Löhrbach

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Löhrbach
community Birkenau
Coordinates: 49 ° 32 ′ 49 ″  N , 8 ° 45 ′ 31 ″  E
Height : 366 m above sea level NHN
Area : 4.73 km²
Residents : 638  (December 31, 2018)
Population density : 135 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1971
Postal code : 69488
Area code : 06201
View to the south from the Sattelhöhe before Schnorrenbach to Löhrbach; in the background left the head of the forest
View to the south from the Sattelhöhe before Schnorrenbach to Löhrbach; in the background left the head of the forest
Catholic Parish Church Immaculate Heart of Mary

Löhrbach is the easternmost district of Birkenau in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse .

Geographical location

Löhrbach is located in the western Odenwald near the mountain road in the valley of the Löhrbach (the upper reaches of the Kallstädter Bach ), a left eastern side valley of the Weschnitz . The houses and farms of the village are scattered in the valley floor along the entire length of the district of almost three kilometers between Kallstadt in the west and Ober-Abtsteinach in the east. The valley is framed by the wooded heights of the Kisselbusch (502 meters) and Götzenstein (522 meters) in the north and the highest point in the municipality of Birkenau, the 538 meter high Waldskopf in the south. The Löhrbach district also includes the hamlets of Schnorrenbach in the north and Buchklingen in the southwest.

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Löhrbach originated in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . From here the reclamation and settlement of the area was carried out. The heyday of the Lorsch Monastery, in whose area Löhrbach was located, was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1232 the monastery was subordinated to the Archdiocese of Mainz . In 1461, as a result of the Mainz collegiate feud , Kurmainz pledged these properties to the Electoral Palatinate . This changed to the Protestant faith in 1556 and closed the monastery in 1564.

The place was first mentioned in 1071 as Lerlebach in the Lorsch Codex , an inventory of the Lorsch Abbey , when King Ludwig the Bavarian confirmed that Lorsch Monastery owned 14 Huben , two parts of the tithe , and a mill in Lerlebach .

In 1232, Emperor Friedrich II subordinated the imperial abbey of Lorsch to the Archdiocese of Mainz and its bishop Siegfried III. von Eppstein on reform. The Benedictines opposed the ordered reform and therefore had to leave the abbey. They were replaced by Cistercians from the Eberbach monastery and in 1248 by Premonstratensians from the Allerheiligen monastery . From this point on, the monastery was continued as a provost's office.

In 1267, a burgrave on the Starkenburg (via Heppenheim) is mentioned for the first time , who also administered the "Office Starkenburg" , to which Löhrbach belonged. The "guardians" of the Archbishopric Mainz sold the village in 1347 to the knight Anselm von Hemsbach . How long it was in his possession is not documented.

In the course of the Mainz collegiate feud , which was fateful for Kurmainz , the Starkenburg office was pledged redeemable to Kurpfalz and then remained in the Palatinate for 160 years. Count Palatine Friedrich had the “Amt Starkenburg” pledged for his support from Archbishop Dieter - in the “Weinheimer Bund” concluded by the Electors on November 19, 1461 - whereby Kurmainz received the right to redeem the pledge for 100,000 pounds.

From 1480 it is reported that the village had to pay 19 pounds and 10 shillings annually  to the Heppenheim winery .

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. As a result of the Reformation, the Electoral Palatinate abolished Lorsch Abbey in 1564. The existing rights such as tithe , basic interest, validity and gradient of the Lorsch monastery were from then on perceived and administered by the "Oberschaffnerei Lorsch".

The Zent Abtsteinach developed as a court and subordinate administrative unit. The oldest surviving description dates back to 1590 and in which Löhrbach was already mentioned as part of the Zent . During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Spanish troops of the “Catholic League” conquered the region and in 1623 restored the rule of Kurmainz. As a result, the Reformation introduced by the Count Palatine was largely reversed and the population had to return to the Catholic faith. Although the Spanish troops withdrew from the approaching Swedes after 10 years, after the catastrophic defeat of the Evangelicals in the Nördlingen in 1634, the Swedes also left the Bergstrasse and with the Swedish-French War began the bloodiest chapter of the Thirty Years' War from 1635. The chroniclers of that time report from the region: "Plague and hunger rage in the country and decimate the population, so that the villages are often completely empty". With the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the redemption of the pledge was finally established. In 1658, the Archbishop of Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn , had a church consecrated to St. Boniface built in Ober-Abtsteinach, whose parish included 23 towns and was the only church in the whole of the "Zent Abtsteinach" and was part of the "Bergstrasse Regional Chapter ".

Evidence has been received from 1654 that all "centmen" were serfs from Kurmainz. It is also recorded that Löhrbach consisted of 16 hubs and that the places Trösel and Löhrbach maintained a common “whole court” with regard to the “lower jurisdiction” . This year 2/3 of the tithing went to the orphanage in Handschuhsheim and 1/3 to the cathedral chapter in Mainz, the "small tithe" was given to the pastor from Weinheim and later to the pastor from Ober-Abtsteinach .

When there was a restructuring in the area of ​​the Kurmainzer Amt Starkenburg in 1782 , the area of ​​the office was divided into the four subordinate district bailiffs Heppenheim, Bensheim, Lorsch and Fürth and the office was renamed Oberamt. The Zente Fürth , Mörlenbach and Abtsteinach, where Löhrbach was located, were subordinated to the Fürth district bailiff and had to largely surrender their powers. Although the central order with the central school remained formally in place, it could only carry out the orders of the higher authorities ( Oberamt Starkenburg , Unteramt Fürth). The “Oberamt Starkenburg” administratively belonged to the “Lower Archbishopric” of the Electorate of Mainz .

From the 19th century until today

Löhrbach becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the “ Left Bank of the Rhine ” and thus the left bank of the Rhine from Kurmainz was annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . The Oberamt Starkenburg and with it Löhrbach also came to Hessen-Darmstadt. There the "Amtsvogtei Fürth" was initially continued as a Hessian office while the Oberamt Starkenburg was dissolved in 1805.

The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this the Zente and the associated central courts had lost their function.

Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion.

In 1812 the former Palatinate Oberamt Lindenfels was dissolved and the Wald-Michelbach, which already existed as a center, received its own district bailiwick , the area of ​​which was also assigned to Löhrbach.

Konrad Dahl reported in 1812 in his historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or church history of the Upper Rhinegau, about Löhrbach as the place of the "Zent Abtsteinach":

“Löhrbach ( Lerlebach , 1071) a village of 17 farms with 23 houses and 266 souls. It is half an hour away from Absteinach. It has a mill and a common grove. The parish priest at Abtsteinach receives 11 malts a year from the toe. Haber . "

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district councils were introduced, with Löhrbach joining the district of Lindenfels . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Oberabtsteinach was for Löhrbach and the places Trösel , Buchklingen , Eichelberg (today Eichelberger Höfe in the Unter-Flockenbach area), Flockenbach (today Unter-Flockenbach) , Gorxheim , Kunzenbach (today a settlement in the Gorxheim area) and Unterabtsteinach responsible. According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Löhrbach in 1829:

"Löhrbach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) cath. Branch village; is 3 St. from Lindenfels and has 30 houses and 309 catholic. Pop . - The place appears in 1071 under the name Lerlebach and came to Hesse from Mainz in 1802. "

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Löhrbach now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Löhrbach became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Löhrbach: Catholic branch village with 379 inhabitants. The district consisted of 1891 acres , of which 1042 acres were arable land, 321 acres were meadows and 496 acres were forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the branch village Löhrbach with its own mayor's office, 47 houses, 407 inhabitants, the Lindenfels district, the Wald-Michelbach district court, the Protestant parish Birkenau with the deanery in Lindenfels and the Catholic parish Ober-Abtsteinach of the dean's office in Heppenheim. The mayor's office also administered the Buch-Klingen branch village (22 houses, 141 inhabitants), which was in the Löhrbach district.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire .

On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit.

After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of Löhrbach into the Heppenheim district .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out and put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Löhrbach also had many casualties, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In 1927 the size of the district was given as 472.8  ha .

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 and 1946 show, Löhrbach also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the district size was given as 473  hectares , of which 142 hectares were forest.

Löhrbach joined the community of Birkenau on December 31, 1971, at the same time as Nieder-Liebersbach , during the orientation phase of the regional reform in Hesse . As a result, two local districts with a local advisory council and mayor were established from the Löhrbach area : one for Löhrbach itself and one for the hamlet of Buchklingen .

Courts in Hessen

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg. The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords. The Fürth office was responsible for Löhrbach . From 1813 the newly formed Justice Office in Fürth was the first instance. The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate.

With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . In 1853 a new regional court district was created, whose seat was in Wald-Michelbach and to which Löhrbach also belonged.

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Wald-Michelbach District Court and assigned to the district of the Darmstadt Regional Court . On July 1, 1968, the district court district was added to the district court of Fürth and the district court of Wald-Michelbach was dissolved.

Territorial history and administration

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Löhrbach was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Population development

• 1806: 261 inhabitants, 23 houses
• 1812: 266 inhabitants, 23 houses (17 courtyards)
• 1829: 309 inhabitants, 30 houses
• 1867: 548 inhabitants, 69 houses (with book blades)
Löhrbach: Population from 1806 to 2018
year     Residents
1806
  
 261
1812
  
 266
1829
  
 309
1834
  
 472
1840
  
 524
1846
  
 545
1852
  
 525
1858
  
 563
1864
  
 538
1871
  
 538
1875
  
 569
1885
  
 540
1895
  
 594
1905
  
 549
1910
  
 590
1925
  
 541
1939
  
 494
1946
  
 664
1950
  
 615
1956
  
 573
1961
  
 655
1967
  
 709
1970
  
 755
1980
  
 ?
1990
  
 ?
2000
  
 ?
2011
  
 705
2015
  
 677
2018
  
 638
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 309 Catholic (= 100%) residents
• 1961: 60 Protestant (= 9.16%), 594 Catholic (= 90.69%) residents

politics

There is a local district for Löhrbach (areas of the former municipality of Löhrbach) with a local advisory board and local councilor according to the Hessian municipal code . The local advisory board consists of seven members. Since the local elections in 2016, it has had one member of the SPD , five members of the CDU and one member of the FDP . Mayor is Stefan Roewer (CDU).

traffic

For road traffic, Löhrbach is opened up by the state road L 3408, which runs lengthways through the valley and connects the core community of Birkenau with Abtsteinach .

literature

  • Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or church history of the Upper Rhinegau. Darmstadt 1812.
  • Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg, Volume 1 October 1829 ( online at google books )
  • Literature about Löhrbach in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Commons : Löhrbach  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Löhrbach, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 9, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ a b Population development in the districts. (PDF) In: Website. Birkenau community, accessed January 2020 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 441-442 .
  4. ^ Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 178 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  5. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  6. ^ Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 243 ( online at google books ).
  7. ↑ a b Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 246 ( online at google books ).
  8. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  9. ^ A b c Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner : Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, OCLC 312528080 , p. 148 ( online at google books ).
  10. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  11. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  12. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  13. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 345 ( online at google books ).
  14. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 54 ( online at google books ).
  15. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. (No longer available online.) In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  16. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  17. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. (No longer available online.) 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  18. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 349 .
  19. ↑ a b main statute. (PDF; KK kB) § 6. In: Website. Birkebau community, accessed February 2019 .
  20. ↑ While the main statute mentions a former municipality of Buchklingen , the official municipality boundary map of Hesse , "Limits as of July 1, 1972 with a representation of the incorporations, amalgamations and new formations of municipalities since 1945", does not identify a municipality of Buchklingen. Rather, the district of Löhrbach shown there recognizably includes the location of book blades.
  21. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  22. ↑ Second law amending the Court Organization Act (Amends GVBl. II 210–16) of February 12, 1968 . In: The Hessian Minister of Justice (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1968 No. 4 , p. 41–44 , Article 1, Paragraph 1 g) and Article 2, Paragraph 1 c) ( online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 298 kB ]).
  23. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  24. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  25. ↑ a b List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.
  26. ↑ Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  27. ↑ Local Advisory Board Hornbach. In: website. Birkenau community, accessed January 2020 .