version .