Porsche 944
| Porsche | |
|---|---|
 Porsche 944 S.
|
|
| 944 | |
| Production period: | 1981-1991 |
| Class : | Sports car |
| Body versions : | Kombicoupé , convertible |
| Engines: |
Petrol engines : 2.5-3.0 liters (110-184 kW) |
| Length: | 4200 mm |
| Width: | 1735 mm |
| Height: | 1275 mm |
| Wheelbase : | 2400 mm |
| Empty weight : | 1180-1400 kg |
| Previous model | Porsche 924 |
| successor | Porsche 968 |
The Porsche 944 is an automobile series from Porsche AG , which was developed on the basis of the Porsche model “924 Carrera” and introduced in 1982. In terms of price and performance, Porsche placed the Porsche 944 between the most powerfully motorized Porsche 924 Carrera and the Porsche 911 . Instead of the Audi engine from the Porsche 924, the 944 received a new four-cylinder engine developed by Porsche from the start.
On sale, the car with the characteristic pop-up headlights was one of the most successful sports cars of its time and, in retrospect, ensured the survival of the Porsche company.
The Porsche 944 was built until 1991 and continuously developed up to the model variant "Porsche 944 S2" before being replaced by the 968 series in 1991 .
The engine output of the Porsche 944 ranges from 110 kW (150 PS) for the basic model to 184 kW (250 PS) for the 944 "Turbo" model. The four-cylinder engine is located in the front of the vehicle under a long bonnet. The transmission is located on the driven rear axle ( transaxle design) for a better balanced weight distribution of the vehicle .
From August 1986, the 944 was supplemented by the 944 S, whose engine now had 16 valves and thus developed 140 kW (190 hp). Just two years later, the 944 S was replaced by the 944 S2: with a displacement of 3 liters and a four-valve cylinder head, at the time of the premiere, its engine had the largest displacement of an in- line four-cylinder in a series-production car (with a torque of 280 Nm at 4000 rpm) and 155 kW (211 hp) at 5800 rpm.
In 1988 a special edition called the 944 "Turbo S" with a larger turbocharger was offered, which increased the output to 184 kW (250 PS) or optionally 221 kW (300 PS).
In 1989 the "Turbo" was given a facelift . It now performed as much as the vehicles in the special series and also got a free-standing rear wing for improved traction on the road.
History of the Porsche 944
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The largely identical Porsche 924 was originally developed by Porsche as the successor to the VW-Porsche 914 for the automobile manufacturer Volkswagen . The engine , the transmission and parts of the chassis of the Porsche 924 therefore came from the modular system from Volkswagen. Volkswagen did not want to bring the model onto the market itself, so Porsche took over the sale of the fully developed car and VW only the production.
Therefore, but especially because of the engine design used in the Audi 100 and the VW LT commercial vehicle , the Porsche 924 was not considered a “real Porsche” by many Porsche customers.
In order to solve this image problem in the long term, Porsche decided to offer a sports car with a “real” Porsche engine based on the Porsche “924 Carrera GT”. The new vehicle with the designation “Porsche 944” appeared at the end of 1981 and had very good reviews in the press. In the first year of production, more than 30,000 orders were received by dealers . Porsche had the models 924 and 944 manufactured as commissioned work for the automobile manufacturer Audi in its Neckarsulm plant. Only the last 944 were manufactured by Porsche in Zuffenhausen in 1991 .
Model development
The Porsche 944 appeared in the versions 944, 944S, 944S2, 944 Turbo and - in limited numbers - as the top model 944 Turbo S. The versions differed in terms of engine power , equipment and price.
All versions are characterized and unified by the transaxle system , which did not exist at Porsche before the 924: the center of gravity of the engine is slightly behind the front axle , whereas the unit (originally developed for the Audi 100) consisting of the transmission and final drive is located in the rear of the vehicle . The engine and gearbox are connected by a shaft running in a steel tube. Together with the large fuel tank, this ensures a balanced weight distribution of 48:52 (front: rear) and thus neutral driving behavior and good traction .
Basic model 944
The basic model of the 944 was built from 1981 to 1989. When it was launched, it cost 38,900 D-Marks with a manual gearbox, 40,400 D-Marks with an automatic gearbox, 61,900 D-Marks in the last year of production, and 64,500 D-Marks with an automatic gearbox.
engine and gears
The original basic model of the 944 is equipped with a 2479 cm³ four-cylinder in- line engine, which was developed from the right cylinder bank of the V8 engine of the Porsche 928 . In the version without a catalytic converter, the 944 engine has a higher specific output of 120 kW (163 hp) than the early 928, the 4.5 liter engine with 176 kW (239 hp) and later 5.4 liters up to 257 kW (349 hp) made.
Thanks to a high compression ratio of 10.6: 1, the engine has a high thermodynamic efficiency. It reaches its maximum torque of 205 Nm at a speed of 3000 rpm. The maximum output of 120 kW (163 hp) is delivered at 5800 rpm, the electronically limited maximum speed is 6500 rpm.
The consumption of the vehicle is 7.0 liters / 100 km at 90 km / h, 8.7 liters / 100 km at 120 km / h and 11.4 liters in the city cycle.
The engine block of the Porsche 944 consists of “Alusil”, a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy. The forged crankshaft has five bearings and is connected to the pistons via sintered steel connecting rods. The light metal pistons are iron-coated and run without liners on the hard and wear-resistant surface of the cylinder due to the silicon crystals deposited during solidification. The engine of the 944 with eight valves has one, that of the 944 S with 16 valves has two overhead camshafts that operate the valves via bucket tappets with hydraulic valve clearance compensation. Inlets and outlets are opposite in the light metal cylinder head . The problem of imperfect mass balancing in the four-cylinder engine was countered by installing two balancing shafts . Many details of the Porsche 944 engine are standard today in engine construction, but were new in 1981 and only available from Porsche.
A five-speed manual gearbox was installed as standard , with which the 944 can accelerate from 0 to 100 km / h in 8.4 seconds. A three-speed automatic transmission was offered for an extra charge , with which the 944 needed 9.6 seconds to accelerate to 100 km / h.
body
Some of the bodywork changes on the 944 were already found in the Porsche 924 Carrera GT and GTS, where the front fenders were already widened, but the rear widenings were still made of plastic. On the Porsche 944, the rear fender flares have now been integrated into the body. The body had been galvanized since 1978 in order to achieve long-term corrosion resistance. As with all sports cars from Porsche, the Porsche 944 also came with a seven-year guarantee against rust damage.
The characteristic pop-up headlights and the lifting roof were taken from the body of the Porsche 924. Due to the engine installed at the front and the rear seat backrests that can also be folded down in parts, the 944 (like the 924 and 928) has a spacious and flexible trunk for a sports car. The trunk is accessible from the outside via a large, arched, wide-opening tailgate made of glass. The tailgate can also be opened automatically from the inside from the driver's seat without having to leave the vehicle.
Furnishing
When designing the interior, attention was paid to high transport capacity (large trunk and rear seats that can be folded down in sections) and good seating comfort for the driver and front passenger. This seating comfort is increased by the optional sports seats available at an additional cost. As is typical for Porsche, the rear row of seats is only suitable for two children (however, children from 125 cm height with three-point seat belts are also permitted without a child seat) or additional hand luggage. A roof rack system with a maximum load capacity of 75 kg was developed for the 944. It can also pull a maximum towing load of 1200 kg. The standard 7J × 15 alloy wheels with 185/70 VR 15 tires were also used in the 911 SC , as were the optional 7J × 16 aluminum vaned wheels (also known as Fuchs rims ) with 205/55 VR 16 tires.
Adjustments during the construction period
The reason for the success of the basic model was the constant adaptation during the construction period. An important adjustment was certainly the introduction of the catalytic converter . This was available from 1985. All models without a catalytic converter were prepared as standard so that a catalytic converter could be installed later. With a catalytic converter, the engine output sank to 110 kW (150 hp), which is why the majority of Porsche buyers initially opted for the 'more toxic' version without a catalytic converter. In addition, the cockpit and seats of the 944 Turbo were also used as standard in the basic model. Because of these adaptations, the models built from 1985 onwards are also referred to as the 944 / II, the models built before 1985 as the 944 / I. The performance of the model with a catalytic converter was not increased until 1987, as both engine variants had an output of 118 kW (160 hp) in this year of construction. In 1988 the engine of the 944 was heavily redesigned, from now on it developed 121 kW (165 hp) and the displacement was increased from 2.5 to 2.7 liters. The maximum torque, which had previously been 210 Nm at 4500 rpm, increased from 1988 to 225 Nm at 4200 rpm. This was achieved through new engine electronics, higher compression, enlarged intake valves and a new camshaft with modified valve timing. Optionally, a radio with CD player was offered.
Model 944 S and Model 944 S2
In August 1986, the 944 was supplemented by the 944 S, which with four valves per cylinder and the same displacement of 2.5 liters now developed 140 kW (190 hp). In 1988 the 944 S was replaced by the 944 S2, which with a larger displacement of 3 liters and four valves per cylinder achieved a maximum output of 155 kW (211 hp) at 5800 rpm. At the time of its presentation, the engine of the Porsche 944 S2 was the in-line four-cylinder with the largest displacement in a production car. The body and interior of the S2 were taken directly from the previous 944 Turbo. The drag coefficient (C w ) improved from 0.35 to 0.33, the front was smoothed and the flanks looked more powerful. An underfloor diffuser at the rear ensured an improved air flow.
Model 944 Turbo
The 944 Turbo (Type 951) had a 2.5-liter engine that was charged by a KKK turbocharger and developed 162 kW (220 hp). From 1987 a speedometer with a speed display of up to 300 km / h was installed. The official top speed was 245 km / h. In test reports, however, top speeds of up to 255 km / h were determined.
prehistory
The history of the Porsche 944 Turbo began in the summer of 1981 when Porsche fielded a prototype of the 944 Turbo in the 24-hour race at Le Mans ( France ). The vehicle, which was driven by Walter Röhrl and Jürgen Barth , achieved seventh place overall under the code name Porsche 924 GTP . It got the award for the shortest pit stop. The prototype of the 944 Turbo managed to overtake many more powerful vehicles because of its reliability, as they needed more time for repairs in the pit lane.
Encouraged by this success, Porsche again fielded a prototype of the Porsche 944 Turbo three years later in the Nelson Ledges 24-hour race in Ohio ( USA ). To participate in this race, which was held on a demanding country road course, only series cars and series prototypes that met the rules of American road traffic approval were permitted. For this reason, Porsche had to equip the 944 Turbo with an exhaust gas catalytic converter, among other things. Nevertheless, the car won this race with a 40 lap lead, driven by Jim Busby , Rick Knoop and Freddy Buker (all Americans).
Because of this success in motorsport, Porsche decided to build the prototype in series and bring it onto the market as the Porsche 944 Turbo. The project was known internally as the Porsche 951 . The Porsche 944 Turbo, which ranked between the Porsche 944 and the Porsche 928 S in terms of price and performance , was introduced in 1985 for a base price of 72,000 Deutschmarks. The first vehicles were delivered to customers in 1986.
Body and chassis
The body of the Porsche 944 Turbo emphasizes the descent from the Porsche 924. However, many details have been revised and improved. The front with integrated light units, the flush-mounted windscreen, the side sill panels and a rear apron integrated into the overall shape, which also acts as a diffuser, are new .
This reduced the drag coefficient (C w ) from 0.35 to 0.33. In addition, the modified front and rear spoilers and the new rear apron resulted in lower lift values than the conventional 944.
While the 944 Turbo was delivered from the factory in 1987 with 205/55 VR 16 (front) and 225/50 VR 16 (rear) tires, these tires had to be replaced with tires with the higher speed index "ZR" when they were replaced.
Adjustments during the construction period
1989, the normal 944 Turbo received many components of the 944 Turbo S . The installation of a larger turbocharger increased the output to 184 kW (250 hp). This is why the normal turbo also received a speed display of up to 300 km / h, and a free-standing rear wing was built in, which provides downforce at high speeds .
Special models
Porsche 944 Turbo S.
In 1988, Porsche built a special series of the 944 Turbo, the Porsche 944 Turbo S, limited to 1,635 models . The engine is derived directly from the 944 Turbo Cup engine and is equipped with a catalytic converter as standard. The recommended retail price was 99,800 Deutschmarks (corresponds to today's purchasing power: 95,094 euros). In 2015, the 944 Turbo S in state 2 was traded for around € 25,000.
The most important modification compared to the 944 Turbo with 162 kW (220 PS) is the larger turbocharger, with which the output was increased ex works to 184 kW (250 PS) or 221 kW (300 PS). The special model is also equipped with the M030 package as standard, which includes, among other things, a height-adjustable Koni coilover kit. In addition, a limited slip differential and an anti-lock braking system , a braking system developed for the Porsche 928 S4 and a reinforced gearbox with an external oil cooler were installed. The official top speed of the special model was 260 km / h.
The special model was initially only available in the Porsche special color silver rose metallic .
Porsche 944 Celebration Edition (Special Edition)
In 1988, on the occasion of the 100,000th Porsche from Neckarsulm, a special model of the 944 was launched. The special model, M757, was manufactured in a limited edition of 910 pieces. 403 were delivered in satin black, 507 vehicles were delivered in Zermatt silver metallic. The special models had black leatherette upholstery with “Studio” fabric inserts in gray / gray and silver-gray carpets. The door panels were also covered with this fabric. Other features included split rear seat backrests, the automatic heating, the removable electric sunroof, side protection in the same color as the car and fog lights. The wheels in size 7J at the front and 8J at the rear were fitted with tires in size 205/55 VR 16 or 225/50 VR 16. Each vehicle had a coin with a diameter of approx. 6.5 cm with the embossing "Special" in the glove compartment Edition 1987 ”or“ 1988 ”for the USA models.
Use in motorsport
The models of the 944 series were also successful in motorsport. Porsche used the motorsport outings primarily to test new modifications of the models before they were used in production cars in motorsport.
Porsche 944 GTR
The Porsche 944 GTR had around 400 hp and a top speed of around 300 km / h. He drove in the 1981 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Porsche 944 Turbo Cup
With the successful introduction of the 944 Turbo came the idea of a brand cup for the 944. This was introduced in 1986 and held until 1990. Specially modified 944 Turbo with a maximum output of 162 kW (220 PS) were used for this brand cup. The maximum torque was 330 Nm at 3500 rpm. Changes compared to the standard 944 Turbo were changed suspension parts, larger tires and a roll cage . The exhaust and the catalytic converter remained in series production. In the French version of the 944 Turbo Cup, which was held from 1987, the catalytic converter was missing because of the poor supply of unleaded petrol. However, important parts, such as the engine control unit , were sealed and could not be modified. From 1987 the vehicles were equipped with an anti-lock braking system.
Others
A lifting roof was available on request in the 944. The roof insert could be set up at the rear or taken out completely and strapped in the large trunk. However, the pop-top roof did not extend over the entire width of the car and is therefore not comparable to the 911 Targa roof. It is more of a kind of oversized, removable "sunroof".
The tuning company Strosek Design offered conversions that gave the vehicle a racing look. It was a body kit that gave the car a sportier look, mainly by replacing the tailgate and widening the body.
The Porsche 944 Cabrio and Coupé are technically the same, but the bodyshell of the convertible was processed at ASC ( Karosseriewerke Weinsberg ) in Weinsberg . Not only was the roof removed there, but the body was reinforced with a second welded-in floor. The windshield frame was shortened by around 60 mm and the glass dome above the trunk was replaced by a trunk lid made of sheet steel.
The 944 S2 Cabrio was only built from 1989 to 1991 in a number of 6980 copies, only 528 pieces of a limited special series of the 944 Turbo Cabriolet were made.
The convertible top was opened by hand, but an electrically opening convertible top was also available at an additional cost, which was part of the series from 1990. The turbo version, which was only built for a year, also had air conditioning as standard and was the fastest four-cylinder convertible at the time.
Today the 944 convertible is a sought-after classic because of its small number of units.
From model year 1991, this last expansion stage of the 944 was also available with an airbag and the fixed rear wing of the 944 Turbo.
The model variant Porsche 944 S2 was further developed to the Porsche 968 and equipped with a variable valve control called Variocam. The pop-up headlights were not adopted for the Porsche 968.
The engine of the 968 should deliver up to 331 kW (450 HP) (968 Turbo RS, of which only 4 pieces were built). The 968 Turbo S, however, had to be content with 224 kW (305 hp) and the "normal" 968 with 176 kW (239 hp).
The body shape is reminiscent of the 964 and the 928. The Porsche 968 is the last evolutionary stage of Porsche vehicles with a transaxle.
Technical specifications
The Porsche 944 was produced from 1981 to 1991 in the following versions:
| Porsche 944: | 944 | 944 with KAT (up to MY 1987) |
944 with KAT (from MY 1988 to 1989) |
944 with KAT (in MY 1989) |
944 p | 944 S2 | 944 Turbo Type 951 (up to model year 1988) |
944 Turbo Type 951 (from MY 1989) |
944 Turbo S type 951 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Engine: | 4-cylinder in-line engine (four-stroke) | 4-cylinder in-line engine with turbocharging (four-stroke) | |||||||
| Displacement: | 2479 cc | 2681 cc | 2479 cc | 2990 cc | 2479 cc | ||||
| Bore × stroke: | 100.0 x 78.9 mm | 104.0 x 78.9 mm | 100.0 x 78.9 mm | 104.0 x 88.0 mm | 100.0 x 78.9 mm | ||||
| Performance at 1 / min: | 120 kW (163 hp) at 5800 |
110 kW (150 PS) at 5800 |
118 kW (160 hp) at 5800 |
121 kW (165 hp) at 5800 |
140 kW (190 PS) at 6000 |
155 kW (211 hp) at 5800 |
162 kW (220 PS) at 5800 |
184 kW (250 PS) at 6000 |
|
| Max. Torque at 1 / min: | 205 Nm at 3000 | 195 Nm at 3000 | 210 Nm at 4500 | 225 Nm at 4200 | 230 Nm at 4300 | 280 Nm at 4000 | 330 Nm at 3500 | 350 Nm at 4000 | |
| Compression: | 10.6: 1 | 9.7: 1 | 10.2: 1 | 10.9: 1 | 8.0: 1 | ||||
| Valve control: | an overhead camshaft ( SOHC ) | two overhead camshafts (DOHC) | an overhead camshaft (SOHC) | ||||||
| Cooling: | Water cooling | ||||||||
| Transmission: | 5-speed manual transmission or 3-speed automatic | 5-speed manual transmission | |||||||
| Drive: | Rear wheel drive | ||||||||
| Brakes: | internally ventilated disc brakes | ||||||||
| Front suspension: | MacPherson struts , wishbones, stabilizer | ||||||||
| Rear suspension: | Trailing arm axle | Trailing arm axle, stabilizer | |||||||
| Front suspension: | Coil springs | ||||||||
| Rear suspension: | transverse torsion bar springs, telescopic shock absorbers | ||||||||
| Body: | Self-supporting steel body with a spoiler lip on the tailgate | ||||||||
| Track width front / rear: | 1477/1451 mm | 1472/1451 mm | 1477/1442 mm | ||||||
| Wheelbase : | 2400 mm | ||||||||
| Tires / Wheels: | 185/70 VR 15 on 7J × 15 | 195/65 VR 15 on 7J × 15 | Front: 205/55 ZR 16 on 7 J × 16 rear: 225/50 ZR16 on 8 J × 16 |
Front: 225/50 ZR 16 on 7.5 J × 16 rear: 245/45 ZR 16 on 9 J × 16 |
|||||
| Dimensions L × W × H: | 4200 × 1735 × 1275 mm | 4230 × 1735 × 1275 mm | |||||||
| Empty weight : | 1180 kg (from 1986: 1210 kg) |
1210 kg (from 1987: 1240 kg) |
1260 kg | 1290 kg | 1280 kg | 1310 kg (from 1990: 1340 kg) |
1280 kg (from 1987: 1350 kg) |
1350 kg (from 1990: 1400 kg) |
1350 kg |
| Top speed: | 220 km / h | 218 km / h | 220 km / h | 228 km / h | 240 km / h | 245 km / h | 260 km / h | ||
| Acceleration 0-100 km / h: | 8.4 s | 8.5 s | 8.4 s | 8.2 s | 7.9 s | 6.8 s | 6.3 s | 5.9 s | |
Graphic representation of the 944 development
| Porsche 944 road vehicle history from 1981 to 1991 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| model | power | 1980s | 1990s | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | ||
| 944 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 944 | 120 kW / 163 PS | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 944 with CAT | 110 kW / 150 PS | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 118 kW / 160 PS | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 121 kW / 165 PS | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 944 Turbo (type 951) | 162 kW / 220 PS | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 184 kW / 250 PS | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 944 Turbo S (type 951) | 184 kW / 250 PS | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 944 p | 140 kW / 190 PS | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 944 S2 | 155 kW / 211 PS | ||||||||||||||||||||
Existence in Germany
The stock of Porsche 944 is listed according to manufacturer (HSN) and type code numbers (TSN) in Germany according to the Federal Motor Transport Authority . Until 2007, the inventory included the number of vehicles registered as well as the number of temporary shutdowns. Since 2008, the inventory has only included "flowing traffic" including the seasonal license plates.
| HSN / TSN | model | kW | Jan. 1, 2005 | Jan. 1, 2006 | Jan. 1, 2008 | Jan. 1, 2009 | Jan. 1, 2010 | Jan. 1, 2011 | Jan. 1, 2012 | Jan. 1, 2013 | Jan. 1, 2014 | Jan. 1, 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0583/390 | 944 | 120 | 323 | 294 | 143 | 138 | 141 | 137 | 122 | 132 | 138 | 141 |
| 0583/391 | 944 | 120 | 4.102 | 3,709 | 2,296 | 2,216 | 2.110 | 2,022 | 1,969 | 1,877 | 1,843 | 1,902 |
| 0583/396 | 944 | 110 | 421 | 430 | 292 | 288 | 280 | 257 | 257 | 249 | 256 | 246 |
| 0583/400 | 944 turbo | 162 | 660 | 655 | 419 | 407 | 383 | 362 | 365 | 362 | 353 | 357 |
| 0583/403 | 944 p | 140 | 512 | 512 | 322 | 312 | 315 | 292 | 292 | 285 | 282 | 266 |
| 0583/412 | 944 turbo | 184 | 564 | 544 | 368 | 353 | 352 | 336 | 325 | 319 | 312 | 308 |
| 0583/416 | 944 | 118 | 518 | 496 | 354 | 348 | 337 | 327 | 319 | 301 | 294 | 298 |
| 0583/417 | 944 | 121 | 356 | 349 | 259 | 258 | 260 | 248 | 229 | 226 | 229 | 222 |
| 0583/419 | 944 S2 | 155 | 2,340 | 2,269 | 1,738 | 1,689 | 1,630 | 1,582 | 1,575 | 1,518 | 1,503 | 1,494 |
| 0583/420 | 944 S2 Cabriolet | 155 | 1,492 | 1,444 | 1.106 | 1,100 | 1,098 | 1,050 | 1,061 | 1,059 | 1,068 | 1,070 |
| 0583/427 | 944 Turbo Cabriolet | 184 | 186 | 184 | 129 | 128 | 134 | 134 | 136 | 136 | 137 | 137 |
| source | ||||||||||||
literature
Books
- Lothar Boschen, Jürgen Barth: The great book of Porsche types. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-613-01284-7 .
- Halwart Schrader: Porsche 924/944/968. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-613-02561-2 .
- Jörg Austen: Porsche 924-944-968. The technical documentation of the transaxle models. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-613-02305-9 .
- Peter Morgan: The original: Porsche 924/944/968. Heel Verlag, Königswinter 2006, ISBN 3-89880-555-7 .
- Jan-Henrik Muche: Porsche 924 and 944. With four cylinders to success. Heel Verlag, Königswinter 2002, ISBN 3-89880-105-5 .
Magazines
- Trans-Rapid - driving report and purchase advice. In: Youngtimer. Edition 3/07, pp. 8–15.
- 30 years of the Porsche 944: water-cooled sales success with four cylinders. In: Oldtimer Market . 02/2011, p. 12 ff.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2005 by manufacturer and type with selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt special issue 4 for series 2, January 1, 2005. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, May 2005, pp. 76, 77 , archived from the original on March 18, 2006 ; accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2006 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and displacement classes. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, special edition 4 for series 2, January 1, 2006. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, June 2006, p. 115 , archived from the original on October 9, 2006 ; accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2008 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and displacement classes. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2008. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, June 2008, pp. 123, 124 , accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2009 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and cubic capacity. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2009. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2009, pp. 132, 133 , accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2010 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and cubic capacity. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2010. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2010, pp. 132, 133 , accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2011 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and cubic capacity. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2011. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2011, pp. 139, 140 , accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2012 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and cubic capacity. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2012. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2012, pp. 144, 145 , accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ Passenger car inventory on January 1, 2013 by manufacturer, trade name and selected features. (PDF) In: Statistical Communications of the Federal Motor Transport Authority FZ 2, January 1, 2013. Federal Motor Transport Authority, July 2013, pp. 104, 105 , accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ Passenger car inventory on January 1, 2014 by manufacturer, trade name and selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2014. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2014, pp. 107, 108 , accessed on October 27, 2015 .
- ↑ Passenger car inventory on January 1, 2015 by manufacturer, trade name and selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2015. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2015, pp. 109, 110 , accessed on October 27, 2015 .