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Junk
community Gorxheimertal
Coat of arms of the former Trösel community, then the coat of arms of the Gorxheimertal community
Coordinates: 49 ° 31 ′ 38 "  N , 8 ° 44 ′ 56"  E
Height : 228 m above sea level NN
Area : 5.28 km²
Residents : 1638  (May 2011)
Population density : 310 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1971
Postal code : 69517
Area code : 06201
View over the Grundelbachtal and the Kundenbach homestead group in the east of Trösel to the Waldskopf (538 m) belonging to the neighboring village of Löhrbach

Trösel is a district of the municipality of Gorxheimertal in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse .

Geographical location

Trösel is located with the Kundenbach homestead group in the Odenwald on the upper reaches of the Grundelbach , which flows from here to the west through Unter-Flockenbach and Gorxheim and thus through all districts of Gorxheimertal. The district extends in the south behind the Daumberg (462 meters) to the state border between Hesse and Baden-Württemberg .

The nearest villages are in the West sub-Flockenbach, in the north behind the forest head is Löhrbach , in the northeast upper Abtsteinach , the east sub-Abtsteinach , and, beyond the border, in the southeast of the hamlet Hilsenhain , in the south of the village custom Michelbach and the hamlet Steinklingen and in the southwest Oberflockenbach .

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Trösel originated in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . From here the reclamation and settlement of the area was carried out. The heyday of Lorsch Monastery, in whose area Trösel was located, was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1232 the monastery was subordinated to the Archdiocese of Mainz . In 1461, as a result of the Mainz collegiate feud , Kurmainz pledged these properties to the Electoral Palatinate . This changed to the Protestant faith in 1556 and closed the monastery in 1564.

The first mention of the place is to be found in 1071 as Dresla in Lorsch Codex , a property list of the Abbey of Lorsch , as confirmed King Ludwig of Bavaria the monastery Altenmünster near Lorsch possession of the mill Dresla confirmed. At that time Lorsch Monastery owned 8 hubs in Trösel.

In 1232, Emperor Friedrich II subordinated the imperial abbey of Lorsch to the Archdiocese of Mainz and its bishop Siegfried III. von Eppstein on reform. The Benedictines opposed the ordered reform and therefore had to leave the abbey. They were replaced by Cistercians from the Eberbach monastery and in 1248 by Premonstratensians from the Allerheiligen monastery . From this point on, the monastery was continued as a provost's office.

In 1267, a burgrave is mentioned for the first time on the Starkenburg (via Heppenheim), who also administered the "Office Starkenburg" , to which Trösel was one. The "guardians" of the Archbishopric Mainz sold the village in 1347 to the knight Anselm von Hemsbach . How long it was in his possession is not documented.

In the course of the Mainz collegiate feud , which was fateful for Kurmainz , the Starkenburg office was pledged redeemable to Kurpfalz and then remained in the Palatinate for 160 years. Count Palatine Friedrich had the “Amt Starkenburg” pledged for his support from Archbishop Dieter - in the “Weinheimer Bund” concluded by the Electors on November 19, 1461 - whereby Kurmainz received the right to redeem the pledge for 100,000 pounds.

From the year 1480 it is reported that the village had to pay 19 pounds and 10 shillings annually  to the Heppenheim winery , as well as 16  florins from the "small tithe" .

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. As a result of the Reformation, the Electoral Palatinate abolished Lorsch Abbey in 1564. The existing rights such as tithe , basic interest, validity and gradient of the Lorsch monastery were from then on perceived and administered by the "Oberschaffnerei Lorsch".

The Zent Abtsteinach developed as a court and subordinate administrative unit, the oldest surviving description of which dates from 1590 and in which Trösel was already mentioned. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Spanish troops of the “Catholic League” conquered the region and in 1623 restored the rule of Kurmainz. As a result, the Reformation introduced by the Count Palatine was largely reversed and the population had to return to the Catholic faith. Although the Spanish troops withdrew from the approaching Swedes after 10 years, after the catastrophic defeat of the Evangelicals in the Nördlingen in 1634, the Swedes also left the Bergstrasse and with the Swedish-French War began the bloodiest chapter of the Thirty Years' War from 1635. The chroniclers of that time report from the region: "Plague and hunger rage in the country and decimate the population, so that the villages are often completely empty". With the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the redemption of the pledge was finally established. In 1658, the Archbishop of Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn , had a church consecrated to St. Boniface built in Ober-Abtsteinach, whose parish included 23 towns and was the only church in the whole of the "Zent Abtsteinach" and was part of the "Bergstrasse Regional Chapter ".

Proof has been received from 1654 that all “centmen” were serfs from Kurmainz. It is also recorded that Trösel consisted of 16 hubs and that the places Trösel and Löhrbach maintained a common “whole court” with regard to the “lower jurisdiction” . This year 2/3 of the tithe went to the Heppenheim winery and 1/3 to the cathedral chapter in Mainz, the "small tithe" was given to the pastor of Weinheim .

When there was a restructuring in the area of ​​the Kurmainzer Amt Starkenburg in 1782 , the area of ​​the office was divided into the four subordinate district bailiffs Heppenheim, Bensheim, Lorsch and Fürth and the office was renamed Oberamt. The Zente Fürth , Mörlenbach and Abtsteinach, where Trösel was, were subordinated to the Fürth District Bailiwick and had to largely surrender their powers. Although the central order with the central school remained formally in place, it could only carry out the orders of the higher authorities ( Oberamt Starkenburg , Unteramt Fürth). The “Oberamt Starkenburg” administratively belonged to the “Lower Archbishopric” of the Electorate of Mainz .

From the 19th century until today

Trösel becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the “ Left Bank of the Rhine ” and thus the left bank of the Rhine from Kurmainz was annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . The Oberamt Starkenburg and with it Trösel also came to Hessen-Darmstadt. There the "Amtsvogtei Fürth" was initially continued as a Hessian office while the Oberamt Starkenburg was dissolved in 1805. The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg". In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this the Zente and the associated central courts had lost their function.

Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion.

Konrad Dahl reported in 1812 in his historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or church history of the Upper Rhinegau, about Trösel as the place of the "Zent Abtsteinach":

»Trössel (Dresla 1071) a village with 15 farms (24 houses) 2 grinding mills and a cutting mill on the Grundelbach with 197 selenium. The place has a common forest and is only ½ hour away from Absteinach. «

In 1812 the former Palatinate Oberamt Lindenfels was dissolved and Wald-Michelbach, which already existed as a center, received its own district bailiff , whose area of ​​responsibility was also assigned to Trösel.

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

Historical map of the Grand Duchy of Hesse from 1832 to 1850. On a scale of 1: 50,000. Sheet 30: Hirschorn. Map section Gorxheim, Unter-Flockenbach and Trösel with the historic hamlets of Eichenberger Höfe and Kunzenbach

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district councils were introduced, with Trösel becoming part of the Lindenfels district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Oberabtsteinach was for Trösel and the towns of Buchklingen , Eichelberg (today Eichelberger Höfe in the Unter-Flockenbach area), Flockenbach (today Unter-Flockenbach) , Gorxheim , Kunzenbach (today a settlement in the Gorxheim area) , Löhrbach and Unterabtsteinach responsible. According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports about Trösel in 1829:

»Trösel (L. Bez. Lindenfels) cath. Branch village; is 3 3/4 St. from Lindenfels and has 41 houses and 299 Catholic. Pop. There are 3 grinding mills, 2 cutting mills and 1 oil mill. In 1071 the place appears under the name Tresla . He was Mainz and came to Hesse in 1802. "

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Trösel now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

The following entry can be found in the latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845:

»Trösel b. Lindenfels. - Catholic Branch village of Abt-Steinach. 41 H. 299 Catholic E. - Großherzogth. Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Darmstadt Court of Justice. - The village of Trösel, which used to be Mainz and was transferred to Hesse in 1802, has 3 grinding, 2 cutting and 1 oil mills. "

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Trösel became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed Trösel: Catholic branch village with 361 inhabitants. The district consists of 2114 acres , 983 acres of arable land, 245 acres of meadows and 868 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the branch village Trösel has its own mayor's office, 45 houses, 402 residents, the Lindenfels district, the Wald-Michelbach district court, the Protestant parish Birkenau with the deanery in Lindenfels and the Catholic parish Ober -Abtsteinach of the Deanery Heppenheim, indicated.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit. After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of Trösels into the Heppenheim district .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out and put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 after the German defeat, Trösel also had many casualties to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In 1927 the size of the district was given as 528.4  ha .

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 to 1950 show, Trösel also had to cope with refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 528  ha , of which 223 ha were forest.

On December 31, 1970, on the occasion of the regional reform in Hesse, the voluntary amalgamation of Unter-Flockenbach and Gorxheim to form the municipality of Grundelbachtal . On December 31, 1971, the municipality of Gorxheimertal from Grundbachtal and the municipality of Trösel with the districts of Gorxheim, Unter-Flockenbach and Trösel were founded. Local districts according to the Hessian municipal code were not established. The first mayor was Adam Flößer.

In 1977 the municipal kindergarten in Trösel was inaugurated and in 1989 the Trösel secondary school was closed as a result of a district council resolution.

Courts in Hessen

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg. The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords. The Fürth office was responsible for Trösel. From 1813 the newly formed Justice Office in Fürth was the first instance. The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate.

With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . In 1853 a new regional court district was created, whose seat was in Wald-Michelbach and to which Trösel also belonged.

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Wald-Michelbach District Court and assigned to the district of the Darmstadt Regional Court . On July 1, 1968, the district court district was added to the district court of Fürth and the district court of Wald-Michelbach was dissolved.

Territorial history and administration

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Trösel was located or the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Population development

• 1806: 208 inhabitants, 23 houses
• 1812: 197 souls, 15 courtyards with 24 houses
• 1829: 299 inhabitants, 41 houses
• 1867: 402 inhabitants, 45 houses
Trösel: Population from 1806 to 2011
year     Residents
1806
  
 208
1812
  
 197
1829
  
 299
1834
  
 324
1840
  
 354
1846
  
 372
1852
  
 375
1858
  
 380
1864
  
 413
1871
  
 405
1875
  
 413
1885
  
 420
1895
  
 443
1905
  
 519
1910
  
 582
1925
  
 676
1939
  
 778
1946
  
 896
1950
  
 937
1956
  
 975
1961
  
 1,071
1967
  
 1,273
1970
  
 1,335
1980
  
 ?
1990
  
 ?
2000
  
 ?
2011
  
 1,638
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 299 Catholic (= 100%) residents
• 1961: 88 Protestant (= 8.22%), 976 Catholic (= 91.13%) residents

coat of arms

On May 25, 1971, the municipality of Trösel was awarded a coat of arms with the following blazon : In red over a wavy silver shield base, interwoven with two blue stripes, a rising mill wheel and a silver pointed nail cross. After the merger, the municipal coat of arms of the former municipality of Trösel became the municipal coat of arms of Gorxheimertal.

traffic

Trösel is accessible to road traffic through the L 3257 state road, which , coming from Weinheim in a west-east direction , connects all districts of Gorxheimertal and continues to Unter-Abtsteinach via a 415 meter high mountain saddle .

literature

  • Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or church history of the Upper Rhinegau. Darmstadt 1812.
  • Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg, Volume 1 October 1829 ( online at google books )
  • Literature about Trösel in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Trösel, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ a b Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  3. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 701-708 .
  4. ^ Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 178 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  5. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  6. ↑ a b Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 246 ( online at google books ).
  7. ^ Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 243 ( online at google books ).
  8. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  9. ^ A b c Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner : Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, OCLC 312528080 , p. 247 ( online at google books ).
  10. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states . Part 2nd volume 2 . Zimmermann, Naumburg 1845, OCLC 162810705 , p. 675 ( online at google books ).
  11. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  12. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  13. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  14. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 350 ( online at google books ).
  15. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 86 ( online at google books ).
  16. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  17. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  18. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  19. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 349 .
  20. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  21. ↑ Second law amending the Court Organization Act (Amends GVBl. II 210–16) of February 12, 1968 . In: The Hessian Minister of Justice (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1968 No. 4 , p. 41–44 , Article 1, Paragraph 1 g) and Article 2, Paragraph 1 c) ( online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 298 kB ]).
  22. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  23. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  24. ↑ a b List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.
  25. ↑ Approval of a coat of arms for the municipality of Trösel, Bergstrasse district from May 25, 1971 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 1971 No. 24 , p. 954 , point 872 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 4.8 MB ]).
  26. ^ History of Gorxheimertal ( Memento from March 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive )