Hijacking of the plane "Landshut"

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The "Landshut" in 1975

The hijacking of the aircraft “Landshut” , a Boeing 737-200 , with which Lufthansa flight 181 was carried out, describes the hostage-taking on board a Lufthansa passenger aircraft on October 13, 1977 by four Palestinian terrorists from the PFLP-SC . They called themselves Kommando Martyr Halimeh . After the flight captain was murdered and after several stops, the plane landed in Mogadishu in Somalia , where it was stormed on October 18, 1977 by GSG 9 , a special unit of the German Federal Border Guard , and the hostages were freed.

The event was closely related to the Schleyer kidnapping in Germany. The Red Army Faction (RAF) had kidnapped the employer president Hanns Martin Schleyer on 5 September 1977, calling for the release of comrades from German prisons. With the hijacking of the aircraft, the pressure should be increased. The federal government under Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) did not meet the demands.

The hostage liberation in Mogadishu is considered to be the triggering moment for the collective suicide of the imprisoned RAF leaders on the so-called night of death in Stammheim , which in turn resulted in the murder of Hanns Martin Schleyer .

prehistory

Left-wing terrorists from the Federal Republic of Germany have been working with Palestinian terror groups for years. Material resources such as money, weapons and explosives were shared. At times, German left-wing extremists moved to the Middle East and received military training there. West German terrorists were also able to inspect internal documents from Interpol and the BKA about the status of wanted and investigation against themselves, which were leaked to the Palestinians from the GDR .

The cooperation also extended to terrorist operations. The PFLP Special Command under the leadership of Wadi Haddad was the first group to systematically involve foreigners in their terrorist actions on the one hand and to provide training, weapons and logistics to their foreign allies on the other.

On June 27, 1976, the PFLP hijacked an Air France plane to Entebbe, Uganda . Under the command of the German Wilfried evil participated Brigitte Kuhlmann , like evil from the terrorist organization cells revolutionaries came, and two Palestinians in the implementation. On June 28, 1976, eight other Palestinian terrorists awaited the aircraft, which was occupied with 264 hostages, at Entebbe airport . The Ugandan President Idi Amin also deployed soldiers to guard the hostages . The terrorists named their main claim on the second day in Entebbe. 53 prison inmates, including forty Palestinians imprisoned in Israel , mostly members of the PFLP and Al-Fatah , as well as six Germans imprisoned in the Federal Republic of Germany, members of the RAF or the June 2 Movement , were to be released. Otherwise, all of the hostages that have since been dragged into an airport terminal would be killed. On the fourth day of the kidnapping, the two Germans began to select hostages of Jewish descent and those they believed to be. 148 “non-Jews”, however, were released. The French crew stayed with the hostages for professional ethical reasons. On the night of Sunday, July 4, 1976, the flown in Israeli special unit Sayeret Matkal stormed the airport. All of the kidnappers, around 20 to 50 Ugandan soldiers, the Israeli officer Yonathan Netanyahu and three abductees were killed.

The hostage Dora Bloch , who was in the hospital during the liberation operation, was probably murdered at Idi Amin's orders, according to an investigation report by the British Foreign Office. Since the African neighboring country Kenya provided Israel with logistical support and in the liberation of the abductees, Amin then had numerous Kenyans persecuted in Uganda. A total of 245 Kenyans, including airport staff, are said to have been murdered by July 11, 1977. The Kenyan authorities estimate that around 3,000 Kenyans fled Uganda from the massacre.

After the failure of the operation to again release eleven terrorists of the first generation of the RAF from prison , two years later - on September 5, 1977 - the chairman of the Federation of German Industries, Hanns Martin Schleyer, was kidnapped by an RAF commando in Cologne . His four companions were murdered. Haddad's terrorist organization was also involved in this planning and supported the Schleyer kidnappers with arms deliveries. This time, however, the federal government was not prepared to exchange the kidnapping victim for imprisoned terrorists, as was the case in February 1975 when the CDU politician Peter Lorenz was kidnapped by the RAF-affiliated movement on June 2nd.

After the kidnapping of Schleyer dragged on for three weeks with no results, Haddad proposed two acts of terrorism to the RAF in order to increase the pressure on the German government. This was supposed to force the release of the eleven RAF terrorists. A Palestinian terrorist squad was supposed to carry out either an attack on the embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Kuwait or the hijacking of a Lufthansa plane on the way from Mallorca to Frankfurt to take hostages . Since the RAF's hostage-taking in the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Stockholm in April 1975 failed, the RAF leadership rejected the embassy attack and agreed to the hijacking of the aircraft. On October 13, 1977, a four-man PFLP commando hijacked a Lufthansa plane that took off from Palma de Mallorca ( Spain ). The Palestinian terrorist squad called itself Martyr Halima and was intended to commemorate the German terrorist Brigitte Kuhlmann , whose code name was " Halima ", who was shot during the Israeli hostage liberation in Entebbe .

Course of the kidnapping

Beginning

The route of the Landshut

On 13 October 1977, the Lufthansa plane with the flight number was LH 181 , the schedule of Palma de Mallorca ( Spain ) to Frankfurt to fly from one of four people - two men and two women - existing Palestinian terrorist command of the PFLP called Martyr Halima kidnapped . They had brought two pistols, four hand grenades and about 500 grams of plastic explosives on board - hidden in cosmetic cases and a radio. Its leader was the 23-year-old Zohair Youssif Akache , who called himself Captain Martyr Mahmud , after the battle name of Wilfried Böse, who was killed in Operation Entebbe in July 1976 . The other three kidnappers were Lebanon- born Souhaila Andrawes aka Soraya Ansari , Nabil Harbi aka Riza Abbasi, and Hind Alameh aka Shanaz Gholoun . The planning and direction is attributed to Wadi Haddad , who followed the operation from Baghdad . In addition to the hijackers, there were 86 (according to other sources 82) passengers and five crew members on board the aircraft, including - including three members of the aircraft crew - at least 23 Germans.

course

The machine was hijacked in French airspace and diverted to Larnaka in Cyprus . However, since there was insufficient fuel, she had to stop in Rome , where she was refueled and Mahmud first announced the demands of his terrorist squad. These were identical to those of the kidnappers of Hanns Martin Schleyer : the release of eleven RAF terrorists imprisoned in Germany. In addition, they demanded the release of two like-minded comrades from Turkish custody and 15 million US dollars .

Despite a request from the German interior minister to Italy, the departure z. B. to prevent by bombarding the tires, the Landshut was allowed to fly from Rome to Larnaka . There a representative of the PLO contacted the kidnappers and tried in vain to persuade them to give up. After refueling, the plane took off in the direction of Lebanon . But since the airports of Beirut , Damascus , Baghdad and Kuwait City had been closed, one flew on to Dubai via Manama .

Dubai

The airport runway was initially blocked; but since the fuel was almost used up, the plane was allowed to land in the morning hours of October 14th. Here, on October 16, the pilot Jürgen Schumann managed to provide the authorities with information about the number of kidnappers. The kidnappers also learned about it through a television interview with the Defense Minister of Dubai - the current ruler of the Emirate of Dubai and Prime Minister, Defense Minister and Vice President of the United Arab Emirates - Muhammad bin Raschid Al Maktum . Mahmud then made the flight captain kneel in the aisle and threatened to shoot him in another incident. For more than three days of stay, the machine was in the blazing sun and the air conditioning failed due to lack of fuel. From Larnaka the kidnappers were followed by a machine with officers from GSG 9 . They were preparing for a liberation campaign in Dubai. But after the kidnappers threatened to shoot hostages, the machine was refueled and took off for Oman without being able to gain access.

Aden

After Oman refused permission to land, the Landshut flew on to Aden in what was then South Yemen . However, the local government blocked all runways. With the fuel running low, the pilots had no choice but to make an emergency landing on a strip of sand next to the runway during the night. The captain was allowed to leave the aircraft to inspect the landing gear. Jürgen Schumann only returned to the plane after about an hour. For a long time one could only speculate about the background to Schumann's absence. It was not until 2008 that a television documentary was used to track down the man who met Schumann at the Aden airport: Sheikh Ahmed Mansur, commander of a Yemeni special unit. Mansur testified that the captain, worried about the lives of his passengers, demanded that the possibly damaged aircraft be prevented from continuing its flight. After his return, Mahmud shot Schumann in the center aisle of the aircraft with a targeted head shot before the latter could explain the reasons for his absence. This was apparently also done in order to give more weight to the demands of the kidnappers.

Mogadishu

The aircraft was refueled again, took off in the early morning of October 17 - only controlled by co-pilot Jürgen Vietor - and set course for the Somali capital Mogadishu , where it landed around 4:30 a.m. ( CET ). Since the authorities in South Yemen had forbidden the pilot's body to be unloaded, it was only here that it was evacuated from the aircraft using an escape slide. The kidnappers set an ultimatum until 3 p.m. CET to release the RAF members from the Stuttgart penal institution . After that, the machine was supposed to be blown up, because the hijackers had no more land in sight to continue their flight. Before the ultimatum expired, the kidnappers, who in the meantime had already doused the passengers with alcohol and armed their explosives, declared that the German government was now to blame for the hostages' deaths. The ultimatum was extended by 30 minutes on the grounds that endangered objects had to be brought to safety before the threatened demolition. The stewardess Gabriele Dillmann (now Gabriele von Lutzau) was given the opportunity to make a final appeal to the politicians in charge by radio.

So that there was enough time to get the main part of the command of the German GSG 9 on site, the kidnappers were deceived by the news that their demand would be given in, but the transfer of the RAF prisoners to Mogadishu would take several hours. The kidnappers then extended the ultimatum again, this time until October 18, 01:30 a.m. CET.

Exemption by the GSG 9

Somalia found itself in a war-like conflict with Ethiopia at this time . Like the neighboring country, it obtained its weapons from the Soviet Union. In order to win the dispute, it was interested in rapprochement with the West and western arms deliveries, which were refused until the Landshut kidnapping. The country was also considered Palestinian-friendly, which may have been a reason for the kidnappers to fly to Mogadishu after several other states had been banned from landing. Somalia's President Siad Barre was misled about the nationality of the kidnappers and led to believe that they were three Germans and one Palestinian. He was also given the prospect of delivering weapons. Thereupon he agreed to a joint operation , i.e. a joint liberation action.

Members of the GSG 9 of the BGS at Cologne / Bonn Airport leaving the Lufthansa special aircraft “Stuttgart” on October 18, 1977
Interior Minister Werner Maihofer welcomes State Minister Wischnewski (right) at Cologne / Bonn Airport, October 18, 1977

On October 18 at 00:05 a.m. CET, the GSG-9 command led by Ulrich Wegener stormed Landshut, which had landed in Mogadishu, in Operation Magic Fire . During the seven-minute action, three of the four hostage-takers were killed, only Souhaila Andrawes survived. In addition, a GSG-9 officer and stewardess Gabriele Dillmann were injured. At 12:12 a.m. CET, the Minister of State Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski , who was traveling with him, was able to report the successful completion of the campaign to the then Chancellor Helmut Schmidt .

It has repeatedly been alleged that two members of the British special forces unit SAS and indirectly a Somali ranger battalion were also involved in the operation. Wegener last denied this in an interview with Die Welt on October 13, 2007. In it he speaks of the fact that the SAS had offered him both planning support and newly developed stun grenades . However, after testing the grenades in Dubai, he decided not to use them on the plane. He also rejected the tactic proposed by the SAS in favor of his own deliberation, i. In other words, access was via all inputs and outputs of the machine and not just via one entrance.

consequences

On the morning of October 18, 1977, the imprisoned RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe , Gudrun Ensslin and Andreas Baader were found dead in their prison cells after collective suicide. Irmgard Möller survived the so-called " Night of Death of Stammheim " seriously injured. The next day the RAF announced the murder of Hanns Martin Schleyer . His body was found on October 19, 1977 in the trunk of an Audi 100 parked in Mulhouse ( Alsace ) .

The liberation action took place on the orders of the federal government under the leadership of Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt . He later stated that he would have resigned if the liberation operation failed or if too many hostages were dead. There was already a completed declaration of resignation, which was destroyed after the successful action.

Due to the success of the operation, the previously almost unknown GSG 9 gained international fame.

Somalia received state development aid of 100 million DM from the Federal Republic of Germany .

Speculation

After the presumed mastermind behind the kidnapping, Wadi Haddad, died of slow poisoning a few months later, it is believed that his health was impaired during those days. This could be one reason why the action did not go so well. He is also said to have expected more support from the Soviet Union.

Since the Mossad is said to have already had an informant in Haddad's vicinity at this point in time, it is assumed that Israel was also aware of a planned hijacking of a German aircraft, but only issued a very general warning. The reason for this could be that the Mossad was already on the verge of poisoning Haddad and did not want to endanger this attack and the carrier of the poison.

The plane after the hijacking

The former "Landshut" on October 24, 2007 in Fortaleza

The Boeing 737-200 with the serial number 20254 and the aircraft registration D-ABCE was put into service at Lufthansa as “Landshut” in early 1970. After the plane was stormed in Mogadishu, it was repaired, continued on Lufthansa’s scheduled service and was sold in 1985.

She was then used in six other companies in the passenger and freight service, including in South America , France and Indonesia . Most recently, from 2002 to January 2008, she flew as a PT-MTB for the Brazilian TAF Linhas Aéreas , which she finally decommissioned after 38 years of operation and around 60,000 flights and offered for sale. The flightless machine was parked on a closed airfield in Fortaleza .

In May 2017, the federal government bought the machine for a scrap value of around EUR 20,000. On September 23, 2017, two Volga-Dnepr Airlines transport planes - an An-124 with the fuselage and wings and an Il-76 with the seats and other parts - brought the "Landshut" back to Germany. The two machines landed at Friedrichshafen Airport as part of an open day at the Dornier Museum , which was attended by kidnapping victims .

The “Landshut” is currently not open to the public. An exhibition on the events of autumn 1977 and the confrontation with the RAF terror is being built around the machine in the project sponsorship of the Dornier Aerospace Foundation and with funds from the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and Media (BKM) and the Foreign Office. For this purpose, the “Landshut” will be partially restored to its state of 1977 and incorporated into the exhibition concept as a witness of the times.

The Stuttgarter Zeitung reported on April 10, 2019 that the Dornier Foundation has not yet been able to present an operating cost concept required by the BKM. The BKM is now examining other locations for the aircraft wreck. The initiator of the return of the Landshut to Germany, Martin Rupps , therefore suggests the House of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn or the prison and court area in Stuttgart-Stammheim as alternative locations for the RAF exhibition . Rupps prefers Stuttgart . A place of remembrance of the RAF terror could arise here. The hijacking plane, the floor where the RAF terrorists who were supposed to be pressed free sat , and the building of the RAF trials are to become integral parts of this new facility. A “nationwide scientific institute for research into national and international terrorism” could then also be established in Stuttgart.

The director of the Dornier Foundation, David Dornier, suggests instead that the museum about the Landshut kidnapping in Friedrichshafen be built and operated by the House of History Baden-Württemberg . The foundation would provide the property for this free of charge.

On May 15, 2020, it became known that the federal government was examining a location in the Military History Museum at Berlin-Gatow airfield .

Other Lufthansa aircraft with the name "Landshut"

The name "Landshut" has been used several times by Lufthansa since 1985. It was initially carried by the Boeing 737-200 D-ABHM , followed by the Airbus A319-100 D-AILK . Lufthansa's A330-300 D-AIKE has been called “Landshut” since 2007 .

Film adaptations

literature

  • Reinhard Scholzen , Kerstin Froese: GSG 9. Interior views of a special association of the Federal Border Police. Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-613-02735-0 .
  • Tim Geiger: The “Landshut” in Mogadishu. The foreign policy crisis management of the federal government in view of the terrorist challenge 1977. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . Vol. 57, 2009, Issue 3, pp. 413–456 (PDF) .
  • New exhibit for the Dornier Museum: The “Landshut” is back again. In: FliegerRevue No. 12/2017, pp. 44–46.

Web links

Commons : hijacking the airplane “Landshut”  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : D-ABCE (aircraft)  - Collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ^ 1977 RAF terrorists kidnapped Hanns Martin Schleyer. April 15, 2019, archived from the original on September 5, 2017 ; accessed on April 15, 2019 .
  2. ↑ The other dead | Politics. April 22, 2019, archived from the original on April 22, 2019 ; accessed on April 22, 2019 .
  3. ↑ a b c Baader-Meinhof international? | bpb. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b c HISTORY OF TERROR: Eldorado of the left-wing guerrilla - SPIEGEL SPECIAL 2/2004. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  5. ↑ a b 40 years of "Operation Entebbe": The hostage liberation in Uganda - watson. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  6. ↑ a b c d Entebbe: The tough young boys - DER SPIEGEL 29/1976. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  7. ↑ a b The autumn of the terrorists - DER SPIEGEL 39/1997. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  8. ↑ a b c The short way to Entebbe or the extension of German history to the Middle East | Contemporary historical research. Retrieved April 19, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Liberation of hostages 40 years ago: Operation Entebbe | tagesschau.de. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  10. ↑ Drama in Entebbe: When German left-wing extremists selected Jews - WELT. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  11. ↑ The Selection of Entebbe? - haGalil. April 20, 2019, archived from the original on April 20, 2019 ; accessed on April 20, 2019 .
  12. ↑ Entebbe hostage-taking: "We were scared to death" «DiePresse.com. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  13. ^ Mourning for the hero of Entebbe | Jewish general. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  14. ↑ 40 years after the spectacular hostage liberation in Uganda | The five riddles of Entebbe - politics abroad - Bild.de. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  15. ↑ BBC NEWS | Middle East | Recollections of Entebbe, 30 years on. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  16. ↑ a b Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim | The Independent. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  17. ^ Dispute between Uganda and Kenya. Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 22, August, 1976 Uganda, Kenya, Page 27891. Keesing's Record of World Events, April 20, 2019, archived from the original on April 20, 2019 ; accessed on April 20, 2019 .
  18. ↑ Idi Amin & Co .: The dictator's torture camps become an attraction - WELT. April 20, 2019, archived from the original on April 20, 2019 ; accessed on April 20, 2019 .
  19. ↑ a b Terror without end | TIME ONLINE. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  20. ^ A b 1977 RAF terrorists kidnapped Hanns Martin Schleyer. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on November 9, 2017 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  21. ^ Butz Peters: Hundert Tage: Die RAF-Chronik 1977 . Knaur, 2017, ISBN 978-3-426-78811-0 , pp. 145 : “The kidnapping of the <<Landshut>> by the << Organization for the Fight Against World Imperialism >> is a contract kidnapping by the RAF, Brigitte Mohnhaupt had ordered it from Wadi Haddad two weeks earlier. Immediately after their arrival in Baghdad on September 25, 1977, he received Mohnhaupt and Boock, congratulated them on the Schleyer kidnapping, praised the deed as <<historical>> and offered them as an ally to support them with a <<commando>>. He offers them the choice between occupying the German embassy in Kuwait and introducing a Lufthansa aircraft. "
  22. ↑ Religion and Terror: What distinguishes Muslim martyrs from Christian ones - WELT. April 19, 2019, archived from the original on April 19, 2019 ; accessed on April 19, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Tagesschau October 13, 1977 - kidnapping of the Landshut on YouTube .
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  25. ↑ Tagesschau October 14, 1977 (8:00 p.m.) - Kidnapping of the Landshut on YouTube .
  26. ↑ Tagesschau October 15, 1977 (8:00 p.m.) - Kidnapping of the Landshut on YouTube .
  27. ↑ Tagesschau October 16, 1977 (8:00 p.m.) - Landshut kidnapping on YouTube .
  28. ^ [Nb]: RAF murder - The last minutes of the "Landshut" captain. In: Focus . August 25, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2017 .
  29. ↑ Michael Hanfeld : The real hero of the "Landshut". In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . December 1, 2007, accessed March 19, 2017 .
  30. ↑ Tagesschau October 17, 1977 (8:00 p.m.) - Kidnapping of the Landshut on YouTube .
  31. ^ Klaus Wiegrefe : New documents on the Landshut kidnapping - lies among friends. In: one day . In: Der Spiegel . Edition 11/2008. September 29, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2017 .
  32. ↑ https://www.welt.de/dossiers/deutscherherbst/article1267624/Das-entscheidende-Gespraech-mit-den-Entfuehrern.html
  33. ↑ a b tagesschau October 18, 1977 (8:00 p.m.) - kidnapping of the Landshut on YouTube .
  34. ↑ Rolf Tophoven : Liberation of the “Landshut” - “I was convinced that it would work”. In: The world . October 13, 2007, accessed on March 19, 2017 (interview with Ulrich Wegener).
  35. ↑ Tagesschau special from October 19, 1977 (10:15 p.m.) on YouTube .
  36. ↑ Helmut Schmidt: The terror of the RAF. n-tv documentation.
  37. ↑ Egmont R. Koch : Deadly Chocolate. In: The first . 2010 documentary, aired July 7, 2010.
  38. ↑ Boeing 737-230C, Reg .: D-ABCE, serial number 20254 , photo from August 29, 1979 in Helsinki; on www.airliners.net.
  39. ↑ a b c d Boeing 737 - MSN 20254 - PT-MTB. In: airfleets.net. Retrieved March 19, 2017 (English).
  40. ↑ PT-MTB. (PDF) In: Aviator Sale. March 28, 2008, archived from the original on October 16, 2011 ; accessed on March 19, 2017 (English).
  41. ↑ Joachim Käppner: Why the "Landshut" should come home. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017 .
  42. ↑ The "Landshut" comes to Friedrichshafen. In: Spiegel online . July 27, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017 .
  43. ↑ Vivian Kübler: Mogadishu airplane - The "Landshut" is supposed to return home. In: Der Tagesspiegel . February 25, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2017 .
  44. ↑ Eckard Lohse: hijacking aircraft - Berlin wants the "Landshut" back. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 7, 2017.
  45. ↑ Lufthansa plane "Landshut" returns to Germany. at tagesspiegel.de, accessed on September 23, 2017.
  46. ↑ Hull of the "Landshut" landed in Germany. orf.at, September 23, 2017, accessed September 23, 2017.
  47. ^ The Landshut collection and restoration. Retrieved September 14, 2018 .
  48. ^ Jan Sellner: Stuttgart as a location for the Landshut? Ed .: Stuttgarter Zeitung Verlagsgesellschaft mbH legally represented by the managing directors Herbert Dachs and Alexander Paasch. April 10, 2019, p. 17 : "The place of remembrance could consist of the former" RAF floor ", the courtroom in the correctional facility (JVA) and a hangar for the Landshut."
  49. ^ "Landshut" activist brings Stammheim into conversation. April 10, 2019, archived from the original on April 10, 2019 ; accessed on April 10, 2019 .
  50. ↑ Stuttgart: Tussle about famous airplane: Where does the Landshut land? Retrieved April 11, 2019 .
  51. ↑ German Autumn: The dispute over the "Landshut" never ends - Politics - Tagesspiegel. April 15, 2019, archived from the original on April 15, 2019 ; accessed on April 15, 2019 .
  52. ^ "Landshut" is supposed to go to Berlin
  53. ↑ http://www.charliebravo.de/lhtaufnamen/index.php
  54. ↑ Barbara Jänichen: Thomas Kretschmann plays "Landshut" pilot. In: The world . August 29, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2017 .