SMS Kronprinz (ship, 1867)

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Crown Prince
The Crown Prince in 1876
The Crown Prince in 1876
Ship data
flag German EmpireGerman Empire (Reichskriegsflagge) German Empire
Ship type Ironclad
class Single ship
Shipyard Samuda Brothers , London
building-costs 6,296,721 marks
Launch May 6, 1867
Commissioning September 19, 1867
Whereabouts In 1921 Rendsburg scrapped
Ship dimensions and crew
length
89.44 m ( Lüa )
88.2 m ( KWL )
width 15.2 m
Draft Max. 7.85 m
displacement Construction: 5,767 t
Maximum: 6,760 t
 
crew 541 men
Machine system
machine 8 suitcase boiler
2-cylinder steam engine
indicated
performanceTemplate: Infobox ship / maintenance / service format 		4,870 hp (3,582 kW)
Top
speed 		14.7 kn (27 km / h)
propeller 1 double-leaf ⌀ 6.5 m
Rigging and rigging
Rigging Barque
Number of masts 3
Sail area 1,980 m²
Armament
  • 2 × Rk 21.0 cm L / 22
  • 14 × Rk 21.0 cm L / 19 (a total of 1,656 shots)

later additionally:

Armor
  • Belt: 114–124 mm on 254 mm teak
  • Battery: 114–121 mm on 254 mm teak
  • Command tower: 30–50 mm

SMS Kronprinz was an ironclad in the Imperial Navy . It was the first larger ironclad that the Navy of the North German Confederation put into service at the time. The Crown Prince , built in London in 1866/67 , was used in the Franco-Prussian War and at times for diplomatic tasks in the Mediterranean. The sailing steamer remained in active service until 1892, but by then it was already completely out of date. After that, the ship was used as a machine school hulk until the end of the First World War .

history

Development and construction

With the invention of the bomb cannons and the further development of ship artillery in the first half of the 19th century, the old ships of the line lost their importance. Until then, they were difficult to sink by gunfire . With the new grenades , however, serious damage to the wooden hulls was possible, which made it necessary to protect the ships from the modern projectiles. During the Crimean War , both the effect of HE shells against ships in the sea ​​battle at Sinope and the good protective effect of iron armor plates of the French floating batteries during the bombardment of Kinburn became apparent .

The construction of deep-sea armored ships that began at the beginning of the 1860s , beginning with the French La Gloire and the British Warrior , and the first use of armored ships in the Civil War led to the demand for their own armored ships in the Prussian Navy in 1862 . So in 1863 she ordered a monitor , later the Arminius , from the Samuda Brothers shipyard in London , which was delivered in 1865. In the same year, the Navy also bought the French-made Aries Prince Adalbert , which, however, turned out to be of little use. A further expansion of the fleet was necessary because the navy with the few existing units was not able to defend the Prussian coast. Since the emerging armored ships were superior to the older unarmored ships, the possibility opened up of at least equal countering the competing navies in the Baltic Sea region , especially the Danish ones, with a few of these ships, which were new for all fleets . Even in the fight against superior fleets, leading Prussian military, including Albrecht von Roon , expected the ironclad ships to repel an enemy landing on the German coast and to break through a blockade, at least temporarily. In 1865, for example, the Prussian government submitted a fleet plan to the state parliament to vote on. This primarily envisaged the construction of further armored ships, but was rejected. Thereupon, on July 4th, a royal decree set the naval budget, which included 750,000  thalers for armored shipbuilding. With these funds, the Navy Ministry planned to purchase two tank frigates initially . It preferred construction abroad, as the German shipyards did not appear to be sufficiently experienced. On January 9, 1866, an ironclad, which had just been laid down in France, was purchased and later put into service as Friedrich Carl .

Armored frigate Kronprinz after being launched on the Thames, illustration from the Illustrirten Zeitung from June 1, 1867

The second ship, the later Crown Prince , ordered the Navy on January 13, 1866 from Samuda Brothers on the Isle of Dogs in London. She took over a design by the British designer Edward James Reed for a central battery ship . Although this was very similar to the French plans of Friedrich Carl and both ships were seen in the contemporary press as sister ships , both were actually single ships . Samuda Brothers put the new building on February 1, 1866 on Kiel. The launch took place on May 6, 1867 in the presence of the Prussian ambassador in London, Albrecht von Bernstorff , whose wife carried out the christening of the ship. The construction was already well advanced. As early as January 10, 1867, King Wilhelm set the title of heir to the throne, Crown Prince , as the name of the ship. Only a few months after the launch, on August 6th, the shipyard began its first test drives, during which officials from the Prussian Navy Ministry were also present. The Kronprinz was taken over by the shipyard on September 19 and officially put into service as the first large ironclad in the German Navy. However, the crew arrived in London later, after they had been brought to Portsmouth by Hertha . The Crown Prince was able to leave the shipyard for Kiel on October 24 and arrived there four days later. After further test drives, in which the Kronprinz proved to be a very good seagoing ship with good maneuverability, the ship was decommissioned on November 1st. The subsequent completion and equipping of the Crown Prince dragged on until the spring of 1869 - among other things because of delivery problems at the Essen company Krupp , which supplied the guns and mounts .

commitment

Lithograph of the Crown Prince from the Illustrirten Zeitung from March 21, 1868

In the Navy of the North German Confederation

The Crown Prince was returned to service after its completion on May 11, 1869th From the beginning of August, it was part of a under Vice Admiral Eduard Jachmann formed tank training squadron next to the Crown Prince , the Friedrich Carl and as a flagship serving King William and the Aviso Prussian eagle included. The Crown Prince ran to England on August 8 to have the vegetation removed from the ship's bottom in a dock there . She met again on August 30th in Kiel with the squadron, which had meanwhile been reinforced for the following exercises around the Niobe , the training ships Hela and Musquito , the Aviso Grille and the gunboats Cyclop and Scorpion . Until September 2nd, the training squadron carried out maneuvers in the Baltic Sea under the command of Prince Adalbert von Prussia . It was dissolved on September 10th and the Crown Prince decommissioned on September 25th.

The next active period for the Crown Prince began on April 30th, 1870. Just a few weeks later, on May 17th, the ironclad and the Cyclop had to haul the Friedrich Carl to Kiel, which despite a Danish pilot on board, was on its way to England had run aground near Langeland in the Great Belt . The Friedrich Carl was able to free itself using a warpanker , but was unable to maneuver due to severe damage to the propeller . A repair was not possible in Germany, which is why the ship was towed by the Crown Prince of Kiel on to Portsmouth, where both ships arrived on June 2nd. While the Friedrich Carl went to the shipyard, the Crown Prince continued to Plymouth . The former British liner Renown was already at anchor there. On June 16, the gunboat Delphin and three days later King Wilhelm , Prince Adalbert and the not fully restored Friedrich Carl reached the port. The training squadron, which was officially formed from the ironclads on July 1, initially stayed in Plymouth, as the King Wilhelm had suffered engine damage while sailing through the North Sea and had to be repaired. On June 22nd, the Renown and the Delphin marched to Kiel. The ironclads left Plymouth on July 10th and headed for the Atlantic . The Prince Adalbert was meanwhile to Dartmouth ordered since the first rumors had arisen from an impending war with France, and more information was expected from the German Embassy in London. The training squadron turned around at the western exit of the English Channel and took up the Prinz Adalbert again on July 13th . This brought the official war warning from the Reich government with it, whereupon the squadron quickly returned home and arrived there on July 16. During the march through the North Sea, the Prinz Adalbert had to be towed by the Crown Prince because she could not keep the speed of the unit.

Franco-German War

Vice-Admiral Eduard Jachmann, commander of the German tank squadron in the Franco-German War

With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the existing ships of the Navy were used for coastal defense in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea and were assigned different bases. The three large armored ships were lying on the outer jade , but only the Crown Prince was fully operational. After two French ironclad ships were falsely reported in the North Sea with a course for Denmark on August 5 , Jachmann and his armored squadron made an advance to the level of the Limfjord without encountering enemy ships. A few days later, the French Mediterranean Fleet appeared in the German Bight under the command of Vice Admiral Martin Fourichon . Fourichon cruised off the German coast with his formation consisting of eight ironclad ships and four unarmored corvettes and Avisos and officially declared their blockade on August 12th. An advance by the German ships planned for this day was not carried out because their commanders, Ludwig Henk ( King Wilhelm ), Gustav Klatt ( Friedrich Carl ) and Reinhold Werner ( Crown Prince ), stood up to Vice Admiral Jachmann against an attack on the superior French unit. As a result, Werner ran out with the Crown Prince several times to take action against the blockade ships independently, but did not get into any major skirmishes. On September 11th, the armored squadron made an advance to Heligoland , but found no French ships. Unnoticed by the Germans, they ended the blockade the day before and withdrew to Cherbourg . However, the German armored ships were still in readiness on the Outer Jade.

In mid-December the Crown Prince arrived in Wilhelmshaven to have a floor cleaning and machine repair carried out in a dry dock. The work was finished in mid-January 1871. At Werner's suggestion, the Crown Prince was ordered to attack Cherbourg. The ship was supposed to destroy the lock gates there , sink ships in the port by ramming and bombard the forts . February 3rd was set as the expiry date. On this day, however, the message of the armistice arrived in Wilhelmshaven and the action against Cherbourg was canceled. The Crown Prince's last assignment during the war was on March 27, 1871, when she supervised the shipment of a total of 20,000 French prisoners of war near Glückstadt . In the meantime, with the establishment of the empire and the subordination of the navy to the command of the emperor, the imperial navy had emerged.

In the Imperial Navy

The Crown Prince left her previous base at Wilhelmshaven on April 30 for Kiel. From there the ship ran on to Danzig and brought the Thetis in tow to Kiel. A similar operation took place in June 1871, when the Crown Prince, together with the Cyclop and the Prussian Eagle, also towed a floating dock from Swinoujscie to Kiel. The ship was temporarily decommissioned on August 23.

Almost four months later, on December 19, 1871, the Crown Prince returned to service. She was supposed to run to Brazil in association with the corvettes Elisabeth , Vineta , Gazelle and Augusta , the gunboats Albatross and Comet, as well as the Vice-Admiral Jachmann's flagship, Friedrich Carl , in order to exert diplomatic pressure on the Brazilian government. The latter refused to release the nymph's sailors who had been arrested in October 1871 after a fight in Rio de Janeiro . The Reich government dropped the project when Brazil complied with the German demands. The Crown Prince was therefore decommissioned on January 22, 1872. In order to be able to put the ship back into operation quickly if necessary, a smaller regular crew remained assigned to the Crown Prince , but they were not stationed on the tank frigate but on land. Such a need occurred in November 1873 when German ships were in service off the Spanish coast. They should be reinforced by the Crown Prince , which is why preparations were made for commissioning. However, the ironclad was not used.

Training squadron with the Crown Prince (wrongly shown with Admiral instead of Rear Admiral flag!), Friedrich Carl and Ariadne near Danzig. Wood engraving from the Illustrirten Zeitung from September 26, 1874

The next period of service for the Crown Prince began on May 19, 1874. She served as the flagship of the training squadron under Rear Admiral Henk, to which the Ariadne , the Friedrich Carl and the Albatross belonged that year . The ships initially carried out exercises individually, from June 6th in association. On June 28th, the squadron set out for a training run in the Atlantic to test the ships' ability to operate at sea. In front of the Isle of Wight it served the German Crown Prince couple for representative tasks. According to Otto von Bismarck's will , the squadron should then call at the Basque coast and fly the flag there after a German war correspondent had been shot in the Basque Country. However, on the orders of the head of the Admiralty , Albrecht von Stosch , the association returned home and reached Kiel on July 29th. Only the Albatross was sent to Spain and replaced by the Grille in the squadron . In August the association undertook training trips in the Baltic Sea and was subsequently dissolved, the Crown Prince finally decommissioned on October 13 in Wilhelmshaven.

In 1875 the Crown Prince was again part of the training squadron. King Wilhelm took over the role of the flagship . From June 3rd, exercises took place in the western Baltic Sea, later in the Gdańsk Bay . In Świnoujście, the Commander of the Crown Prince , Captain Paul Grapow, died on July 25th as a result of a heart attack . The training squadron returned in August to Kiel back, holding, reinforced by other ships, a parade in front of Kaiser Wilhelm I. off. On October 15, the Crown Prince's period of service ended .

The Crown Prince in a storm on the North Sea. Wood engraving from the Illustrirten Zeitung from April 7, 1877

The commissioning in 1876 took place on May 1st. The Crown Prince was again scheduled for service in the training squadron. The uneasy situation in the Ottoman Empire after the outbreak of the April Uprising and the murder of the German and French consuls in Thessaloniki on May 6 led to the Berlin Memorandum on May 15 , an agreement on the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire between Germany , Russia and Austria. Hungary , which was also joined by France and Italy . As a result, von Bismarck called for an armored ship squadron to be sent to the Mediterranean . On May 22nd, the Crown Prince , Friedrich Carl , Kaiser and Deutschland as well as Pommerania ran out of Wilhelmshaven under the command of Rear Admiral Karl Ferdinand Batsch . Via Plymouth, Gibraltar and Valletta the ships reached Thessaloniki on June 25th, where ships from all signatory states of the Berlin Memorandum as well as British units were staying. On August 23, the two Kaiser- class ships returned home, while the Crown Prince and Friedrich Carl remained in the Mediterranean. On December 20, the Crown Prince started his journey home. On the evening of January 30, 1877, she got caught in a heavy storm in the German Bight. In the high waves of the North Sea, the ship rolled over, suffered severe water inrushes and lost both a cutter and the jib boom . On January 31, the tank frigate reached Wilhelmshaven, where it was repaired until autumn 1877.

Photo of the Crown Prince from the 1870s

The Crown Prince was in service during the summer of 1879, 1881 and 1882 and was a member of the training squadron. The maneuvers each proceeded without any particular incident. During the exercises of 1883, the new chief of the Admiralty, Lieutenant General Leo von Caprivi , paid a first visit to the association. In addition, exercises for the armored ships with torpedoes took place for the first time . After the end of the maneuvers, the Crown Prince was transferred to the reserve on September 27, 1883.

The last period of service as an active warship began for the Crown Prince on October 1, 1891. Contrary to previous practice, the maneuvering squadron was not disbanded this year, but remained in service during the winter. The squadron made a trip to Scotland and Norway in winter . During the maneuvers in August and September 1892, which were carried out with 19 ships and 28 torpedo boats , the new naval tactics worked out by Alfred Tirpitz were used . The Crown Prince remained in service until October 4, 1892. On this day she was taken out of service in Wilhelmshaven for the last time.

Whereabouts

The Crown Prince was in 1894 on the orders of William II. In cooperation with the Friedrich Carl to the Germaniawerft sold modernized by this and then to China to be resold. The proceeds should benefit the new cruiser. The necessary approval of the Reichstag seemed very unlikely, however, since China was at war with Japan and a belligerent state should not be supplied with military equipment. In addition, both ships were completely out of date due to the development of Kc armor and more modern guns and propulsion systems. Even after modernization, they would have been too slow even for East Asia. The project was therefore not carried out.

In the following years the Crown Prince was not used. On August 22, 1901, they were finally deleted from the list of warships. After a corresponding conversion, the ship served as a Hulk for machinist and stoker training from August 1, 1902 . On October 3, 1921, a Bonn company finally bought the Crown Prince for 5,000,000 " paper marks " and then had it scrapped in Rendsburg .

technology

The Kronprinz had an iron hull in transverse and longitudinal frames . This was divided into nine watertight compartments by transverse bulkheads and had a double floor over 43 percent of its length in order to ensure greater safety against sinking. The ironclad was a total of 89.44 m in length, with the construction waterline 88.2 m measured, and 15.2 m wide. The construction displacement was officially stated as 5,480 t, in fact it was 5,767 t. The ready-to-use ship displaced a total of 6,760 t and then had a draft of 7.85 m forward and 7.45 m aft . The shape of the hull in the stern was completely and round, with the screw and rudder built over to protect the stern. The stem was curved outwards at full height, the curvature beginning significantly higher than that of other contemporary ironclad ships.

The ironclad was not fitted with electrical equipment until the beginning of the 1880s. This also included three generators with a total output of 30 kW. The on-board network worked with a voltage of 65 V.

Propulsion system

The Crown Prince had steam-powered machinery. There were eight suitcase boilers with a total heating surface of 1,688 m² on board to generate steam . These each had four furnaces, generated a steam pressure of 2  atmospheres and were distributed over two boiler rooms one behind the other. The two-cylinder steam engine with single steam expansion, built by John Penn , was housed horizontally in a separate engine room and had an output of 4,870  PSi . It drove the two-bladed propeller with a diameter of 6.5 m via a shaft . The machine enabled the Crown Prince to reach a top speed of 14.7 kn, which clearly exceeded the 13.5 kn required by the design. Between 1883 and 1891, the Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven renewed the boiler system. The total heating area increased to 1,778 m² without changing the other properties of the drive system. The ironclad carried a maximum of 646 t of coal as fuel and was able to cover a distance of 3,220 nm at a speed of 10 kn with this supply. It was steered by means of a balance rudder , a design that was only introduced in the Royal Navy in 1863.

In addition to the machinery, the Crown Prince also had rigging . She was a three-masted barque m² rigged with a sail area of 1,980. The masts were made of iron and were hollow. They also served as fans for the interior of the ship. The lower frames consisted of sheet steel . During the service period the masts were shortened and the sail area was reduced to 1,409 m². The ship's two funnels were retractable so as not to impede sailing operations.

In 1901 the ship received a new boiler system from the Kaiserliche Werft in Kiel for its work as a machine school hulk. The Crown Prince had henceforth two cylinders each boiler and water tube boilers of types Dürr and Thornycroft . In addition, one of the three masts was removed.

Armament

Originally, the Crown Prince was to be armed with 32 72 pounder cannons. However, she received 16 rifled Krupp ring cannons of 21.0 cm caliber . Two of them had 22  caliber lengths . They could be aimed at altitudes between -5 ° and 13 ° and achieved a maximum firing range of 5.9 km. The other guns had only 19 caliber lengths, but an elevation of -8 ° to 14.5 °. Despite the larger elevation range, they shot only 5.2 km due to the shorter tubes. All guns fired the same type of ammunition, with a total of 1,656 rounds of ammunition in stock on board. Most of the guns were in the battery deck , one each was rotatable on the fore and stern of the ship. These two guns were also intended as hunting and retreat guns.

By 1883, the ironclad received six Hotchkiss revolver cannons of the 3.7 cm calf and five torpedo tubes with a diameter of 35 cm as additional armament . These were attached above the waterline, one in the stern, two in the bow and one on each side. The Crown Prince carried a nominal twelve torpedoes .

As another weapon typical of ironclads that time, reinforced the battering ram is stem visible. In the case of the Crown Prince , it was covered by sheet metal cladding on which the bowsprit was supported. As a result, the ramming bow was less noticeable than on the Friedrich Carl, which was built at the same time .

Armor and protection

The Crown Prince was provided with wrought-iron armor supplied by Sir John Brown's Atlas Steel Works in Sheffield . The belt armor was a maximum of 124 mm thick. In the forward and aft area of ​​the ship, it decreased to 114 mm. The tank reached from about 1.83 m (6  feet ) below the waterline to the main deck . The battery was protected over a length of 36.88 m, front and aft with 114 mm, in the middle with 121 mm armor material. The wrought iron was screwed onto a 254 mm thick layer of teak . Over the years, the Crown Prince also received an armored command tower, the side steel armor of which was 50 mm thick. Its ceiling was equipped with 30 mm steel. From 1885 to 1897, the Crown Prince also had torpedo protection nets on board. You should protect the ship in port from being attacked by torpedoes.

Dinghies

The Crown Prince's equipment included several dinghies of various sizes. The largest types of boat were a large steam dinghy and two launch boats . In addition, there were a pinasse , two cutters, two dinghies and a dinghy on board the armored frigate.

crew

The Crown Prince's crew had a nominal strength of 541 men. It consisted of 33 officers and 508 NCOs and men . Usually, a staff officer with the rank of sea captain commanded the ship.

Commanders

September 19 to November 16, 1867 Sea captain Ludwig Henk
May 11th to September 25th, 1869 Corvette Captain Reinhold Werner
April 30, 1870 to August 25, 1871 Captain Reinhold Werner
December 19, 1871 to January 22, 1872 Captain Reinhold Werner
May 19 to October 13, 1874 Sea Captain Paul Grapow
May 19 to July 1875 Sea Captain Paul Grapow
July to October 15, 1875 Sea captain Otto Livonius
May 1, 1876 to February 15, 1877 Sea captain Otto Livonius
May 5 to September 27, 1879 Sea captain Alfred Stenzel
May 3 to October 2, 1881 Sea captain Ditmar
May 2 to September 26, 1882 Sea captain Ditmar
May 1 to September 27, 1883 Sea captain Philipp von Kall
October 1, 1891 to January 1892 Sea captain Otto Diederichsen
January to October 1892 Sea captain Hugo von Schuckmann

literature

  • Gröner, Erich / Dieter Jung / Martin Maass: The German warships 1815-1945 . tape 1 : Armored ships, ships of the line, battleships, aircraft carriers, cruisers, gunboats . Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-7637-4800-8 , p. 25th f .
  • Hildebrand, Hans H. / Albert Röhr / Hans-Otto Steinmetz: The German warships . Biographies - a mirror of naval history from 1815 to the present . tape 5 : Ship biographies from Kaiser to Lütjens . Mundus Verlag, Ratingen, S. 163–167 (Licensed edition by Koehler's Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg, approx. 1990).

Web links

Commons : Die Kronprinz  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ a b c d e f von Kronenfels, JF: The floating fleet material of the sea powers . A brief description of the major European, American, and Asian warships of recent and recent times . A. Hartleben's publishing house, Vienna / Pest / Leipzig 1881, p. 80-82 .
  2. ^ Breyer, Siegfried: Battleships and battle cruisers 1905–1970 . Pawlak, Herrsching 1988, ISBN 3-88199-474-2 , pp. 29 f . (Licensed edition by Lehmanns Verlag Munich).
  3. ^ Breyer: Battleships and battle cruisers 1905–1970. P. 31f.
  4. ^ Kroschel, Günter / August-Ludwig Evers (ed.): The German fleet 1848-1945 . History of German warship construction in 437 pictures . 5th edition. Lohse-Eissing, Wilhelmshaven 1973, ISBN 3-920602-12-9 , pp. 8 .
  5. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships . tape 1 : Historical overview. Ship biographies from Adler to Augusta . Mundus Verlag, Ratingen, S. 261 (Approved licensed edition by Koehler's Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg, approx. 1990).
  6. ↑ Gröner / Jung / Maass: The German warships. Volume 1, p. 24.
  7. ↑ a b c d The Prussian tank frigate Kronprinz . In: Illustrirte Zeitung . No.  1248 . Leipzig June 1, 1867, p. 369 . ( Online version of the BSB )
  8. ↑ Schulze-Wegener, Guntram: Deutschland zur See . Illustrated naval history from the beginning to the present day . 3. Edition. ES Mittler & Sohn, Hamburg / Berlin / Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-8132-0920-4 , p. 27 .
  9. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 1, pp. 55f.
  10. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships . tape 3 : Ship biographies from the Elbe to Graudenz . Mundus Verlag, Ratingen, S. 105 f . (Approved licensed edition by Koehler's Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg, approx. 1990).
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 164.
  12. ↑ a b c The North German tank frigate Kronprinz . In: Illustrirte Zeitung . No.  1290 . Leipzig March 21, 1868, p. 198 . ( Online version of the BSB )
  13. ↑ Gröner / Jung / Maass: The German warships. Volume 1, pp. 25f.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gröner / Jung / Maass: The German warships. Volume 1, p. 26.
  15. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, pp. 114f.
  16. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 3, pp. 106f.
  17. ↑ a b Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships . tape 2 : Ship biographies from Baden to Eber . Mundus Verlag, Ratingen, S. 222 (Approved licensed edition by Koehler's publishing company, Hamburg, approx. 1990).
  18. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, pp. 115f.
  19. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 116.
  20. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 117.
  21. ↑ a b Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 120.
  22. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 134.
  23. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 121.
  24. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, pp. 164f.
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 165.
  26. ↑ Kroschel / Evers: The German fleet. P. 9.
  27. ↑ a b c d Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 163.
  28. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 3, p. 107.
  29. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, pp. 166f.
  30. ↑ a b Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5. p. 125.
  31. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships . tape 4 : Ship biographies from Greif to Kaiser . Mundus Verlag, Ratingen, S. 233 f . (Approved licensed edition by Koehler's Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg, approx. 1990).
  32. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz name the date January 28, cf. The German warships. Volume 5, p. 165.
  33. ^ The armored frigate Kronprinz in the storm . In: Illustrirte Zeitung . Leipzig April 7th 1877.
  34. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 4, p. 233.
  35. ↑ a b c d e Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 5, p. 166.
  36. ↑ Hildebrand / Röhr / Steinmetz: The German warships. Volume 2, p. 22.
  37. ↑ As a result of the ongoing inflation , the mark was only a hundredth of its value in July 1914 at this point in time.
  38. ↑ a b Gröner / Jung / Maass: The German warships. Volume 1, p. 25.
  39. ^ White, William Henry: Handbook for Shipbuilding . Arthur Felix Verlag, Leipzig 1879, p. 630 .
  40. ↑ a b Gardiner, Robert (ed.): Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 . Conway Maritime Press, London 1979, ISBN 0-85177-133-5 , pp. 243 .
  41. ↑ Gröner gives a thickness of 76 mm for the tank in the aft area, cf. Gröner / Jung / Maass: The German warships. Volume 1, p. 26.
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