Oaxaca de Juarez

Oaxaca de Juarez
Coordinates: 17 ° 4 ′  N , 96 ° 43 ′  W Oaxaca de Juarez​ Oaxaca de Juarez on the map of Oaxaca
Location of Oaxaca de Juarez in Mexico
Basic data
Country	Mexico
State	Oaxaca
Municipio	Oaxaca de Juarez
City foundation	1486
Residents	255.029
City insignia
Detailed data
surface	45.9 km 2
Population density	5,556 inhabitants / km 2
height	1550  m
Waters	Río Atoyac
Post Code	68000
prefix	(+52) 951
City patron	Virgen de la Soledad
Website	Oaxaca de Juarez
Oaxaca de Juarez - Santo Domingo Church

Oaxaca de Juárez is the capital of the Mexican state of Oaxaca and is located in a valley of the Sierra Madre del Sur , around 1,550 meters above sea ​​level . The historic center of the city belongs since 1987 to UNESCO - World Heritage Site . In 2010 the city had around 255,000 inhabitants. The city is the seat of the Archdiocese of Antequera and the Municipio of Oaxaca de Juárez .

Origin of name

The name of the city of Oaxaca is derived from Huāxyacac from the Nahuatl language, which was used under the Aztec rule in the 15th century . The name is composed of two parts : huāxin means white headed mimosa , a plant that is very common in the region, yacatl literally means "nose", together with the locative suffix for stems ending in a vowel c : "at the tip". Accordingly, the name would mean "the place at the top of the bald mimosa". A linguistic adaptation by the Spanish conquerors then led to the current “Oaxaca”. In the Indian languages ​​the following names are used: La'A 'or Lula'A in zapoteco, Nunduva or Ñuhundua in Mixtec and others.

The epithet is a tribute to the Mexican president and national hero Benito Juárez , who was of Indian descent and was born nearby.

geography

Geographical location and land use

Oaxaca de Juarez is located in the Central Valley , a main valley of the Sierra Madre del Sur . This mountain range extends over 1000 kilometers southeast of the Sierra Madre Occidental to the isthmus of Tehuantepec in the east and consists of several mountain complexes. The central high valley in which Oaxaca de Juarez is located is surrounded by a series of mountain ranges, the western part of which is known as the Sierra Mixteca . The highest peaks of the Sierra Madre del Sur reach up to 3700 meters. The relief is structured in a very diverse way, as the different types of rock - chalk limestone and granite  - erosion is very strong.

climate

Antequera coat of arms of Oaxaca

Oaxaca de Juárez is located south of the tropic and climatically belongs to the tropics . Due to its topography , however, the state of Oaxaca has great climatic differences. The mean annual temperature on the Pacific coast is 27 degrees Celsius. At an altitude of approx. 1550  m , Oaxaca de Juárez is located in a climatically temperate zone, with an average annual temperature of 22 degrees Celsius. Rain (approx. 675 mm / year) falls mainly in the summer half of the year.

Climate data from Oaxaca de Juarez

month	JAN	FEB	MAR	APR	MAY	JUN	JUL	AUG	SEP	OCT	NOV	DEC
Middle temp. (° C)	17.1	18.9	20.7	22.4	22.6	21.8	20.0	20.6	20.5	19.5	18.4	17.4
Maximum (° C)	25th	27	29	31	31	28	28	27	27	26th	26th	25th
Minimum (° C)	8th	10	12	14th	15th	16	15th	15th	14th	13	11	9
Precipitation (mm)	3	5	15th	38	81	170	89	104	124	51	10	5

Population development

year	2000	2005	2010
Residents	251,846	258.008	255.029

In 2000, 22,388 residents (8.74% of the population) were of indigenous descent. Of these, 10,668 (47.65%) spoke the Zapotec and 4,141 (18.49%) the Mixtec language . In addition, fifteen other indigenous languages ​​are spoken in the state of Oaxaca.

history

Historical plan of the city from 1877

Pre-Hispanic time

Zapotec settlements have been discovered near the city, corresponding to the excavations of Monte Albán , Mitla and Zaachila .

Under the Aztec ruler Ahuitzotl , Aztec rule was established in this region in 1486 and a garrison named Huaxaycac was established in the area of ​​the modern city. Under the Spanish spelling Guaxacac and the autochthonous hieroglyph the place is listed in the Aztec tribute list of the Codex Mendoza .

Colonial times

The first Spaniards to enter the region before the conquest of Tenochtitlan were Hernando Pizarro and Diego de Ordás , who had been sent by Cortés to investigate in 1520. The final submission followed at the end of 1521 by Francisco de Orozco and a little later by Pedro de Alvarado . However, this was not yet associated with pacification; rather, there were several successful attacks by the Mixe and other ethnic groups. With the royal decree of 1526, the distribution of land to Spaniards who had settled there began. On the orders of Hernán Cortés the settlement was abandoned. It was not until 1528, when Cortés traveled to Spain, that he resettled the place under the name Antequera (named after the Andalusian city of Antequera ) and land plots were again awarded. Spanish settlers who settled in the area in the footsteps of Hernán Cortés asked the Spanish queen to grant them title to the land. The actual founding of the city took place a few kilometers from today's city under the name of Anteguera . On July 13, 1529 Juan Peláez de Berrio announced the settlement of the city. The construction of the street network in the city center was undertaken in 1529 by Alonso García Bravo , who had already done this in the city of Mexico . Independently of this, the Spanish king granted Cortés the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca with a decree of July 6, 1529 with large estates scattered all over the country, among which the eponymous of Oaxaca (colonial: Guaxaca, under the administrative name Las Cuatro Villas ) was one of the most important. The seat of the administration of Cortés was the Villa de Guaxaca, also called Villa del Marquesado, which adjoined Antequera (colonial spelling: Anteguera) immediately to the west, which had been left out of the award although it was almost completely enclosed by its lands. On April 25, 1532, Queen Joan of Castile granted the Spanish city communal land within a radius of 1 legua (4.1 km), against which Cortés won in court. On the same date, Charles V elevated the Spanish settlement to the rank of city. In the first two decades, the city had little more than 30 households. The Antequera diocese was established in 1535. Dominicans had been active there since 1528 . In 1560 the first hospital, the Hospital de San Cosme y San Damián, was founded. In 1750 Oaxaca was accepted into the regular postal service of the Viceroyalty of New Spain .

Modern times

• 1812 : During the uprising against the Spanish crown, the Spanish king issues a decree to return land to the Indian population of Oaxaca.
• 1820 : The insurgents under Vicente Guerrero control the Mixteca region.
• 1865 : During the Second Empire (1861–1867) French troops occupy the city (see Maximilian of Mexico ).
• 1866 : The Republicans defeat the French under the leadership of Porfirio Díaz near Miahuatlán and recapture the city.
• 1872 : On October 10, 1872, the city was renamed Oaxaca de Juárez in honor of Benito Juárez , who was of native Indian descent from the area .
• 1955 : The Instituto de Ciencias y Artes becomes the Universidad Benito Juárez de Oaxaca .

On June 30, 1956, two passenger cars derailed from a train from Mexico City near Oaxaca and crashed into a ravine. 30 people died.

• 1987 : The historic center of Oaxaca de Juárez is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.
• 2006 : The city is occupied by the Asamblea Popular de los Pueblos de Oaxaca .

Earthquake in Oaxaca de Juarez

Main portal of the cathedral

Church and Convent of Santo Domingo de Guzmán

Earthquakes have always played a destructive role in the history of the city . For example, the construction work on the cathedral or the government palace was repeatedly set back by earthquakes. Quakes are reported in the literature that caused severe damage in 1562, 1801, 1815, 1821, 1825, 1836 and 1837. However , these earthquakes are not found in historical records (including those of the Universidad National Autónoma de México and the Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia ). In the following, only earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.0 and more are recorded, with effects on the city:

Location ( epicenter )	date	Magnitude
Oaxaca	August 23, 1696	7.5
Oaxaca	December 21, 1701	very strong
Antequera (Oaxaca)	March 28, 1787	k. A.
Oaxaca	March 8, 1800	k. A.
Oaxaca coast	March 22, 1828	7.7
Oaxaca coast	June 17, 1828	8.0
Oaxaca coast	4th August 1828	7.4
Oaxaca coast	October 9, 1828	7.8
Oaxaca	March 9, 1845	8.0
Oaxaca	May 5, 1854	8.0
Huajuapan de León (Oaxaca)	July 19, 1882	strong
Oaxaca Guerrero	January 29, 1899	8.4
Oaxaca-Chiapas	January 14, 1903	8.3
Pinotepa Nacional (Oaxaca)	June 17, 1928	7.6
Puerto Escondido (Oaxaca)	October 9, 1928	7.5
Santa Catarina Juquila (Oaxaca)	January 15, 1931	7.8
Oaxaca	August 23, 1965	7.5
Oaxaca	2nd August 1968	7.3
Oaxaca	November 29, 1978	7.6
Tehuantepec (Oaxaca)	June 22, 1979	7.1
Huajuapan de León (Oaxaca)	October 10, 1980	7.0
Oaxaca	September 30, 1999	7.5
Coast off Oaxaca	September 8, 2017	8.2

In 1999 the city administration decided to set up an earthquake warning system. This system called Sistema de Alerta Sísmica de Oaxaca (SASO) has been in operation since 2003 and is now an integral part of the Mexican earthquake warning system Sistema de Alerta Sísmica Mexicano (SASMEX).

economy

Tourism is now the determining and also the most dynamic sector of the economy. 77 percent of the population work in the service sector - i.e. in trade, gastronomy and the hotel industry. In second place with 20 percent comes the construction sector, energy supply and the manufacturing industry. Agriculture and other sectors together make up only three percent of employment. Oaxaca de Juarez is - despite its tourist attractiveness - one of the poorest provincial capitals in the country. Because of the deforestation of the pine forests and the decades of overgrazing, the region has massive economic and ecological problems.

A survey by the Secretaría de Turismo de Oaxaca from 2004 shows 231 hotels with 5,926 rooms. In 2004 over a million tourists visited the city, but only a little over 160,000 of them came from abroad. Of these, however, Europeans formed the main group with 58.75 percent, ahead of the visitors from the USA. The Germans came third among the Europeans with 13,692 visitors, behind France and Italy.

Attractions

Although several earthquakes hit the city in the past centuries - the last on September 30, 1999 - and many older buildings were destroyed as a result, the center looks relatively intact. It is built in the Spanish colonial style and the social center of the old town is the Zócalo , officially called Plaza De La Constitución . In the summer of 2001, citizen protests prevented the opening of a McDonald’s branch. The Zocalo was restored in 2005 and has been shining in new splendor since July 2005. The historic old town of Oaxaca has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1987 . The reason for inclusion states that the historic old town is a good example of urban planning in the Spanish colonies. The floor plan follows a geometric pattern and the architecture, in terms of its construction, is well adapted to the requirements of an earthquake region. With the commitment of the artist Francisco Toledo , the city has experienced a remarkable cultural boom over the past fifteen years. The most famous contemporary artist in Mexico supports and finances numerous cultural projects in the city and the region. On September 29, 2005, he was awarded the undoped Honorary Prize of the Right Livelihood Award (alternative Nobel Prize) 2005 for his services .

Churches and sacred buildings

View of the Iglesia de Santo Domingo de Guzmán

• Construction of the cathedral began in 1535, but during the construction the construction was destroyed several times by earthquakes. The current building was erected between 1702 and 1733 and consecrated in July 1733. Executed in the classical style, the baroque facade with its rich reliefs is particularly striking.
• The Iglesia de Santo Domingo de Guzmán with the associated Dominican monastery is Oaxaca's most famous church; the building dates mainly from the second half of the 16th century.
• The Iglesia San Augustín belonged to a monastery of the Augustinian order , whose members came to the city in 1556 and founded an Augustinian mission here. A first monastery and church building was completed in 1596. The current baroque church was started in the last decade of the 17th century and was completed in 1722.
• The Church of San Juan de Dios is the oldest surviving church in Oaxaca. The original construction, an adobe chapel, began in the time of Hernán Cortés, in 1521. In 1662 it was destroyed by an earthquake. The current church, which was rebuilt in the same place, was completed in 1703.
• The Iglesia San Felipe Neri is a baroque church whose construction began in 1733 and was completed in 1770. The towers, however, only date from the 19th century.
• The Convent of San Catalina was founded in 1568 by Fray Bernardino de Alburquerque under the name Monasterio del Rosario de María . Construction of the complex began in 1579. Modifications and additions lasted until the 18th century. After the reforms of 1862, the former monastery was initially used as a prison. Then it was a representative building for the city administration, a cinema, a school and from 1976 it is used as a hotel.
• The Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad is about six blocks west of the Zócalo. At the initiative of the chaplain Don Fernando Méndez, construction began in 1682. It was completed in 1689. In 1697 it became a monastery church and was given the title of basilica by Bishop Isidro Sariñana y Cuenca . The building is in the baroque style, with a richly decorated facade in the area of ​​the main portal and a mighty lead-clad portal. Inside the church there is a statue of the Virgin Mary, which, according to legend, was found in the saddlebag of a mule that is said to have collapsed at this point. The Virgen de la Soledad (in German: Our Lady of Solitude ) is the patron saint of the city.

Public buildings

New Year's Eve jewelry on Calle 5 de Mayo

• The former government palace Palacio de Gobierno , on the south side of the Zocaló, was destroyed several times by earthquakes. The first building dates from 1783. The earthquakes of 1787 and 1801 damaged it so badly that reconstruction only began in 1832. After numerous interruptions, the building was put into use in 1884. In 1931, however, it was so badly affected by an earthquake that the repair took from 1936 to 1948. Some of the interiors were decorated with wall paintings by Arturo García Bustos in the 1980s . These show scenes from the pre-Columbian period, allegorical motifs, but also deal with contemporary topics such as school education. Today administrative offices are located here.
• The Oaxaca State Public Library is housed in a building that is considered a particularly fine example of colonial architecture. Erected in the 18th century, it encloses three inner courtyards lined with arcades, with the arcades also continuing on the upper floor.

Museums and galleries

Uniform of Porfirio Díaz in the Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca

Installation in front of the Museo de Arte Contemporaneo (MACO)

• The Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca (formerly Museo Regional de Oaxaca ) resides in the former monastery of Santo Domingo de Guzmán . The complex is one of the most important architectural witnesses of the Spanish colonization of the 16th and 17th centuries in Mexico. Work began in 1552 and continued well into the middle of the following century. The construction was never completed. Nevertheless, it served the Dominican Order between 1608 and 1857 as a spiritual and cultural center in the region. Between 1860 and 1994 part of the building was used by the Mexican military. Another part housed facilities of the Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca until 1974 . From 1974 the Museo Regional de Oaxaca was established in this area . From 1993 the entire complex was restored and given its current purpose. The fourteen exhibition halls show a cross-section of the archeology, ethnography and history of the Oaxaca region. Among other things, the pre-Columbian finds from grave no. 7 from Monte Alban are exhibited in one of the halls.
• The Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Oaxaca (MACO) - the museum for contemporary art - is housed in the Casa de Cortés, one of the oldest and most beautiful colonial buildings. The building dates from the end of the 17th century and encloses three beautiful inner courtyards. It has served as a museum since February 28, 1992 and houses numerous works by artists such as Rufino Tamayo , Francisco Toledo , Rodolfo Morales , Rodolfo Nieto and Francisco Gutiérrez . Numerous sculptures and sculptures are exhibited in the inner courtyards. There are also workshops where children can learn artistic techniques.
• The Museo Arte Prehispánico de Rufino Tamayo , only two blocks north of the Zócalo, presents a remarkable collection of pre-Columbian art. The collection of the artist Rufino Tamayo, who died in 1990 and which he bequeathed to the city, forms the basis of the collection. The exhibition rooms were also designed by Rufino Tamayo.
• The small Museo de la Soledad , near the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad , mainly displays devotional objects and folk art that deals with the veneration of the Virgen de la Soledad .
• The Instituto de Artes Gráficos de Oaxaca (IAGO) is a foundation by the artist Francisco Toledo . The collection includes more than 9,000 graphics, including by artists such as Picasso and Otto Dix . An extensive library with more than 20,000 volumes is attached.
• The Museo Casa de Juárez has been providing an insight into the life and work of Beníto Juárez since it was established in 1974. In the small colonial building, furnishings, personal objects and documents that belonged to the Mexican national hero are displayed. He is said to have lived in this house for some time from 1818.
• The Centro Fotográfico Álvarez Bravo was also founded by Francisco Toledo. Changing exhibitions take place in four halls. A photo laboratory, work and training facilities, the Jorge Luis Borges library and a media library are connected.

Zócalo

Balloon seller on the Alameda de Léon

• The Museo Philatélica de Oaxaca , on Calle de Reforma No. 504, is considered the leading postage stamp museum in Mexico.
• The Teatro Macedonio Alcalá was commissioned by the Mexican President Porfirio Díaz and completed in 1903. The theater seats 1,300 and is located on Avenida 5 de Mayo.
• The planetarium , on the Cerro del Fortín, was built in 1973 with the help of the Californian twin town Palo Alto .

Markets

• Mercado Benito Juarez Maza
• Market of 20 de Noviembre
• Mercado de Artesanías
• Mercado de Abastos

Parks and gardens

• The Zócalo (main square) - or Plaza de la Constitución , as the official name is - was laid out in 1529 by the city's founders. With its numerous restaurants and cafés, it is still the social center of the city. Its southern side is bordered by the former Palacio del Gobierno .
• The small Alameda de Léon square forms the northern continuation of the Zócalo. Originally initiated by Benito Juárez in 1840, this square was supposed to be a small copy of the Alameda Central in Mexico City .
• The Jardín Etnobotánico de Oaxaca ( Ethnobotanical Garden), at the former Santo Domingo de Guzmán monastery, was established in 1993. In addition to a cross-section through the flora of the regions of Mexico, the park is primarily intended to document and classify the plants of the Oaxaca region.
• Parque Benito Juarez
• Cerro de Fortin
• Parque Comunal de San Felipe

Festivals

In addition to national festivals, such as B. the Dia de los Muertos (Dead Days), which are particularly intensely celebrated in Oaxaca, Oaxaca also has its own cultural fiestas. Oaxaca is known for the Guelaguetza , a dance festival that takes place on the two Mondays after July 16 in honor of the goddess the Maises Cinteótl . This huge fiesta attracts thousands of visitors from all over Mexico and many international guests to Oaxaca every year. There are other celebrations around the main festival: Fiesta de la Virgen del Carmen about a week before July 16, a big hype with many processions and fireworks is held near the Templo de Carmen. On the Desfile de Delagaciones , which takes place on the Sunday afternoon before the first Guelaguetzamonday, delegations from all regions of the state of Oaxaca pass through the city.

The Bani Studi Gual will be on the Plaza de la Danza on the Sunday evening before the first

Mitla

Guelaguetzamontag organized.

In the immediate vicinity of Oaxaca

• El árbol del Tule (Tule Tree), with a height of 40 meters and a circumference of 52.58 meters, it is one of the oldest trees in the world, around 2000 years old.
• the archaeological site of Mitla , "place of the dead", built by the Mixtecs and known for the facade decoration with numerous diamond and meander patterns.
• the ancient Zapotec capital Monte Albán , which was classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987 .

Local peculiarities

The state of Oaxaca is known for having the best cuisine in all of Mexico.

• Oaxaca is famous for the Mole Negro : a cocoa sauce with nuts, chillies and other spices. This sauce is served with pork, beef or chicken. They are also available in other colors: Amarillo (yellow), Coloradito (reddish), Almendrado (with almonds), Verde (green) and Colorado (red).
• Chapulines : These are cooked grasshoppers that can be found in every market in Oaxaca. After the chapulines have been cooked and sun-dried, they are fried with garlic , chilli and lemon juice .
• Quesillo, the cheese from Oaxaca. He gives the quesadillas, tortillas with melted cheese, a special taste.
• Mezcal is an alcoholic drink made from special agave species , similar to tequila , which is more popular in Europe . It is mainly produced in the region around the city of Oaxaca. The marketing gimmick to trap a moth caterpillar in the bottle comes from this region.

Personalities

• Benito Juárez (1806–1872), politician
• Porfirio Díaz (1830–1915), general and politician
• Rufino Tamayo (1899–1991), artist
• Francisco Gutiérrez Carreola (1906–1945), painter and graphic artist
• Rodolfo Morales (1925-2001), painter
• Francisco Toledo (1940–2019), artist and recipient of the undoped Honorary Prize of the Right Livelihood Award 2005 (alternative Nobel Prize)
• Javier Aquino (* 1990), football player

educational institutions

Oaxaca de Juárez is the seat of the Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca , whose buildings are distributed throughout the city center. This institution was created by a decree of the government of Oaxaca of August 26, 1826 under the name Instituto de Ciencias y Artes del Estado (State Institute of Sciences and Arts) and opened its doors for the first time on January 8, 1827. Medicine, surgery, public law, canon law, political economy, statistics, physics, geography, mathematics, ethics, English and French were taught. In 1955 the current name was given. Teaching is currently divided into six faculties.

• Faculty of natural sciences, with the subjects physics, biology, computer science and mathematics
• Medical school
• Faculty of Business and Economics
• Law and social sciences faculty, with degrees in various legal subjects
• Faculty of Linguistics, with degrees in English and Spanish
• two faculties for architecture and restoration

There are also training courses in art, chemistry and nursing.

traffic

Bus stop in Oaxaca de Juarez

The Xoxocotlán International Airport ( IATA code OAX) is located approximately 10 km south of the city center. Most of the flights go to Mexico City . There are also direct flights to Huatulco , Cancun , Tijuana and Houston . Small regional airlines offer flights to Puerto Escondido and Puerto Ángel on the Pacific coast as well as to Tuxtla Gutiérrez .

There are two bus stations, one for first class and another for second class. There are also connections to all major cities in the state of Oaxacas, including the coastal cities of Huatulco, Puerto Escondido, Puerto Ángel and Pinotepa Nacional . There are also connections to Puebla , Mexico City and other Mexican cities such as Veracruz .

Oaxaca de Juárez is well integrated into the Mexican highway network. The fastest connection to Puebla and Mexico City is via the MEX-135D toll motorway . The Panamericana runs through Oaxaca de Juárez with the MEX-190 , which leads northwest towards Mexico City and southeast towards Salina Cruz and the neighboring state of Chiapas . The roads MEX-175 (via Pochutla to Puerto Ángel) and MEX-OAX-161 (to Puerto Escondido) lead south to the Pacific coast. The MEX-175 road leads north to the neighboring state of Veracruz .

Oaxaca de Juarez in literature

The city is a major setting in the novel, Street of Miracles by John Irving .

literature

• Richard Ford: Damned luck. Novel. From the American by Hans Hermann. ISBN 3-499-12539-0
• DH Lawrence: Mexican morning. Travel diaries. ISBN 3-257-21311-5
• Patrick Marnham: So far from God. A trip to Central America. Translated from the English by Adelheid Dormagen. ISBN 3-257-01819-3

Web links

Commons : Oaxaca  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Entry on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).
• City website (Spanish)
• Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México: Oaxaca de Juárez (Spanish)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ No. 415 of the Unesco World Heritage List: Historic Center of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán, z. B. in: [1]
2. ↑ Oaxaca . [town] . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 19 : Mun - Oddfellows . London 1911, p. 941 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
3. ↑ Oaxaca . In: Encyclopedia of Mexican States
4. ↑ Oaxaca de Juárez - climate tables
5. ↑ Oaxaca de Juárez - population development
6. ↑ ^{a b c} Fundación e historia de Oaxaca de Juárez .
7. ^ Peter Gerhard: Geografía histórica de la Nueva España 1519-1821. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 1986. ISBN 968-36-0293-2
8. ^ Bernardo García Martínez: El Marquesado del Valle . El Colegio de México, México 1969.
9. ^ William B. Taylor: Landlord and peasant in colonial Oaxaca . Stanford University Press, Stanford 1972. ISBN 0-8047-0796-0
10. ↑ Guillermo Fajardo-Ortiz: Los tres primeros hospitales de la ciudad de Oaxaca . In: Cir Ciruj 2005, 73: p. 417-420.
11. ^ Peter WB Semmens: Catastrophes on rails. A worldwide documentation. Transpress, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-344-71030-3 , p. 155.
12. ↑ US Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center ( Memento of October 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
13. ↑ JM Espinosa-Aranda, A. Cuéllar, G. Ibarrola, R. Islas, A. García, FHRodríguez, B. Frontana: The Seismic Alert System of Mexico (SASMEX) and their Alert Signals broadcast results . In: Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering . Lisbon 2012 (English, iitk.ac.in - website of the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur [PDF; 611 kB ]).
14. ^ Right Livelihood Awards
15. ↑ Oaxaca de Juarez - Iglesia de Santo Domingo de Guzmán
16. ^ ^{A b} Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca: Nuestra Historia. ( Memento from June 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
17. ↑ Datos Viales Oaxaca 2013 (PDF)

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on October 9, 2005 .