Temperature extremes

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Temperature extremes are the lowest and highest measured temperatures within an observation period on earth. This article describes meteorologically measured air temperatures . See weather records for other weather- related extremes.

Measurement and verification

Registering extreme weather elements is a tradition in meteorology and is particularly useful for the climatological classification of anomalies . International standards have been established for global comparability ( World Weather Watch Program  WWWP of the World Meteorological Organization  WMO). Comparable records should show the official daily maximum temperature of the air two meters above the ground in a thermometer hut. Radiation-based values, such as those obtained with modern satellite remote sensing , are usually not used for statistics.

Extreme values ​​are rumored again and again and measured in accordance with the rules. However, it has become common practice that only those values ​​are taken into account that are measured by the national official meteorological services . These also ensure the verification of the values. It happens again and again that it is only determined on the basis of extreme values ​​that a weather station does not meet the necessary requirements.

As part of the OPAG 2 - Support Systems for Agrometeorological Services program, the World Meteorological Organization Commission for Climatology (WMO CCl) founded a group that manages the Weather and Climate Extremes Archive and subjects the values ​​to a further review (Inaugural WMOCCL OPAG2 committee for the World ). This is why historical peak values ​​are constantly being corrected. The harmonization of old data is particularly important for the calibration of electronic climate models.

Lists

The article list of countries by temperature # countries by extreme temperature and temperature extremes # lists overlap thematically. Help me to better differentiate or merge the articles (→  instructions ) . To do this, take part in the relevant redundancy discussion . Please remove this module only after the redundancy has been completely processed and do not forget to include the relevant entry on the redundancy discussion page{{ Done | 1 = ~~~~}}to mark. - Fonero ( discussion ) 12:00, 15 Sep. 2019 (CEST)

In the tables, the highest temperatures or temperature differences are listed above.

Maximum temperatures (since records began)

The record is currently held by the Greenland Ranch (now Furnace Creek) , California , United States station with 56.7 ° C on July 10, 1913. United StatesUnited States 

Temperature
° C 		date place State / State / Research Station comment
56.7 ° C July 10, 1913 Death Valley United StatesUnited States United States Height: 54.6 m below sea level , heat record; highest measured temperature in North America and the entire western hemisphere .
55.0 ° C 0July 7, 1931 Kebili TunisiaTunisia Tunisia Height: 38.1  m , heat record in Africa and the entire eastern hemisphere .
54.0 ° C June 21, 1942 Tirat Zvi IsraelIsrael Israel Altitude: 220 m below sea level , heat record in WMO Region VI (Europe).
53.9 ° C July 21, 2016 Mitriba KuwaitKuwait Kuwait Heat record in WMO Region II ( Asia ).
53.7 ° C May 28, 2017 Turbat PakistanPakistan Pakistan Is listed by the WMO as the fourth highest value.
49.5 ° C Jan. 25, 2019 Port Augusta AustraliaAustralia Australia Highest temperature ever recorded in a coastal location .
48.9 ° C Dec 11, 1905 Rivadavia ArgentinaArgentina Argentina Altitude: 205  m , heat record in South America .
48.0 ° C July 10, 1977 Athens and Eleusis GreeceGreece Greece Altitude: 236  m , heat record in WMO Region VI ( continental Europe ); unconfirmed: 48.5 ° C 10 Aug 1999 in Catenanuova , Italy , 185  m .
47.3 ° C July 14, 2017 Montoro SpainSpain Spain not comparable: 50 ° C, from the 19th century, Seville.
46.0 ° C June 28, 2019 Vérargues FranceFrance France State heat record.
42.6 ° C July 25, 2019 Lingen (Ems) GermanyGermany Germany State heat record; see also list of temperature records in Germany
41.8 ° C July 25, 2019 Begijnendijk BelgiumBelgium Belgium State heat record.
41.5 ° C Aug 11, 2003 Grono SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland MeteoSwiss .
41.1 ° C 23rd July 2018 Kumagaya JapanJapan Japan State heat record.
40.7 ° C July 25, 2019 Gilze en Rijen NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands State heat record.
40.5 ° C 0Aug 8, 2013 Bad Deutsch-Altenburg AustriaAustria Austria State heat record according to ZAMG .
39.0 ° C July 25, 2019 Findel LuxembourgLuxembourg Luxembourg State heat record.
38.7 ° C July 25, 2019 Cambridge United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom State heat record, previously 38.5 ° C in August 2003 in Faversham .
37.8 ° C June 27, 1915 Fort Yukon USA AlaskaAlaska Alaska State heat record.
36.0 ° C Aug 13, 2003 Vaduz LiechtensteinLiechtenstein Liechtenstein State heat record.
21.0 ° C 14th July 2019 Alert CanadaCanada Canada Heat record in northernmost permanently inhabited settlement.
19.8 ° C Jan. 30, 1982 Signy Island United KingdomUnited Kingdom Signy station Height: 9  m , heat record in WMO Region VII ( Antarctica ).
17.5 ° C 24 Mar 2015 Hope Bay ArgentinaArgentina Esperanza station Height: 13  m , heat record in WMO Region VII ( Antarctica & associated islands). A measurement of 18.3 ° C on February 6, 2020 is currently being checked by the WMO. [outdated]
−12.3 ° C Dec 25, 2011 South Pole - ( Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station ) Annual average: −49.4 ° C.

Not recognized: allegedly 58 ° C on September 13, 1922 in al-ʿAzīzīya in today's Libya and allegedly 57.1 ° C on August 27, 1884 in Ouargla in today's Algeria .

Maximum floor surface temperatures

Particularly high ground temperatures, as in the Kumtag desert in Turpan shown here , are reached in zones in the slipstream with dark ground color.
Territory of the record Place of measurement date Temperature in ° C annotation
Central Asia Turpan Basin in Xinjiang , People's Republic of ChinaChina People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China    1978 * 82.3 ( * Year of publication)
North America Desert near Tucson , Arizona , United StatesUnited StatesUnited States  June 21, 1915 71.5
Middle East Lut Desert , Iran (29.9 ° N, 59.1 ° E)IranIran 
   2005 70.7 The Lut Desert has the largest contiguous area with ground temperatures above 65 ° C.
AustraliaAustralia Australia Queensland desert
(21.5 ° S, 143.2 ° E)		   2003 69.3 The annual maximum temperatures are regularly above 60 ° C.
Central Asia Kumtag Desert (Turpan) in Xinjiang, People's Republic of ChinaChina People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China    2008 66.8
North America Furnace Creek in Death Valley , California , United StatesUnited StatesUnited States    2005 62.7

In Germany, soil surface temperatures of 50 ° C could be measured.

Lowest temperatures (since records began)

The record is currently held by the Russian research station Vostok in the Antarctic with −89.2 ° C on July 21, 1983.

Temperature
° C 		date place State /
research station 		comment
−23.9 ° C Feb 11, 1935 Ifrane MoroccoMorocco Morocco Altitude: 1635  m , Africa's cold pole
−25.6 ° C July 17, 1903 Ranfurly New ZealandNew Zealand New Zealand Altitude: 423  m , cold pole of the Southwest Pacific
−32.8 ° C 0June 1, 1907 Sarmiento , Tierra del Fuego ArgentinaArgentina Argentina Altitude: 268  m , South America's cold pole
−36.6 ° C February 12, 1929 Zwettl in the Waldviertel AustriaAustria Austria Lowest confirmed temperature in an inhabited place in Austria
−37.8 ° C February 12, 1929 Hüll / Wolnzach GermanyGermany Germany DWD ; Cold pole of Germany: Funtensee , 1601 m , z. B. −45.9 ° C on December 24, 2001 ( Meteomedia , not official)
−38.7 ° C January 26, 1954 Sjenica SerbiaSerbia Serbia
−41.0 ° C 17th January 1985 Mouthe , Doubs department FranceFrance France
−41.8 ° C January 12, 1987 La Brévine in the Neuchâtel Jura SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland Lowest measured temperature in an inhabited place in Switzerland
−42.2 ° C February 11, 1929 Litvínovice CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
−43.5 ° C January 24, 1963 Mount Igman Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
−51.4 ° C January 1, 1886 Karasjok NorwayNorway Norway
−51.5 ° C January 28, 1999 Pokka near Kittilä in Lapland FinlandFinland Finland About 150 km north of the Arctic Circle
−52.6 ° C February 19, 1932 Grünloch near Lunz am See AustriaAustria Austria Cold pole of Austria
−53.0 ° C December 13, 1941 Malgovik in Lapland SwedenSweden Sweden
−56.3 ° C February 1, 1985 Peter Sinks near Logan , Utah United StatesUnited States United States Uninhabited hollow
−58.1 ° C Dec. 31, 1978 Ust-Schuger RussiaRussia Russia Height: 85  m , cold pole of Europe
−63.0 ° C February 3, 1947 Snag , Yukon CanadaCanada Canada North America's cold pole (excluding Greenland)
−66.1 ° C January 9, 1954 North Ice weather station GreenlandGreenland Greenland Cold pole of Greenland and the western hemisphere
−67.8 ° C February 6, 1933 Oymyakon RussiaRussia Russia Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are both considered the cold poles of Asia and the northern hemisphere
−67.8 ° C February 5 and 7, 1892 Verkhoyansk RussiaRussia Russia Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are both considered the cold poles of Asia and the northern hemisphere
−89.2 ° C July 21, 1983 Wilkesland - ( Vostok station ) Altitude: 3420  m , the cold pole of Antarctica and the entire earth
Lowest ground surface temperatures

For the East Antarctic winters from 2004 to 2016, ground surface temperatures down to −98.6 ° C were calculated by satellite measurements under special topographical conditions (depressions at 3800  m ). Such values ​​are rejected by the World Meteorological Organization because of the method for comparison, among other things because the temperature has to be measured two meters above the ground.

Biggest temperature differences

In North and Central Asia, there are the greatest temperature differences over the course of the year: Asia's huge land mass causes a pronounced continental climate with strong temperature differences. The dry, hot summers and dry, cold winters are often only separated by a short spring and autumn.

Only state peak values ​​are mentioned in the table.

Span ( Δ T in K) T mid T min T max place State / research station comment
105.1 −15.25 −67.8 +37.3 Verkhoyansk RussiaRussia Russia
91.6 −6.5 −52.3 +39.3 Mohe ( Heilongjiang ) China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China
87.7 5.25 −38.6 +49.1 Turkestan onA KazakhstanKazakhstan Kazakhstan
87.6 −5.2 −49 0 +38.6 Ulaanbaatar MongoliaMongolia Mongolia
85.8 3.1 −39.8 +46 0 Karakalpakistan onA UzbekistanUzbekistan Uzbekistan
81.4 6.9 −33.8 +47.6 Serhetabat ( Kushka ) TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Turkmenistan
77 −50.7 −89.2 −12.2 Wilkesland , Antarctica - ( Vostok station ) Amundsen-Scott: 70.5 / -82.8 / -12.3

On Mars were similar to large temperature differences - on the surface - measured: Viking Lander measure -107 / -17.2 ° C; ΔT = 89.8 ° C

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Global Weather & Climate Extremes on wmo.asu.edu , accessed on December 22, 2013
  2. ↑ a b The all-time record of 40.6 ° C measured by ZAMG in Neusiedl 2013 was assessed as a “meteorologically unrealistic” outlier and withdrawn; For the first time more than 40 ° C . ZAMG, August 8, 2013 and a new heat record: 40.5 ° C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg . ZAMG, August 9, 2013.
    Something similar for the annual record of 38.6 ° C in 2015 : the measurement was found to be “not entirely representative of the environment”, so the measuring point is to be relocated; Gars was a heat pole! Or not? NÖN, July 27, 2015.
  3. ↑ About Weather Archive: Mission Statement. ( Memento of the original from 23 August 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / wmo.asu.edu archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. And Committee Record Assessment. ( Memento of the original from 23 August 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / wmo.asu.edu archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 16, 2015, from Arizona State University's website, wmo.asu.edu.
  4. ↑ cf. Recent Investigations. ( Memento of the original from August 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / wmo.asu.edu archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. wmo.asu.edu.
  5. ↑ World: Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu . World Meteorological Organization , accessed December 29, 2018 .
  6. ↑ WMO Region IV (North America): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  7. ^ Western Hemisphere: Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  8. ↑ WMO Region I (Africa): Highest Temperature. (No longer available online.) In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, archived from the original on January 4, 2013 ; accessed on December 29, 2018 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / wmo.asu.edu
  9. ^ Eastern Hemisphere: Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  10. ↑ WMO Region VI (Europe): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  11. ↑ a b WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth . In: World Meteorological Organization . June 18, 2019 ( wmo.int [accessed July 29, 2019]).
  12. ↑ World record and blackouts - heat wave in Australia. In: proplanta.de. World Meteorological Organization, accessed January 26, 2019 .
  13. ^ WMO Region III (South America): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  14. ↑ WMO Region VI (Europe, Continent only): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  15. ↑ Annali 1999 . osservatorioacque.it
  16. ↑ New temperature record in Spain. Thomas Sävert in the Kachelmannwetter weather channel , July 14, 2017.
  17. ↑ Las Temperatures más extremas de la historia en España. ABC.es, June 17, 2013.
  18. ↑ 46 degrees! Heat wave cracked temperature record in France. In: weather.com . July 19, 2019, accessed July 21, 2019 .
  19. ↑ DWD: Weather in Germany in July 2019. July 30, 2019, accessed on August 6, 2019 .
  20. ↑ Donderdag opnieuw warmterecord broken: 41.8 degrees in Begijnendijk. Vandaag is not as warm. In: demorgen.be . July 26, 2019, accessed July 26, 2019 (Dutch).
  21. ↑ 41.5 degrees measured on the south side of the Alps . ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. MeteoSwiss, dated August 12, 2003, accessed on July 26, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch
  22. ↑ 40 degree mark: Why Switzerland was spared. In: bernerzeitung.ch . July 26, 2019, accessed on July 27, 2019 : "Under the current measurement conditions on the valley floor, August 11, 2003 in Grono would have brought a daily maximum of 40.5 degrees, as Meteo Schweiz stated."
  23. ↑ Historic heat record in Japan - dozen dead. July 24, 2018, accessed May 19, 2020 .
  24. ↑ Before het first 40+ degrees in Nederland. In: telegraaf.nl . July 25, 2019, accessed July 25, 2019 .
  25. ↑ New heat record: 40.5 ° C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg , ZAMG, August 8, 2013.
  26. ↑ MeteoLux enregistre un record de température maximal historique au Findel! In: MeteoLux . July 25, 2019, accessed July 25, 2019 .
  27. ↑ New official highest temperature in UK confirmed. Met Office , July 29, 2019, accessed July 30, 2019. (English)
  28. ↑ Temperature record in Alaska's largest city - 32.2 degrees in Anchorage. In: suedostschweiz.ch . July 5, 2019, accessed July 8, 2019 .
  29. ↑ Heat record: Annelie makes it possible. In: Liechtenstein Fatherland . June 25, 2019, accessed July 25, 2019 .
  30. ↑ Temperature record in the northernmost permanently inhabited settlement. In: nzz.ch . July 17, 2019, accessed July 21, 2019 .
  31. ↑ WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  32. ^ WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  33. ^ New record for Antarctic continent reported. In: wmo.int . February 7, 2020, accessed on February 8, 2020.
  34. ^ Office of Polar Programs. antarcticsun.usap.gov.
  35. ↑ a b World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive at wmo.asu.edu , accessed on May 30, 2014.
  36. ↑ Météo-Climat Ouargla , accessed on August 20, 2018.
  37. ↑ Walker, AS (1981, March). Drainage in Gobi Terrain: a Mars Analog. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Vol. 12, pp. 1127-1129). ( HTML )
  38. ↑ a b c d e Mildrexler, David J., Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running. Satellite finds highest land skin temperatures on earth. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92.7 (2011): 855-860. ( PDF )
  39. ↑ a b Mildrexler, David J., Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running. Where are the hottest spots on Earth ?. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union 87.43 (2006): 461-467. ( PDF )
  40. ↑ Temperature world map: satellites show the hottest places in the world. Axel Bojanowski in: Spiegel online , November 24, 2006.
  41. ↑ WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  42. ↑ WMO Region V (Southwest Pacific): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  43. ^ South America: Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  44. ↑ Quidzoom - LA FRANCE - Mouthe ou "la petite Sibérie" ( Memento of the original from July 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.quid.fr
  45. ↑ Meteo- Switzerland : Records Switzerland ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; In 2011 this value was homogenized, that is, under today's measurement conditions with automatic measurement, in La Brévine since October 1997, instead of manual measurement in the measuring hut, the value would be −42.5 ° C @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch
  46. ↑ Peter Sinks .
  47. ↑ WMO Region VI (Europe, Continent only): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  48. ↑ WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  49. ^ Western Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  50. ↑ WMO Region II (Asia): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  51. ↑ Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  52. ↑ WMO Region II (Asia): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  53. ↑ Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  54. ↑ WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  55. ↑ TA Scambos u. a .: Ultra ‐ low surface temperatures in East Antarctica from satellite thermal infrared mapping: the coldest places on Earth In: Geophysical Research Letters , 2018, doi: 10.1029 / 2018GL078133
  56. ^ The Latest Weather Report from Mars. mars.jpl.nasa.gov - describing the technology of the Mars Pathfinder .