Paul Moder

Paul Moder (1933)

Paul Moder (born October 1, 1896 in Neheim , Westphalia province ; † February 8, 1942 near Maly Kalinez , Novgorod Oblast ) was a German National Socialist politician , Freikorps and SS leader. From 1932 he was a member of the Reichstag , after the “ seizure of power ” in the city of Altona, he was a member of the magistrate and was involved in the implementation of Nazi rule, and finally during the German occupation of Poland in World War II, SS and police leader in Warsaw .

From 1922/23, Moder had played a leading role in building up the NSDAP local group in Altona , in organizing the local SA from 1925 and in expanding the SS from 1931. This is one of the reasons why his biography, which was characterized by anti-bourgeois-radical activism, differed from that of many other former leading National Socialists in Altona such as Hinrich Lohse and Emil Brix , who, despite all their verbal radicalism, corresponded to the normal image of the upwardly-oriented, petty-bourgeois party politician.  

During the German Empire and the First World War

The son of a hotelier from Neheim in Westphalia left the secondary school in Koblenz prematurely to report to arms in August 1914 as a war volunteer . He was wounded in the Battle of Verdun in 1916. During the war he was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd and 1st class. He was promoted to lieutenant in the reserve and used as an air observer until the end of the war. After his discharge from the army, he switched to a commercial profession. At the time, “businessman” was a common job title that many former officers also chose to hide their illegal military activities. Paul Moder is also said to have worked as a dispatch manager, correspondent and journalist. About his appearance it was said that he was "a beautiful man, 1.76 m tall and a good appearance, so that he had success with women".

From the Roßbach organization to the NSDAP

The first post-war years in Altona

In the spring of 1922 Moder came to the Holstein city ​​of Altona, where he joined former Freikorps fighters around Lieutenant Gerhard Roßbach . Roßbach had fought with his Freikorps as part of the Eastern Border Guard in the Baltic States , in 1920 against the Red Ruhr Army and in 1920/21 - in the run-up to the referendum on its state affiliation - in Upper Silesia and after the forced dissolution of the corps placed his men in various front organizations.

As early as 1919, various paramilitary groups had formed in the “red Altona” in order to reverse the results of the revolution and to restore “peace and order”. They were recruited from returned, demobilized soldiers, former volunteer corps members and, in some cases, from members of the Altona-Bahrenfeld police training school on Theodorstraße. Some of them had already contributed to the suppression of the Spartakist uprising in Bahrenfeld (February 5 to 7, 1919) and the "hunger riots" (June 24 to July 1, 1919, triggered by the "Hamburg boil uprising" ) the police jail and the district court had been stormed and prisoners had been released. The paramilitary groups included, for example, a vigilante group (code name: “The Cloud”, later “ Freiwillige Wachabteilung Bahrenfeld ”), which, on the initiative of the Hamburg overseas merchant Richard C. Krogmann, was made up of officers and sergeants, but also schoolchildren and students like the 17-year-old , later SS-General Bruno Straßenbach and for whose organization Gustav Noske's former adjutant Edouard Becker was responsible. This well-armed military association, which received financial donations from Hamburg's bourgeois families, soon found its permanent base in the barracks complex on Luruper Chaussee in Bahrenfeld with the support of the local command.
Their leaders combined these groups into militarily organized combat units, which organized exercises in the Altona area and developed coup plans for northern Germany. In March 1920, during the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch , some of them had moved to the Altona town hall alongside members of the Reichswehr and had demanded the transfer of political power, but were turned down by members of the SPD - DDP magistrate with the support of republican home guard associations.

Many of these groups were connected to the NSDAP , which was founded in Munich in 1920 and which soon spread across the whole of the Reich; The Roßbach Bund was also a collective member of the party as early as 1922. Traumatized by the experiences and disappointed with the outcome of the war, the “unworthy departure” of the emperor and the unsuccessfulness of the Freikorps enterprise, without a soldiery future and professional prospects, many of them had turned away from national conservatism and an actionist , revolutionary one Turned to nationalism, in which ethnic and anti-Semitic motives often found place. A small local NSDAP group already existed in neighboring Hamburg in the spring of 1921, which subsequently worked with the Altona combat units. Moder also joined the party as an individual in the summer of 1922 and helped found the Altona local group in 1923, with Hinrich Lohse soon becoming its leader .

The "Kampfbund Roland"

Shortly after his arrival in Altona, Paul Moder was appointed commander of the Roßbach organization there. In the spring of 1922, a group of initially 24 members of the local police, who had come together during their training under the cover name “Association for the Protection of the Interests of German Border Markers”, joined the Rossbachers. In addition to Moder, there were two other former free corps fighters, Alf Krüger and Rittmeister a. D. Raben, responsible for organizing and training the group; Initially, it also provided the hall protection for meetings of the Hamburg NSDAP, before they created their own Sturmabteilung (SA) in 1923 . This event protection often consisted of violent action against any critics who were beaten out of the hall and often beaten to hospital maturity - as the Altonaer SA, commanded by Moder, was later to practice.

In September 1922, after the murder of Walther Rathenau , Krüger and Moder reorganized their troops, which had grown to 103 members, in three military trains, of which the "Zug Bahrenfeld" comprised over 30 police candidates and six members of the police barracks in Viktoriastrasse, now Eggerstedtstrasse. The police officers, who called themselves "Turnerschaftlicher Kameradschaftsbund 'Roland'" at that time, had managed to hide their membership of the Roßbach group, so that in November 1922, unlike other anti-republican secret societies, they were banned from the NSDAP and related parties Groups were not mentioned as a result of the Republic Protection Act and thus remained unmolested by the police leadership under Senator Walther Lamp'l (SPD). The group's meeting points included several bars in the city, such as the “Schützenhof”, the “Alte Gasthaus” and the waiting room at Altona main station .

As a result of the galloping inflation and the beginning of the occupation of the Ruhr , the organization gained numerous new members in Altona around the turn of the year 1922/23 and was divided into several hundred groups under the name "Kampfbund Roland", analogous to the SA; End of January 1923 took Moder, Kruger and other members of this group at the first NSDAP Nazi Party participate in Munich. Encouraged by the call by the Reich government under Wilhelm Cuno to passively resist the occupation of the Ruhr, the Kampfbund joined forces with other armed forces from the neighboring cities of Hamburg and Altona to form the “Working Group of Patriotic Combat Units”, which had its headquarters in Altona and was connected to the Reichswehr leadership were rumored. The Kampfbund Roland contributed considerably to the secret depots that this working group created with weapons "branched off" from the police. There were also detailed putsch plans, which after a raid on the Altona captain a. D. August Fleck were found and on June 27, 1923 were the subject of a debate in the Hamburg citizenship .

Hotel Kaiserhof (right) at Altona main station

On the night of February 17-18, 1923, a secret meeting of leading representatives of various political and military organizations, including the NSDAP successor Großdeutsche Arbeiterpartei and the Deutschvölkische Freedom Party , had already taken place in Altona's " Hotel Kaiserhof " , which was also attended by Moder , Raben and, as speakers, Rossbach participated. The police lifted this event and arrested Raben and Roßbach - but not Paul Moder - but released them 24 hours later. According to Police Chief Lamp'l, "most of the people gathered between the ages of 19 and 25 were ... armed with manslaughter, steel rods, ... stabbing and some even with firearms!" However, these events did not lead to action against Roland or the study group.

In the election for the Altona city council on May 4, 1924, the Völkisch-Soziale Block (VSB), in which several members of the banned NSDAP had entered, received 8,005 votes (corresponding to 8.9%), mostly from the bourgeois residential areas, and went along with them five members, including Hinrich Lohse , in the local parliament . The two MPs, school rector Johannes Laß and painter Karl Johannsen, who previously did not belong to the NSDAP, were urged to renounce their mandate shortly afterwards. The Roland-Bund had organized the protection of the VSB election events under Moder's leadership.

Development of the SA and rise of the Altona NSDAP

After Hitler was released from prison in December 1924, the NSDAP was re-established in February 1925. In Altona, too, a new local NSDAP group was formed immediately - the first in Schleswig-Holstein  - from the Völkisch-Soziale Block and other groups such as the German-Völkisch freedom movement. On March 1, 1925, the NSDAP-Gau Schleswig-Holstein was founded in Neumünster , the head of which was the Altona local group leader Lohse. For some time, Altona was the "Gau capital of the Nordmark". In the meantime, Wilhelm von Allwörden and Paul Moder, who had NSDAP membership number 9.425, built up the first SA departments from the Kampfbund Roland and younger male NSDAP members , which from February 1926 had their meeting points and bases in various restaurants (“Sturmlokale "Or" SA barracks ") had - initially only in the" better residential areas "of Altona, but towards the end of the 1920s also increasingly in the districts dominated by social democrats (Ottensen, Bahrenfeld, Lurup ) and communist ( old town ), where there were also inns who sympathized with the NSDAP. Most of these meeting points were in districts or apartment blocks in which the party also achieved relatively good election results. From September 1925, the SA appeared regularly as a hall guard at party meetings and public propaganda events in Altona. These always resulted in "almost obligatory brawls [with] communists, which made the intervention of the police necessary". After a Goebbels inflammatory speech against the republic and workers' parties on March 30, 1927, a battle in the hall broke out, which continued on the surrounding streets and resulted in around 25 injuries. As a result, the NSDAP local group not only had to pay for the property damage of well over 1,000 RM, but until 1929 had considerable difficulties in finding an event room in Altona at all.

When it was re-established in 1925, the party had 121 members; between summer 1929 and spring 1931 the number rose from around 300 to 1,300 people. Initially, however, this did not go hand in hand with any comparable electoral successes: in the city council election in 1927, only one National Socialist entered the local parliament , 1929 - Altona had meanwhile increased its population to around 240,000 through incorporation due to the Groß-Altona law , the social democrat Max Brauer was newer Lord Mayor - 6,880 votes were enough for three seats. Moder himself moved to Munich in February 1927 ; Together with several dozen other SA members around the SA leader Edmund Heines , the leader of the Munich Roßbacher, he was temporarily excluded from the party and the SA in early June 1927. The background to this measure was that parts of the Munich SA around Heines mutinied in May 1927 against the legality course of the party leadership around Hitler and instead called for a more “activist” (i.e. revolutionary) strategy to take over power. In an effort to discipline the Munich SA, the party leadership had scheduled a general roll call in the Hirschbräukeller for May 25, 1927, and announced that any SA man who stayed away would be expelled from the party. Around a third of the Munich SA men, including Moder, did not follow this appeal in protest against the line of the party leadership and were then expelled from the party by the investigative and arbitration committee of the party leadership at the request of Franz Pfeffer von Salomon. However, the break with the party cannot have been too deep: In a criminal case before the Munich Regional Court because of intruding into the spell of the Bavarian State Parliament in an unauthorized elevator, which took place in December 1927, Heines, Moder and a few others were former SA men already defended again by Hitler's personal lawyer Hans Frank .

From April 1930 to September 1931 Moder worked as an employee of the NSDAP Reich leadership. In 1929/30, after the campaign against the Young Plan had begun, and particularly favored by unemployment as a result of the global economic crisis , Altonaer SA received a large number of visitors. For some members of the Stahlhelm , the Nazis had become "acceptable" and because of their strength and their rapidly increasing activities, they had become attractive; the presence of the SA on Altona's streets, but also in numerous propaganda events, rose sharply from mid-1930. In addition, the unemployed became the main target group for recruitment attempts by the National Socialists, who were able to benefit from the material worries of the socially declassified and their dissatisfaction with “the system”. Finally, some residents of the communist strongholds in the old town ("Little Moscow"), who themselves did not tend towards the KPD, promised themselves a certain protection from the SA against the likewise increasing activities of the communist organizations. The majority of the SA men and in particular their management level, however, still came from the petty-bourgeois milieu or the old middle class - similar to the structure of the NSDAP local group: of the members who joined before January 30, 1933, 38.1% were employees or civil servants, 24 , 3% master craftsmen, medium-sized and retailers, 17.1% skilled and 15.5% unskilled workers.

In September 1931 Paul Moder returned to Altona, where the street fighting between SA, Reichsbanner and Rotfrontkampfbund began, which culminated in the Altona Bloody Sunday after the two-month SA ban (June 14, 1932) was lifted . Due to his many years of experience, Moder was accepted into the SS in 1931 (SS No. 11.716), which Heinrich Himmler had expanded considerably since 1929, and as leader of the 4th SS, which was stationed initially in Wesselburen , from September 1932 in Hartenholm and from April 1933 in Altona -Standard "Schleswig-Holstein" employed full time. Although he had always seen himself as a “man of action” and less as a party politician, Moder allowed himself to be put up for the Reichstag election on July 31, 1932 as a candidate for the NSDAP and won a mandate. Before he was put on the party list, Gauleiter Lohse had to get in touch with SS-Gruppenführer Dietrich because there was a second SS candidate of equal rank, Standartenführer Alfred Rodenbücher . In the predominantly rural Schleswig-Holstein (constituency 13), the National Socialists were able to unite well over 50% of the votes at this point; she won eight of the 14 mandates in that province. However, he had conducted his election campaign in the usual brutal manner: in ten towns in Schleswig-Holstein, continuing the tradition of the radical wing of the rural people's movement under Claus Heim , this summer he organized bomb attacks on SPD and KPD members. In November 1932 he was sentenced to six and a half years in prison for this, but was released immediately after he was re-elected on November 6 and the Reichstag had restored his immunity to exempt him from prison , and never had to serve this sentence.

In the "advertising march" of numerous Schleswig-Holstein SA trains through Altona on July 17, 1932, Moder was apparently not personally involved - at least not in an official capacity: in the literature on this "Altona Blood Sunday" there is only evidence that SS people from Hamburg took part in this provocative parade through "Little Moscow". The Altona SA trains were at the center of the disputes, especially the notorious 2nd storm (officially: Sturm 31/2), also known as the Richter storm after its leader, the baker and confectioner Hubert Richter. And shortly before Bloody Sunday there had already been three violent SA marches in Altona on July 8, 10 and 11, in which SS men were also involved.

Nevertheless, the NSDAP achieved a breakthrough in the Reichstag elections in November : The party was only in second place in the districts of Altstadt (behind the KPD), Ottensen , Bahrenfeld and Lurup (behind the SPD), while its strongholds were especially in the It was not until 1927 that the upper bourgeois suburbs of Rissen , Sülldorf , Oevelgönne (over 50%), Blankenese and Othmarschen (over 40%) were incorporated, partly against fierce local resistance .

In the Third Reich

“Takeover” in Altona

In the Reichstag election of March 5, 1933 , Paul Moder won another seat in constituency 13.

On March 10, 1933 at midnight - two days before the city council election - the SS occupied the Altona town hall under his leadership and declared Mayor Brauer and the magistrate deposed. The new Lord Mayor Emil Brix , a member of the Altona National Socialists since 1925 and a member of the Prussian state parliament, reported to the Prussian Interior Minister on March 11th that he had

“Yesterday, out of its own power, the SS Altona under the leadership of SS-Oberführer Moder, Md R., had the Altona town hall occupied. ... the handover went off without any difficulties. I campaigned myself as acting lord mayor. The departments of the magistrate were temporarily filled as follows: Construction and police: Pg. Heinrich Schmidt, ... Polizeil. Specialist of the komm. Lord Mayor: Pg. Police Captain Munkel.

The executive power was passed on to SS-Oberführer Moder, while at the same time being appointed town commander. The other departments report directly to the acting mayor. The SS keeps the town hall occupied and guarantees peace and order. ... In the course of the night, SS men continued to arrest the Social Democratic member of the Landtag, Bugdahn, with five other SPD functionaries, all of whom were handed over to the Altona police headquarters, which has taken the gentlemen into protective custody. "

In contrast to newspaper reports, Paul Moder did not take on executive power in Altona. Emil Brix emphasized this in an addendum to the above-mentioned letter: “SS-Oberführer Moder is not, as erroneously stated, the owner of the executive power, but commands the SA and SS auxiliaries deployed to protect the town hall and the municipal buildings . ”Contrary to later assertions in the regional historical literature, Moder also did not become police senator of Altona. Until the end of March 1933, his power was limited to the command of the SA and SS units, which operated without a legal basis. Apart from the fact that the Altona police senator was not responsible for the Prussian police in Altona, but only had regulatory authority tasks, Moder agreed with the responsible police president Diefenbach (DVP). At the end of March 1933 Paul Hinkler (NSDAP) became police president for Altona-Wandsbek, and thus the Prussian police were subordinate to a National Socialist.

Moders SS ranks	appointment
Sturmführer	September 1, 1931
Sturmbannführer	September 20, 1931
Standartenführer	October 18, 1931
Oberführer	October 6, 1932
Brigade leader	December 15, 1933
Squad leader	November 9, 1936
Hauptsturmführer of the Reserve (Waffen-SS)	July 19, 1941
Sturmbannführer of the Reserve (Waffen-SS)	November 9, 1941

In the local elections on March 12, the NSDAP received only a good 46% of the votes and 30 of the 61 city council seats, but because the ten KPD members were immediately taken into “ protective custody ” and several of the 16 social democratic city councilors hid or fled the city , the new rulers also had a solid majority in the local parliament, especially after the five city councilors of the Kampfbund Schwarz-Weiß-Rot and the representatives of the national bourgeoisie transferred to the NSDAP in March.

Paul Moder was appointed unpaid city councilor on October 10th and should then succeed Hinkler, who had been transferred to Berlin, as police chief for Altona-Wandsbek. Since Hinkler was unable to assert himself against internal competitors in his new position as head of the nationwide Gestapo office in Berlin, it never came to that. Hinkler returned to Altona in November 1933, and Moder was promoted to SS Brigade Leader at the end of 1933 and compensated in February 1934 with the management of SS Section III (Berlin).

The main instrument for the implementation of the Volksgemeinschaft ideology in Altona was the " Gleichschaltung" , i.e. the subordination of the cultural, educational and leisure facilities or public life as a whole to a central management, which had previously been distributed among different, often private organizations. The Prussian police (and in 1933 also the SA) had two tasks: on the one hand, tracking down all persons and groups who were actually or supposedly in opposition to the new rulers and, on the other hand, securing the goals of the partially competing owners communal and party offices were formulated. In the town hall itself, numerous administrative employees were dismissed even before the Professional Civil Servants Act came into force and largely replaced by Nazi followers or well-known opponents of the “Weimar system”. After power was handed over to the National Socialists, a total of 223 employees in Altona were dismissed in 1933.

With regard to the first set of tasks, the forces subordinate to the police president in Altona, including the SA men deployed as auxiliary police, worked with the same brutality and efficiency as in other regions of the Reich. The deposed Max Brauer was able to go into hiding in time, but ex-Senator for Construction Gustav Oelsner was arrested on March 11 and Otto Eggerstedt , the Social Democratic Police President who had been deposed in July 1932, on May 27, 1933. In Altona, too, whose Jewish community numbered a good 2,500, the first boycotts against Jewish businesses took place on April 1, 1933, organized by the SA . The residents of the local strongholds of the SPD and KPD were, so to speak, under general suspicion and were also subject to reprisals by the police.

With regard to the second area of ​​responsibility, an “Office for Art and Culture” was created as one of the first measures to coordinate the various state activities, while private companies and associations were forced to join the “Volksbund für Volkstum und Heimat” if they did not - such as the numerous Altona workers' sports clubs immediately after the fire in the Reichstag ( communist ) or in May 1933 ( social democratic ) - were completely banned. In addition, there were publicly staged mass events in 1933/34 such as the birthday party of the local poet Charlotte Niese , a “Skagerrak celebration” on the occasion of a visit by a fleet unit in the port, the sporty “youth festival” in the municipal stadium or the opening of the airfield on Luruper Chaussee. However, these measures did not prevent Altona from rejecting the new regime worth mentioning until at least the end of 1933: On the occasion of the referendum on the departure of the German League of Nations on November 12th of that year, 13.5% voted no (in Schleswig-Holstein a total of 10, 7%, in the German Reich only 6.6%).

In the course of 1934 Heinrich Himmler summoned Paul Moder to Berlin . His departure from Altona also turned into such a public demonstration of the community idea, as the Nazi newspaper Der Attack wrote:

“Moder associate memories of a difficult battle with Altona. The Roßbach company under his leadership formed the basis of the Altona SS. ... After the news of Moder's transfer became known, the Altona SS-Sturmbann prepared him ... an honor. At 7 o'clock in the evening the Sturmbann was standing in front of the 'Haus der Jugend' on Adolf-Hitler-Platz. To the sound of the presentation march, Brigadefuehrer Moder paced the front of the men with whom he had fought and suffered for the movement for the last time. "

SS leaders in Berlin and Warsaw

Moders announced the murder of actor and collaborator Igo Sym in Warsaw in March 1941.

Moder's announcement about the execution of Polish hostages in Warsaw on March 11, 1941.

In Berlin he became head of the East / Spree section and deputy to the Obergruppenführer Sepp Dietrich . In addition, until 1939 he was a member of the powerless and increasingly seldom meeting of the Nazi Reichstag , after he was last confirmed as a member of the Berlin constituency 3 in December 1938. In his private life he had considerable financial problems; so he informed Himmler in 1937 that he had had to take out an interest-free loan of 15,000 RM from the Hamburg merchant Hermann Fürchtegott Reemtsma in order to be able to compensate his wife in the event of a divorce.

On November 1, 1939, soon after the German invasion of Poland , Himmler sent Paul Moder to the Generalgouvernement, politically headed by Hans Frank , as SS and Police Leader Warsaw, where he worked until July 1941. Moder's immediate superior in the General Government was the Higher SS and Police Leader Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger .

Rest of the ghetto wall in a Warsaw backyard

During this time the Warsaw Ghetto was set up, which was guarded by Moder's unit, and forced labor for Jewish residents was introduced. On March 30, 1940, the security police arrested around 1,000 members of the Polish resistance who were sentenced to death from the beginning of May. In April 1940, a wall was built around the ghetto, and from November it was only allowed to leave with a permit. Securing and controlling these measures fell within Moder's area of ​​responsibility. It is possible that he - like his adjutant von Eupen, who was later accused - also personally enriched himself through confiscations .

From the end of May to the beginning of June 1940, Moder took part in the campaign in the west in France for a few weeks and was awarded the EK I clasp for his work there .

In direct temporal connection with the German attack on the Soviet Union (from June 1941) Paul Moder himself took leave to visit his family in Berlin for a longer period of time; his direct superior Kruger reported this arbitrary decision to the SS Personnel Main Office. Moder claimed that Krüger had informed him that the holiday ban had been lifted. There must be speculation as to whether this concealed a deeper conflict between the two men, as well as whether Himmler's subsequent decision - as Friedman suspected - was made out of spontaneous anger or out of disappointment with the " old fighter " he always encouraged . In any case, Moder was removed from his position by the Reichsführer SS on July 19, 1941 , replaced by Arpad Wigand and assigned to the SS Totenkopf Division on the Eastern Front. Apparently he also proved himself there: On November 9, 1941, he was appointed Sturmbannführer d. R. promoted to the Waffen SS . In February 1942 he fell at the beginning of the encirclement near Demyansk near Maly Kalinez in the Novgorod region . Himmler personally condensed Moder's widow.

In December 1942, u. a. his gold party badge and his SS driver's license among the stolen goods of an SS man and Reichsbahn conductor.

Archival tradition

A number of personal documents on Moder have been preserved in the Federal Archives: For example, SS personnel files (R 9361-III / 543787 and R 9361-III / 149430), a file with NSDAP party correspondence about him (R 9361-II / 717468), a file from the Propaganda Ministry on him (R 55/23682), a file from the Supreme Party Court of the NSDAP on him (R 9361-I / 48972), a questionnaire on the party statistics from 1939 (R 9361-I / 2334), a collection of documents ( R 9354/628) as well as a criminal case file from the Ministry of Justice relating to him (R 3001/12435).

literature

• Hans Berlage : Altona. A city fate. Broschek, Hamburg 1937.
• Uwe Danker, Astrid Schwabe: Schleswig-Holstein and National Socialism. Wachholtz, Neumünster 2006², ISBN 3-529-02810-X .
• Hans-Günther Friday, Hans-Werner Engels: Altona. Hamburg's beautiful sister. A. Springer, Hamburg 1982.
• Jürgen Genuneit: The beginnings of the NSDAP in Altona. Unpublished Ms .; Excerpts from Friday / Engels, pp. 338–340, and SPD-Altona, pp. 8–10.
• Paul Th. Hoffmann: Neues Altona 1919–1929. Ten years of building a major German city. 2 vol., E. Diederichs, Jena 1929.
• Thomas Krause: The civil trauma. Revolution in Altona. In: Arnold Sywottek (Ed.): The other Altona. Contributions to everyday history. results, Hamburg 1984 (esp. pp. 49–54, Freikorps und Bürgerwehr ).
• Anthony McElligott (1983): The "Abruzzo Quarter". Workers in Altona 1918–1932. In: Arno Herzig , Dieter Langewiesche, Arnold Sywottek (ed.): Workers in Hamburg. Education and Science, Hamburg 1983, ISBN 3-8103-0807-2 .
• Anthony McElligott (1985 ^a ): Local political developments in Altona from Weimar to the Third Reich. In: Stadtteilarchiv Ottensen e. V. (Ed.): “Without us they couldn't have done that at all.” Nazi era and post-war in Altona and Ottensen. VSA, Hamburg 1985, ISBN 3-87975-316-4 .
• Anthony McElligott (1985 ^b ): "We are not here as guests". Nazis, rule and population in Altona from Weimar until 1937. In: Stadtteilarchiv Ottensen e. V. (Ed.): “Without us they couldn't have done that at all.” Nazi era and post-war in Altona and Ottensen. VSA, Hamburg 1985, ISBN 3-87975-316-4 .
• Anthony McElligott (1998): Contested City. Municipal Politics and the Rise of Nazism in Altona 1917–1937. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1998, ISBN 0-472-10929-4 .
• Frank Omland: "The old parliamentarianism no longer existed." The Schleswig-Holstein MPs of the NSDAP in the Reichstag 1924–1945. In: Working group for research into National Socialism in Schleswig-Holstein (ed.): Critical approaches to National Socialism in Schleswig-Holstein. Festschrift for Gerhard Hoch on his 80th birthday on March 21, 2003 (= information on Schleswig-Holstein Contemporary History, issue 41/42.) Kiel 2003, pp. 100–129.
• Frank Omland: The Altona-Wandsbek police headquarters 1923–1937. On the history of a building complex and the police in Altona. (= Information on Schleswig-Holstein Contemporary History Supplement 5.) Hamburg 2011.
• Frank Omland: "It depends on your vote!" The Reichstag election and referendum on November 12, 1933 in Altona. (= Information on Schleswig-Holstein Contemporary History Supplement 2.) Kiel / Hamburg 2008.
• Rudolf Rietzler: "Battle in the North Mark". The rise of National Socialism in Schleswig-Holstein (1919–1928). Karl Wachholtz, Neumünster 1982 ISBN 3-529-02904-1
• SPD Altona (ed.): Nazi time in Altona. Brochure (1980); excerpts from www.spdfraktionaltona.de
• Administrative report of the city of Altona 1933 and 1934. Altona 1936

Web links

• Paul Moder in the database of members of the Reichstag

Remarks

1. ↑ Assessment of Lohse's personality in Danker / Schwabe, p. 42.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Similar in SPD Altona, p. 8.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} Freitag / Engels, p. 338.
4. ↑ ^{a b} motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
5. ↑ Peter Longerich also quotes the first two job descriptions: Heinrich Himmler. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008 ISBN 978-3-88680-859-5 , p. 142.
6. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. a photo of Moders from the Reichstag handbook of the 6th electoral period (1932) can be found under MDZ one from 1933 under MDZ 
7. ↑ The term refers on the one hand to the traditionally good election results of the SPD and later also of the KPD in Altona, but also on the social composition of the working-class city, in whose densely populated old town near the Elbe and St. Pauli there are also a notable number of marginalized people , socially declassed resident (" Lumpenproletariat ") lived and who was referred to as the "Abruzzenviertel" by the head of the Hamburg police, Lothar Danner ; see. McElligott 1983, p. 493.
8. ↑ Hoffmann, Volume 1, p. 8; McElligott 1983, p. 499.
9. ↑ Michael Wildt : The Hamburg Gestapo chief Bruno Linienbach. A National Socialist career. In: Frank Bajohr , Joachim Szodrzynski (Ed.): Hamburg in the Nazi era. Results of recent research. Results, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-87916-030-9 , p. 96/97.
10. ↑ Wildt, p. 97, also names two sons of Hamburg senators who did their service with the Bahrenfelders.
11. ↑ Krause, pp. 51/52.
12. ↑ Axel Schildt : Max Brauer. Ellert & Richter, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-8319-0093-0 , p. 24.
13. ↑ See Emil Julius Gumbel : Conspirators. Contributions to the history and sociology of the German nationalist secret societies 1918–1924. Malik, Vienna 1924; here the reprint at Fischer, Frankfurt / M. 1984, ISBN 3-596-24338-6 , p. 127.
14. ↑ Detlev JK Peukert speaks of the "particularly bad prospects for the superfluous generation born around 1900" (ie: The Weimar Republic. Crisis Years of Classical Modernism. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1987, ISBN 3-518-11282-1 , P. 20).
15. ↑ Cf. on this complex of topics, for example, Martin Sabrow : The repressed conspiracy. The Rathenau murder and the German counter-revolution. Fischer, Frankfurt / M. 1999, ISBN 3-596-14302-0 .
16. ^ Rietzler, p. 202
17. ↑ Freitag / Engels (p. 339) mention, for example, a report by the social democratic Hamburger Echo from December 1922 on the unmasking of the association "Schwarz-Weiß-Rot", which operates in a chocolate factory in Ottensener Lager- (today Gauß-) Strasse - the Hanseatic cocoa factory Fehleisen & Rickel , later Holsatia Schokolade-Fabrik  - maintained an arms depot and mainly included medium-sized companies (manufacturers, former officers, bank officials and civil servants).
18. ↑ Krause, p. 52f .; The low efficiency of the Altona Ordnungspolizei led to the fact that on January 22, 1923, the Prussian Interior Ministry decided that it was organizationally merged with the police in the city of Wandsbek, which is adjacent to Hamburg (cf. Hoffmann, Volume 1, pp. 361–363).
19. ↑ Freitag / Engels, p. 339.
20. ↑ Detailed minutes of the citizenship debate (under the agenda item “The connection of the Reichswehr agencies with nationalist organizations”) in the Hamburger Echo of June 28, 1923, printed in Barrikade , No. 5, of May 2011, pp. 40–42
21. ↑ The "Kaiserhof", of whose representative building only the south wing (on the corner of Max-Brauer-Allee / Lobuschstraße) still stands, was Altona's central location for social, political and artistic events until it was partially destroyed in the bombing war ; see. Friday / Engels, pp. 340–342.
22. ↑ Freitag / Engels, pp. 339/340.
23. ↑ McElligott 1998, p. 47.
24. ↑ McElligott 1998, p. 24.
25. ↑ On the social composition of the local group Altona - predominantly white-collar workers, small shopkeepers, craftsmen, bank clerks and state employees, but only individual workers - see McElligott 1998, pp. 45–53.
26. ↑ On this founding event, cf. Kay Dohnke: The "heartland of the Nordic race" greets its leader. Gau foundation, ideological positions, propaganda strategies: On the early history and establishment of the NSDAP in Schleswig-Holstein. In the working group for research into National Socialism in Schleswig-Holstein (ed.): "Triumphant advance in the Nordmark". Schleswig-Holstein and National Socialism 1925–1950. Highlights - studies - reconstructions. Kiel 2008 (information on Schleswig-Holstein contemporary history, issue 50), in particular pp. 9–17. Then 10 of the 30 present in Neumünster came from Altona.
27. ^ Rietzler, p. 387
28. ↑ According to Berlage, p. 188, and Rietzler, p. 386, this is the official founding date of Altonaer SA. There is no further evidence for the assertion that Moder was "Leader of SS Section XV (South Holstein, Greater Hamburg and Mecklenburg)" as early as 1925, as can be read in the Reichstag handbook of 1933 (see MDZ ). Rietzler, p. 203, dates the beginning of Moder's SS membership in autumn 1931.
29. ↑ Examples are the restaurants that still exist today (2007) on Lornsenplatz, on the corner of Wohlers Allee / Große Gärtnerstrasse (now Thadenstrasse) and at the intersection of Holstentwiete / Fischers Allee.
30. ↑ See the evaluation of election results according to polling stations in McElligott 1998, pp. 154–161.
31. ^ Rietzler, p. 388
32. ^ Rietzler, p. 389
33. ↑ McElligott 1998, p. 46.
34. ↑ McElligott 1985 ^b , p. 20.
35. ↑ These were taken by Lohse, Wilhelm von Allwörden , a tobacco shop owner in Ottensen, and Bruno Stamer (1900–1988), KPD member between 1921 and 1923 and from 1930 NSDAP member of the Reichstag; McElligott 1998, pp. 24, 46-49, on Stamer also MDZ
36. ^ On the Munich SA revolt of May 1927 and the subsequent mass expulsions of SA people in early June, cf. Mathias Rösch: The Munich NSDAP 1925–1933: An investigation into the internal structure of the Munich NSDAP , p. 160f. and Bärbel Duisk (arrangement): Adolf Hitler. Reden Schriften Anordnung , Vol. III / 1 (July 1926 to July 1927), published by the Institute for Contemporary History, pp. 320f., Especially FN 2.Cf. also ibid., P. 421, where a Hitler speech from 31 July 1927 is reproduced in which it u. a. means “You know yourself that we were only recently forced to take action in Munich against a department which, in our opinion, had not complied sufficiently and whose leaders made extra tours. We excluded the department with the result that a large part of the 50 men have already returned, realizing that this is not the way to go. ”It stands to reason that Moder was among those who returned.
37. ^ Rietzler, pp. 202f.
38. ↑ Designation, for example, in Schirmann: Altona Blood Sunday, July 17, 1932. Poetry and Truth. results, Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-87916-018-X , p. 25.
39. ↑ McElligott 1998, pp. 50 and 164-173.
40. ↑ McElligott 1998, p. 176f., Mentions Fritz Schwennsen (coal merchant), Hubert Richter (master baker), Wilhelm Brockmann (house owner), Nico Pommerschein (butcher shop owner), Max Boge (clothes shop owner), Oskar Dupont (owner of a construction business) and as the only unemployed, Detlev Gotthardt. In contrast, an anonymous ex-SA man speaks in an interview (1981) of "eighty percent of my storm - 187 men was our maximum strength - were workers ... the rest came from the petty bourgeoisie" ( Heinrich Breloer / Horst Königstein : blood money: materials to one German history. Prometh, Cologne 1982, ISBN 3-922009-46-8 , p. 34).
41. ^ In Bruno Stamer, the Altona party had only one "model proletarian" among the "old fighters"; see. the detailed breakdown by occupation in McElligott 1985 ^b , pp. 20-23.
42. ^ Rietzler, p. 203
43. ↑ See for example Léon Schirmann: Altonaer Blutsonntag July 17, 1932. Poetry and Truth. results, Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-87916-018-X ; Wolfgang Kopitzsch : The "Altona Blood Sunday". In: Arno Herzig , Dieter Langewiesche , Arnold Sywottek (ed.): Workers in Hamburg. Education and Science, Hamburg 1983, ISBN 3-8103-0807-2 .
44. ↑ Omland, p. 125
45. ^ Otto Brandt / Wilhelm Klüver: History of Schleswig-Holstein. Mühlau, Kiel 1981 ⁸ , ISBN 3-87559-003-1 , p. 330; Table of individual election results at www.akens.org ; Hans Fallada immortalized the radicalization of the Schleswig-Holstein peasant population, which was partly responsible for this, in 1931 in “Farmers, Bonzen and Bombs”.
46. ↑ ^{a b} Omland, p. 106
47. ↑ cf. Danker / Schwabe, pp. 12-14.
48. ↑ Table of the election results at www.akens.org
49. ↑ Danker / Schwabe, pp. 24/25.
50. ↑ Report of the Schleswig District President Abegg to the Prussian Minister of the Interior of July 19, 1932, printed in Schirmann (see note above), pp. 159–168, especially III.1., “The approach of the participants to the two assembly points”.
51. ↑ Schirmann, p. 40; Kopitzsch, p. 513.
52. ↑ Schirmann, p. 26.
53. ↑ Omland, p. 109; Table of election results at www.akens.org
54. ↑ McElligott 1985 ^a , p 12; Berlage, pp. 188f.
55. ^ Letter of March 11, 1933 from Emil Brix to the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, attn. Commissioner Daluege, MdL, Berlin (Bundesarchiv Berlin, former Berlin Document Center, Moder personnel file). - The source has so far only been given in very abbreviated form in the literature; see. SPD Altona, p. 9.
56. ↑ Omland 2011, p. 22.
57. ↑ McElligott 1998, p. 201.
58. ↑ Omland 2011, pp. 22 and 18.
59. ↑ McElligott 1998, pp. 229f.
60. ↑ On this juxtaposition and opposition cf. for the neighboring Hamburg, the essays by Frank Bajohr and Uwe Lohalm in the chapter "Dominion and Administration" in: Research Center for Contemporary History (Ed.): Hamburg in the "Third Reich." Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-903-1 , Pp. 69-187.
61. ↑ McElligott 1998, pp. 203-205; The long-time Altona city archivist Paul Theodor Hoffmann describes this from his inside perspective ( with the pointer of the world clock. Pictures and memories. A. Springer, Hamburg 1949, p. 308ff).
62. ^ Administrative report of the city of Altona 1933 and 1934, p. 16.
63. ↑ Freitag / Engels, p. 365; Danker / Schwabe, p. 36.
64. ↑ In the census of 1925, i.e. before the incorporation of the Elbe villages, around 2,400 people of Jewish faith, corresponding to 1.3% of the resident population, lived in the city, more than 2,100 of them in the old town; see Statistical Office of the City of Altona (ed.): The population census in Altona on June 16, 1925. Chr. Adolf, Altona-Ottensen 1927, pp. 29/30.
65. ↑ McElligott 1998, pp. 230/231.
66. ↑ Danker / Schwabe, pp. 48/49; Frank Omland ( "It depends on your vote!" The Reichstag election and referendum on November 12, 1933 in Altona. Kiel / Hamburg 2008, p. 48) converted these figures to the eligible voters, after which it was 12.6 in Altona, in Schleswig-Holstein gave 8.0 and in the Reich a total of 4.7% no votes.
67. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from June 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
68. ↑ See the lists of representatives for 1933–1936 , 1936–1939 and 1939–1945
69. ^ Peter Longerich : Heinrich Himmler. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008 ISBN 978-3-88680-859-5 , p. 337; also Tuviah Friedman (see his six-page dossier at motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( memento of the original dated June 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ff.) describes Moder as being very “generous” in matters of money and women. 
70. ↑ Himmler did not mention Moder's rank when he was appointed, but referred to him as the "police commander" for the head of the Warsaw district (see the facsimile of Himmler's appointment announcement at motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( memo of the original from June 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ). Officially , there was no such rank in the organizational structure of the SS (cf. Ruth Bettina Birn : Die Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer. Himmler's representatives in the Reich and in the occupied territories. Droste, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-0710-7 , P. 91ff.). 
71. ↑ see motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from July 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
72. ↑ Document VEJ 4/363 In: Klaus-Peter Friedrich (edit.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945 (source collection), Volume 4: Poland - September 1939 – July 1941 , Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-486-58525-4 , here p. 571.
73. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from June 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. It is the first of six typewritten pages that can be called up one after the other and which also refer to his time in Altona and Berlin. The author of this text is Tuviah Friedman (* 1922), who lived in Radom during the occupation and was director of the Institute of Documentation in Israel for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes in Haifa after the war . The value of this apparently 1959 ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. However, the source sent to the Ludwigsburg Central Office is questionable because the information there is not proven or some of it contradicts other sources, such as the school location Koblenz or the date of joining the NSDAP in 1925.  
74. ↑ Wildt, p. 107.
75. ^ Frank Golczewski: Poland. In: Wolfgang Benz (Ed.): Dimension of the genocide. The number of Jewish victims of National Socialism. dtv, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-423-04690-2 , pp. 438/439.
76. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (last paragraph) 
77. ↑ Operational order of May 23, 1940 at motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and obituary dated February 14, 1942 at motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
78. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - It is possible that the start of the holiday (12.6.) Mentioned therein is a typo and it must be 12.7. be called. After all, lifting the holiday ban in the last few days before the German attack would be just as little logical as a five-week period between the offense and its report by Krüger. 
79. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
80. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original dated September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
81. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
82. ^ Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. Here after the extended TB edition Fischer, Frankfurt / M. 2005, ISBN 3-596-16048-0 , p. 413; Place of death according to motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
83. ↑ Heinrich Himmler's service calendar: 1941/42. (edited, commented and introduced by Peter Witte on behalf of the Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg). Christians, Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-7672-1329-X , entries February 14 and April 27, 1942.
84. ↑ motlc.specialcol.wiesenthal.com ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
85. ^ Invenio online database of the Federal Archives.

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