Berlin-Märkisches Viertel
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Märkisches Viertel district of Berlin |
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| Coordinates | 52 ° 36 ′ 0 ″ N , 13 ° 21 ′ 30 ″ E |
| surface | 3.2 km² |
| Residents | 40,379 (Dec. 31, 2019) |
| Population density | 12,618 inhabitants / km² |
| Start-up | Jun 1, 1999 |
| Postcodes | 13435, 13439 |
| District number | 1210 |
| Administrative district | Reinickendorf |
The Märkisches Viertel (short: MV ; Berolinist : strange quarter ) in Berlin is a large housing estate , satellite or satellite town in the Reinickendorf district . The settlement was built from 1963 to spring 1974 and, with around 17,000 apartments, was designed for up to 50,000 residents. Since June 1999 the Märkisches Viertel has been a part of the Reinickendorf district (with its own coat of arms ). Before that it belonged to the Wittenau district . The Märkisches Viertel is named after the former Mark Brandenburg .
In addition to the Märkisches Viertel, two other large housing estates were built in West Berlin : Gropiusstadt in the Neukölln district of about the same size and the somewhat smaller Falkenhagener Feld ( Spandau district ). In East Berlin , large housing estates arose somewhat later in Hohenschönhausen ( Lichtenberg district ), Marzahn and Hellersdorf (both in the Marzahn-Hellersdorf district ). What they all have in common is their suburban location.
size
Without being really circular, the Märkisches Viertel has an approximate diameter of two kilometers. This imaginary circle is flattened in the north and south. Largest east-west extension in the northern third with about 2 1 ⁄ 2 kilometers, on the southern edge less than a kilometer. The area covers 3.2 km² .
Position and extent
The district is on the eastern edge of the Reinickendorf district , almost exactly halfway up its north-south extent.
In the south and east, the Märkisches Viertel borders the Pankow district and was therefore directly on the Berlin Wall . In the northeast, the settlement is bounded by the course of Quickborner Straße, while the district includes the industrial area behind it up to the district boundary to Pankow. In the north, a former railway line (part of the Tegel – Friedrichsfelde industrial line ) is the limit. Immediately to the north is the Lübars leisure park in the rural Lübars district . The demarcation at this point seems almost brutal: Immediately south of the tracks are ten-story high-rise buildings, while allotment gardens and grain fields lie on the north side.
In the northwest, the boundaries of the settlement are not entirely clear. The railway line bends slightly to the south, but no longer approaches the high-rise buildings. However, north of the railway, at the intersection with Eichhorster Weg, is the district heating plant of the Märkisches Viertel. At this point, the next high-rise buildings are around 500 meters away. At the same time, looking outwards, about 200 meters away, there are other high-rise buildings north of Wittenauer Straße (up to Zabel-Krüger-Damm and around Titiseestraße in between), which are no longer included in the Märkisches Viertel, although they date from the same time. They belong to the Reinickendorfer district Waidmannslust . The western boundary is the embankment of the Berlin Northern Railway , a railway line that is now used by the S-Bahn . The district of Wittenau connects to the west .
The circle closes in the south at the point where the S-Bahn crosses the north ditch , which is also the demarcation to Pankow . Immediately south of the northern trench is the Bergmann-Borsig factory site , which has been restructured into a business park (Pankow Park) since around 2000 . In the east, after about a kilometer, the north ditch meets the tracks of the Heidekrautbahn , from which it is crossed, and which - lying in the Pankow area - form the boundary to the east.
Origin and development
The Märkisches Viertel was the first large new housing estate in what was then West Berlin . The first ideas for an urban reorganization at this point date back to the early 1950s. As early as 1952, a first spatial plan was drawn up in the Reinickendorf district . In 1959, a sociological appraisal certified the area with its numerous residential gazebos and emergency shelters on disordered, often undeveloped plots of completely inadequate hygienic conditions. Against this background, the Senate took over the planning in the early 1960s. The “green slums” should disappear as quickly as possible. In July 1962, the architects Hans C. Müller, Georg Heinrichs and Werner Düttmann presented an urban planning concept for the Märkisches Viertel. In December 1962, the then Berlin Senator for Construction, Rolf Schwedler, appointed the Society for Social Housing ( Gesobau ) as the redevelopment agency for the project.
More than 35 domestic and foreign architects planned the new buildings. The German artist Utz Kampmann was entrusted with a comprehensive color coordination between 1966 and 1968. Karl Fleig, René Gagès, Ernst Gisel , Werner Düttmann , Georg Heinrichs, Hans C. Müller, Lothar Juckel , Chen Kuen Lee , Ludwig Leo , Peter Pfankuch , Hansrudolf Plarre, Heinz Schudnagies , Herbert Stranz, OM Ungers provided the designs for the residential buildings . Schadrach Woods, Astra Zarina-Haner, Siegfried Hoffie, Erwin Eickhoff, Jo Zimmermann and the construction department of DEGEWO . The residential buildings formed high-rise chains with irregular floor plans and staggered heights, which frame larger areas with single-family houses.
The large, central shopping center, Märkischezeile was expanded in 2000 to include the Märkisches Zentrum shopping mall . Together with the event and cultural center Fontane-Haus, the indoor swimming pool and the Thomas-Mann-Oberschule, it is grouped around the central market square. In addition, other, much smaller centers were built, with several shops (hairdresser, newspaper shops) located around a smaller supermarket. Elementary schools and kindergartens were also not (only) planned in the central area, but all around on the edge between the individual high-rise groups. Within the high-rise groups, numerous playgrounds were created close to the apartments.
Hans Bandel and Waldemar Proeike planned the shops, schools and day care centers were based on designs by Stephan Heise, Harald Franke, Hasso Schreck, Karl Fleig, Jörn-Peter Schmidt-Thomsen , Günter Plessow, Hasso Windeck, Ernst F. Bartels, Christoph Schmidt-Ott and the construction department of the Reinickendorf district. The Evangelical Community Centers come from Bodo Fleischer , Günther Behrmann, Stephan Heise, Gerd Neumann, Dietmar Grötzebach and Günter Plessow. The district heating plant and an information pavilion that was demolished in 1988 were designed by Fridtjof Schliephacke . A senior citizens' center was created based on designs by Gert H. Rathfelder; Werner Düttmann was responsible for the St. Martin Catholic Community Center, the retirement home and a primary school. Bodo Fleischer and Hanno Hübscher built the Hotel Rheinsberg, Henning Schran and Hasso Schreck planned the swimming pool, the playhouse of the Association of German Scouts was designed by Engelbert Kremser , Ludwig Leo was the architect of the Haus (es) der Welfare , and finally the SAL planning group provided the Plans for the traffic kindergarten and several sports facilities.
The first tenants moved in as early as August 1964. The (for the time being) last new building was handed over in 1974. Of the total of 16,916 apartments, 15,043 were built by the state-owned GESOBAU, 614 by DEGEWO, 812 by DEBAUSIE and a further 304 by a private company. 134 apartments were finally built in 1974 in a retirement home.
Due to the increasing housing shortage in the 2010s, wooden studio houses were built on some of the flat roofs of the MV. They can be up to three floors high and were commissioned by the housing company. The Wilhelmsruher Damm is an example of the structures that have been implemented .
Image change
In the early years, the participating architects in particular praised the new quarter enthusiastically, in some cases. The West Berlin architect Herbert Stranz said: "The maximum height was stipulated, the rest is applied sun." And: "Individualism of the individual apartment in the arrangement, emphasized by graduation and color: That is democracy." Despite the multi-layered planning, Märkische developed Quarters soon had a bad reputation that reached far beyond Berlin. In 1983, the Berlin travel guide for young people published by the State of Berlin justified this as follows:
“[That] was because the infrastructure was poor in the first few years. That means there were too few shops, restaurants and pubs; too few schools, kindergartens and playgrounds. "
In other words, the planning on paper had not kept pace with the implementation; the number of apartments (and residents) grew faster than the necessary infrastructure was built.
The image problem was exacerbated by a paradigm shift in the planning disciplines. At the end of the 1960s, more and more architects and urban planners turned away from the idea of new retort settlements and turned to the grown European city. The renovation of old buildings and the renewal of old city districts moved into focus. During the construction period, the Märkisches Viertel was suddenly seen as a dinosaur and a relic of no longer contemporary architectural ideas. As a counter-event to the official Berlin Building Weeks in 1968, an exhibition at the TU criticized the Märkische Viertel in the strongest possible terms. Subsequent articles in Spiegel did the rest to demolish the reputation of the district.
Another problem was the origin of the new residents: They often came from old buildings in redevelopment areas in the city center and had to move here from their familiar neighborhood because their old houses were being demolished. As a result, on the one hand, they lost their previous social ties and, on the other hand, they were unable to identify with the new, anonymous, cold and unfriendly living environment and were lonely. There were suicides , which were picked up by the mass media and cast a bad light on the settlement. The Working Group Rent and Housing , which is affiliated with the Extra-Parliamentary Opposition (APO), published its MVZ - Märkische Viertel Zeitung , which is fully available in public archives - such as that of the Free University of Berlin . At that time, banners and other things were hung from the houses against the rent increases, which might appear to Berlin contemporaries as “ skyscrapers ” to attract the public. One or more members of the MVZ working group apparently joined the Red Army faction around Andreas Baader , Horst Mahler and Ulrike Meinhof .
There are said to have been organized bus rides through the "bad residential area" for tourists. Photographic and cinematic representations often showed the settlement gray on gray and in the gloomy mood of the winter months or in rainy weather.
The negative development of the image could be stopped by supplementing and expanding the infrastructure. Smaller conversions, which the main owner GESOBAU initiated in individual houses and which included friendlier entrance areas, also enhanced the district. In the early 1990s, the market square in front of the Fontanehaus cultural center was redesigned and in 1992 the bronze fountain Fontanebogen designed by Emanuel Scharfenberg was installed. At a height of 4.60 meters, the associated fountain basin has an area of 12 meters × 8 meters.
Together with other embellishments, the result was an environment in which the average length of stay was 17 years for the 40th anniversary of the Märkisches Viertel and in which there are tenants who have been living in the same apartment since it was completed. It can also be observed that the children of the first-time occupants stay in the settlement and start their own families. Today, the Märkisches Viertel is not one of the designated social hot spots in Berlin, such as the Rollbergsiedlung in Neukölln .
Energy modernization
In 2008, GESOBAU began to modernize more than 13,000 apartments in terms of energy. A pilot project has been running since 2007. The project has an investment volume of 440 million euros and is expected to last around eight years. It is therefore currently the largest renovation project in German residential construction with a model character for the sustainable conversion of large housing estates throughout Germany.
A number of coordinated measures increase the energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of residential buildings. First and foremost is the installation of new, low-loss pipe and distribution systems for the heat supply and the replacement of the radiators. Outdated one-pipe systems are being replaced by two-pipe systems. In order to reduce the heat losses through the building envelope, a thermal insulation composite system is applied to the facade . The roofs (or the ceilings of the top floors) and the basement ceilings are also thermally insulated and the windows replaced. Depending on the building, these measures can cut heating costs by more than half. In total, GESOBAU calculates a reduction in CO 2 emissions (after completion of the measures) of more than 20,000 tons per year.
In the future, new radio-based and remotely readable measuring devices will precisely record the consumption of heating, hot and, for the first time, cold water, allowing tenants to monitor their own consumption habits. Since all the string lines in the walls are being renewed, the client is having the bathrooms modernized and water-saving fittings and devices installed. The outdated, unhygienic garbage chutes are to be closed and replaced by a more environmentally friendly separation system. Areas in the access areas will be unsealed and converted into green spaces.
Because the renovation takes place in inhabited buildings and can affect older people or pregnant women in particular, GESOBAU has initiated a help and support network, especially for older tenants, which integrates social institutions as partners and is intended to make the construction period bearable. Tenants who are particularly stressed can even be given alternative accommodation with their families while their apartment is being renovated. Since September 2008, an information box on the town square on Wilhelmsruher Damm has been informing residents and the public about the modernization.
Green and water areas
In addition to children's playgrounds, numerous green areas and paths between the high-rise buildings and larger green corridors were planned from the start . The almost completely newly planted plants needed time to grow, which gave the impression of a bare concrete desert immediately after completion of the large estate.
In the northern part of the Märkisches Viertel there are two lakes. The smaller midfielder pool, which is accessible only by parkways, and twice as large Seggeluch basin (the name derives from Rush for sedge and Luch for swamp ago), which is divided by a road bridge. Both lakes are connected by small trenches. The trench system runs through the entire northern quarter and was originally used for drainage. During the construction of the Märkisches Viertel, the trenches were channeled, but kept their winding course and were integrated into green corridors in which a diverse bird world settled, and a. the nightingale . In the south, the much larger north ditch took over the drainage. Parts of today's Märkisches Viertel were originally a wetland area , which is why many of the high-rise buildings do not have a basement but have storage rooms on the ground floor, while the apartments are located above.
traffic
The connection to the rapid transit network of Berlin takes place via the S-Bahn and U-Bahn station Wittenau , which is on the western edge of the Märkisches Viertel, but already in the district of Wittenau. Local public transport within the satellite town is handled by buses , which use almost all of the main roads. An extension of the U8 line of the Berlin subway , which would make the district better accessible in terms of high-speed trains , is only planned for the long term. In the 1970s, as part of a development project, considerations were made to replace the bus traffic in the Märkisches Viertel with cabin taxis (a PRT system ). However, the idea was never realized.
Private transport
The central east-west axis is the Wilhelmsruher Damm. Other main roads are: Dannenwalder Weg (development of the southern and northeastern part), Finsterwalder Strasse (northwest), Eichhorster Weg and Schorfheidestrasse (north-south connection in the western third). The Senftenberger Ring plays a special role. Although it is not a main road, it is an essential part of the traffic development in the north of the Märkisches Viertel. It branches off north of Wilhelmsruher Damm, divides after 350 meters and forms a complete ring with a diameter of about 500 meters, which only has two other connections to the outside (Calauer and Wesendorfer Straße).
The street names also explain the origin of the name of the large settlement: They designate places in what was then the Mark Brandenburg . An exception to this is the Wilhelmsruher Damm, which is named after the nearby Wilhelmsruh part of the Pankow district (but leads past this north). This street already existed before the construction of the Märkisches Viertel.
Rail transport
Train
The Wittenau S-Bahn station was already in place before the Märkisches Viertel was built . It lies on the embankment of the Berlin Northern Railway , which forms the western boundary. For two reasons, the station was originally not considered as a transport link for the settlement: Although it is on the east-west main axis, the access was on the northern side, facing away from Wilhelmsruher Damm (at Göschenplatz). The second and more important reason was the special political situation in West Berlin and the S-Bahn , which was operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn until 1984 . The S-Bahn was almost completely boycotted by the population of the Märkisches Viertel ( S-Bahn boycott ). This situation only changed after the BVG took over the S-Bahn in 1984. After modernization work on the S-Bahn line, the south access of the S-Bahn station was put into operation in 1986.
Despite the boycott of the S-Bahn, two measures were carried out in connection with the S-Bahn route in the course of the construction of the Märkisches Viertel in the 1970s: The bridge over the Wilhelmsruher Damm was rebuilt and designed with foresight so that between the There was room for a platform access on both S-Bahn tracks and the platform could begin directly on Wilhelmsruher Damm. The second measure consisted of a new S-Bahn bridge over the newly created Schorfheidestrasse a little further south. Another S-Bahn station was planned here; about halfway between the train stations in Wittenau and Wilhelmsruh .
Subway
The first residents of the Märkisches Viertel were already promised a connection to the subway at the end of the 1960s . Early plans provided for a connection directly from the south, which should end in the Märkisches Zentrum or one station further on Senftenberger Ring. Allegedly there should be smaller preliminary work (rather: constructive considerations) in the area of individual high-rise foundations or foundations. To the south of Wilhelmsruher Damm, there is a free route that is not built on by high-rise buildings (towards Tornower Weg). These plans were never implemented and were discarded by the 1970s at the latest. Instead, a subway line was planned coming from the west under Wilhelmsruher Damm. While the route to the Märkisches Zentrum was clear, there were considerations to dispense with an extension that swung north to Senftenberger Ring, in order to be able to extend the route straight to the district boundary to Pankow after a reunification of the two halves of the city, which was not to be expected at the time.
This plan was only partially implemented to under the S-Bahn station on the western edge. On September 24, 1994 - 20 years after the completion of the Märkisches Viertel - the underground station with the name Wittenau (Wilhelmsruher Damm) was opened. It is an extension of the U8 underground line from Paracelsus-Bad station. At the same time, the S-Bahn station was renamed from Wittenau (Nordbahn) to Wittenau (Wilhelmsruher Damm) . The operational management of the S-Bahn had meanwhile (after the German reunification) passed from the BVG to the S-Bahn Berlin GmbH , a company of the Deutsche Bahn .
tram
The nearest tram route ends east of the Märkisches Viertel at the Rosenthal Nord stop on the Pankow district border. A straight extension over Wilhelmsruher Damm to the west to Wittenau station is in the planning stage. There is a need for this, as there is currently a bus every 2½ minutes in each direction on Wilhelmsruher Damm. The Senate is only hesitant to invest in new tram routes. The route is currently only in long-term planning.
Other routes
The tracks of the Heidekrautbahn have been accessible on the eastern edge of the Märkisches Viertel since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The owner of the railway line, Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn , is planning to recommission the line from Basdorf to Wilhelmsruh S-Bahn station or beyond, including the construction of a new stop on the eastern edge of the Märkisches Viertel. A point in time for the realization cannot be foreseen. On some weekends, special trips with historical - mainly steam-powered - trains are offered by the Berliner Eisenbahnfreunde e.V. on the route to Basdorf. V. carried out.
The line in the north, a section of the Tegel – Friedrichsfelde industrial railway , has been shut down with no prospect of reactivation. The route was never intended for passenger traffic.
Personalities
- Mario Hené , songwriter
- Thorsten Karge , SPD politician
- Benjamin Köhler , soccer player
- Chen Kuen Lee , German-Chinese architect
- Roger Loewig , draftsman, painter and poet
- Horst Mahler , a terrorist of the RAF
- Ulrike Meinhof , RAF terrorist
- Andreas Schmidt , actor and director
- Sido , rapper
- Philip Tägert (stage name: Fil ), comic artist and entertainer
- B-tight , rapper
- Max Willutzki , filmmaker (among other things, he shot the documentary film The Long Jammer in 1973 about tenant protests in the Märkisches Viertel)
See also
- List of streets in Berlin-Märkisches Viertel
- List of cultural monuments in Berlin-Märkisches Viertel
- List of stumbling blocks in Berlin-Märkisches Viertel
- List of cinemas in the Märkisches Viertel
literature
- MV plan documentation / Märkisches Viertel. Verlag Kiepert, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-920597-18-4 .
- Jascha Philipp Braun: Large housing estate in divided Berlin. The Märkisches Viertel and Marzahn as examples of late modern urban planning . Koethen 2019.
- Torsten Birne: Far away - the Märkisches Viertel and Gropiusstadt. Housing construction in West Berlin 1960 to 1972. In: Thorsten Scheer (Hrsg.): City of Architecture - Architecture of the City. Berlin 1900-2000. Exhibition, June 23 to September 3, 2000, Neues Museum, Museum Island, Berlin-Mitte. Nicolai, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-87584-017-8 , pp. 307-313.
- Andreas Hüttner / Azozomox: Of flowers and fairy tales. District organization in the Märkisches Viertel . In: Philipp Mattern (ed.): Tenant struggles. From the German Empire to today - the example of Berlin . Berlin 2018.
- Brigitte Jacob, Wolfgang Schächen : 40 years of the Märkisches Viertel / history and present of a large housing estate. jovis Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-936314-07-1 .
- 100 years of Gesobau. Gesobau, Berlin 2000 (anniversary brochure).
- Christiane Reinecke: On the fringes of society? The Märkisches Viertel - a large West Berlin housing estate and its representation as an urban problem area . In: Zeithistorische Forschungen / Studies in Contemporary History , 11, 2014, pp. 212–234.
Web links
- The district of Märkisches Viertel in the Reinickendorf district's website
- My Märkisches Viertel. District information from GESOBAU
Individual evidence
- ↑ in different spellings: z. B. Strange district or Mark-worthy district
- ^ A b Rolf Rave, Hans-Joachim Knöfel, Jan Rave: Building in the 70s in Berlin. 3. Edition. Kiepert, Berlin 1994.
- ↑ GESOBAU (Ed.): 100 years of Gesobau. Self-published, Berlin 2000, pp. 19-20 (anniversary brochure).
- ↑ GESOBAU (Ed.): 100 years of Gesobau. Self-published, Berlin 2000, p. 25 (anniversary brochure).
- ↑ RBB broadcast on selected Berlin buildings; Mid-September 2016.
- ↑ Slums moved . In: Der Spiegel . No. 37 , 1968 ( online ).
- ↑ Berlin for young people . 3. Edition. 1983 p. 103.
- ↑ Hans-Achim Braune: Cabin taxi (CAT) or BUS? - A utility analysis for the Märkisches Viertel. Dissertation. Technical University of Berlin, Berlin 1976.
- ↑ Berliner Eisenbahnfreunde e. V.
- ↑ Memorial plaque Berlin, Märkisches Viertel, Wilhelmsruher Damm 120
