Research stations in the Antarctic

Research stations in Antarctica have existed since the 1950s; in 2004 their number was given as 85. Around half of the research stations are manned all year round (marked with winter), while the rest are only used in the Antarctic summer.

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

Research stations in the Antarctic and marking of territorial claims

States with research stations in the Antarctic

history

With the "Race to the South Pole" in 1912, whaling stations and research camps were set up at an early stage . On the one hand, these had an economic and an actual scientific interest, but on the other hand they had to mark territorial claims of the various states. In the 1930s there were also military operations in the Antarctic area. From the 1950s, there was a strong global interest in exploring the Antarctic and the scientific institutions of the countries began systematic work on the sixth continent. This led to the opening of more and more research stations, which are differentiated according to their location on the actual continent ( Antarctica ) and on offshore islands.  Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

Stations outside the Antarctic continent

These are located on islands between the 40th and 60th parallel south.

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Bird Island	United Kingdom	1957	winter	54 ° 0 ′  S , 38 ° 3 ′  W	Bird Island on the island of the same name off the western tip of South Georgia
Campbell Island	New Zealand	before 1987	winter	52 ° 33 '  S , 169 ° 9'  E
Gough Island	South Africa	1956	winter	40 ° 21 ′  S , 49 ° 52 ′  E	on Gough Island
Marion	South Africa	1947	winter	46 ° 52 '  S , 37 ° 51'  E	in the Prince Edward Islands
Alfred Faure Station	France	1964	winter	46 ° 26 '  S , 51 ° 52'  E	Crozet Island
Port-aux-Français (PAF)	France	1951	winter	49 ° 21 ′  S , 70 ° 12 ′  E	Kerguelen
Martin de Viviès station	France	1950	winter	37 ° 50 ′  S , 77 ° 34 ′  E	New Amsterdam Island
King Edward Point	United Kingdom	1925	winter	54 ° 17 ′  S , 36 ° 30 ′  W	Cumberland East Bay, South Georgia . First, the device was Base M called.

Stations in East Antarctica

Most of the stations are on or near the oceans, with very few in the interior of the continent.

Stations on the Atlantic Ocean

These lie between the Weddell Sea and the Lützow-Holm-Bucht .

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Belgrano II	Argentina	5th February 1979	winter	77 ° 52 ′  S , 34 ° 37 ′  W	Nunatak Bertrab , on the Weddell Sea. Was set up to replace the Belgrano I station, which was to be abandoned.
Aboa	Finland	1988/89	summer	73 ° 3 ′  S , 13 ° 25 ′  W
Halley ( Base Z )	United Kingdom	1956	winter	75 ° 35 ′  S , 26 ° 40 ′  W	Brunt ice shelf on the Weddell Sea
Jinnah Antarctic Station	Pakistan	1991	summer	70 ° 24 ′  S , 25 ° 45 ′  E	Queen Maud Land
King Baudouin base	Belgium	1957-1961, 1964-1967 / 68	summer	70 ° 26 '  S , 25 ° 45'  E	Queen Maud Land on the Riiser-Larsen Sea , from 1964 a few hundred meters away the New King Baudouin Base
Wasa	Sweden	1988/89	summer	73 ° 3 ′  S , 13 ° 25 ′  W	Queen Maud Land
Maitree (also Maitri)	India	1988	winter	70 ° 46 ′ 40 ″  S , 11 ° 44 ′ 30 ″  E	Schirmacher oasis . The name of the station translates as friendship . In the first season, 26 people overwintered here.
Neumayer III	Germany	2009	winter	70 ° 41 ′  S , 8 ° 16 ′  W	Ekström Ice Shelf ( Atka Bay , Weddell Sea); on a novel construction that can be lifted
Novolasarevskaya	Russia	1961	winter	70 ° 56 ′ 0 ″  S , 11 ° 50 ′ 0 ″  E	Schirmacher Oasis , Queen Maud Land
Princess Elisabeth Station	Belgium	2009	winter	71 ° 34 ′  S , 23 ° 12 ′  E	Queen Maud Land : Utsteinen inland from Breid Bay . The first work on the construction of this station, which could only be used temporarily, began as early as 1958.
SANAE I	South Africa	before 1987		70 ° 18 ′  S , 2 ° 25 ′  W
SANAE IV	South Africa	1959	winter	71 ° 40 ′  S , 2 ° 51 ′  W	Vesleskarvet ( Ahlmann Ridge )
SANAE E-Base	South Africa	19 ??	summer	70 ° 18 ′  S , 2 ° 24 ′  W
Svea	Sweden	1990		74 ° 35 ′  S , 11 ° 13 ′  W	On Queen Maud Land in the Heimefrontfjella mountain range . Still in operation in 2009.
goal	Norway	1992	summer	71 ° 53 ′ 20 ″  S , 5 ° 9 ′ 30 ″  E	Svarthamaren , Queen Maud Land
Troll	Norway	1990	winter	72 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  S , 2 ° 32 ′ 0 ″  E	Queen Maud Land

Stations on the Indian Ocean south of Africa

These lie between the Lützow-Holm-Bucht and the MacKenzie-Meer.

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Shōwa ( Syowa )	Japan	1957	winter	69 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  S , 39 ° 35 ′ 0 ″  E	East Ongul Island . Mainly used for scientific monitoring of whaling.
Molodyoshnaya Station	Russia	1962	winter	67 ° 40 ′  S , 45 ° 50 ′  E	Enderbyland
Mizuho	Japan	1970	summer	70 ° 41 ′  S , 44 ° 19 ′  E	Queen Maud Land, border area with Enderbyland
Mawson	Australia	1954	winter	67 ° 36 '  S , 62 ° 52'  E	Holme Bay , Robertson Land
Soyuz	Russia	1982	summer	70 ° 21 ′  S , 68 ° 28 ′  E	Wilkes Land

Stations on the Indian and Pacific Ocean

These lie on the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean near the date line on the Cape to the Ross Sea

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Druzhnaya 4	Russia	January 1, 1987	summer	69 ° 44 ′ 9 ″  S , 73 ° 42 ′ 6 ″  E	Ingrid Christensen Coast , Princess Elizabeth Land. The station was in use all year round until April 18, 1995, and has only been occupied in summer since then.
Ruskaya	Russia	before 1987	winter	74 ° 46 '  S , 136 ° 51'  E
progress	Russia	1989	winter	69 ° 22 ′ 44 ″  S , 76 ° 23 ′ 13 ″  E	Larsemann Hills , Princess Elizabeth Land
Law Base	Australia	1986	summer	69 ° 23 '  S , 76 ° 23'  E	Larsemann Hills
Zhongshan	People's Republic of China	1989	winter	69 ° 22 ′ 16 ″  S , 76 ° 22 ′ 11 ″  E	Broknes Peninsula , Larsemann Hills
Bharati	India	2012	winter	69 ° 24 ′ 25 ″  S , 76 ° 11 ′ 43 ″  E	Larsemann Hills
Davis	Australia	1957	winter	68 ° 35 '  S , 77 ° 58'  E	Ingrid Christensen Coast , Princess Elizabeth Land
Mirny	Russia	1956	winter	66 ° 33 '  S , 93 ° 1'  E	Coast of the Davissee
Casey	Australia	1959	winter	66 ° 17 '  S , 110 ° 32'  E	Vincennes Bay on Ardery Island . The researchers primarily examined the bird life in the area and also had biologists from the Netherlands as guests, who specifically studied the ecology of giant petrels. In the 1986/87 season the station was extensively reconstructed.
Law Dome	Australia	198?	summer	66 ° 53 '  S , 113 ° 15'  E
Law Dome Summit	Australia	1986		66 ° 44 ′  S , 112 ° 50 ′  E	(Automatic weather station)
DDU (Dumont d'Urville)	France	1956	winter	66 ° 40 ′  S , 140 ° 1 ′  E	Île des Pétrels Island, archipelago de Pointe Géologie

Stations at the Ross See

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Gondwana	Germany	1983	winter	74 ° 38 '  S , 164 ° 13'  E	Was set up and operated for special geological research of the Transatlantic Mountains at Terra Nova Bay on the Ross Sea. The station name refers to the major continent of Gondwana , which existed up to about 180 mya .
Hallett Station	New Zealand	before 1987		72 ° 19 ′ 0 ″  S , 170 ° 19 ′ 0 ″  E
Jang-Bogo	South Korea	February 10, 2014	winter	74 ° 37 ′  S , 164 ° 12 ′  E	is in Terra Nova Bay , Viktorialand
Leningradskaya	Soviet Union , if it re-opens Russia	February 25, 1971 (until 1991); 2007	winter	69 ° 30 ′ 0 ″  S , 159 ° 23 ′ 0 ″  E	Located on the Oates Coast , Victoria Land. The researchers mainly dealt with meteorology, oceanography, glaciology and magnetism. After the station was closed in 1991, it was reopened in the 2007/08 season.
Macquarie Island	Australia	before 1987	winter	54 ° 30 ′ 0 ″  S , 158 ° 56 ′ 0 ″  E
Mario Zucchelli	Italy	1985	summer	74 ° 41 ′ 42 ″  S , 164 ° 7 ′ 0 ″  E	Ross Sea area, Viktorialand in Terra Nova Bay . In 1985, as part of the second Italian Antarctic expedition, the construction of the station began, which could initially only be used for summer operations and was named Terra Nova Station . The station occupies an area of ​​650 square meters and comprises 12 individual containers that are used for living, storage, laboratories and supply purposes. The researchers completed a comprehensive program of geological, volcanological, atmospheric and climatic studies. Furthermore, they deal with marine studies, geomagnetism and the fauna of the area. In December 1987, the expansion began for year-round use of the station.
McMurdo	United States	1956	winter	77 ° 51 '  S , 166 ° 40'  E	Hut Point Peninsula . The large, approximately 3 km long aircraft runway made of snow and ice bears the name Williamsfield Airbase . It is used by several nations.
Scott	New Zealand	1957	winter	77 ° 51 '  S , 166 ° 45'  E	Pram Point , Ross Island . A long-term focus of research was penguins , the locations of the various animals were precisely determined and Adelie penguins were counted along the coast of the Ross Dependencies as part of the International Survey of Antarctic Seabirds (ISAS) from 1981 to 1987. - After 30 years The huts were modernized in 1986/87 by engineer units of the New Zealand army ( Huts restoration project ).

Stations in the interior of the Antarctic

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Amundsen-Scott South Pole	United States	1957	winter	89 ° 59 ′ 51 ″  S , 139 ° 16 ′ 22 ″  E	South Pole
Concordia (Dome C)	France / Italy	1997	summer	75 ° 6 ′  S , 123 ° 21 ′  E	Dôme C
Dome C	France / Italy	2003	winter	75 ° 6 ′  S , 123 ° 23 ′  E
Dome Fuji	Japan	1995	summer	77 ° 19 ′  S , 39 ° 42 ′  E
Kohnen	Germany	2001	summer	75 ° 0 '  S , 0 ° 4'  E	After the Filchner station was abandoned, it was rebuilt with the salvaged living and working containers.
Vostok	Russia	1957	winter	78 ° 27 '  S , 106 ° 51'  E	Here the lowest temperature ever measured on earth was determined to be -89.2 ° C ( cold pole ). The station will be used jointly by Russian, US and French researchers in the 21st century.

Stations in West Antarctica

West Antarctica points to the South American continent . Its branch, the Antarctic Peninsula , separates the Atlantic and Pacific. It is easiest to get to because of its proximity to Tierra del Fuego and the vast extent to the north. Stations can be operated here with less effort, which is why there are most and also the oldest stations in this region.

Stations on the South Orkney Islands and on the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula

on the Weddell Sea

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Thresher	Germany	1989 (approximately)	summer	72 ° 50 ′  S , 19 ° 2 ′  E	It is a mobile ice camp.
Esperanza	Argentina	1952	winter	63 ° 24 ′  S , 56 ° 59 ′  W	Punta Foca , Bahia Esperanza . In 1953 a military station opened next to it ( Destacamento Militar Esperanza ), which was renamed Base de Ejercito Esperanza in 1964 . In 1984 the station name was changed again, since then it has been called Base Antartica Esperanza - Fortin Sargento Cabral . Her scientific focus is on meteorological studies.
Mendel	Czech Republic	February 22, 2008	summer	63 ° 48 ′  S , 57 ° 53 ′  W	James Ross Island . Official name Mendelova polární stanice . The station consists of a larger building with 9 outbuildings that can accommodate up to 20 people depending on the season.
Marambio	Argentina	September 25, 1969	winter	64 ° 14 ′  S , 56 ° 38 ′  W	Seymour Island . Full name first Base Aera Vicecomodoro Marambio . The station consists of 11 larger buildings that can accommodate up to 58 people. A propeller plane and a helicopter are always available here for research flights.
Matienzo	Argentina	March 15, 1961	summer	64 ° 58 ′  S , 60 ° 4 ′  W	Larsen Island . First opened as Base Conjunta Teniente (Tte.) Matienzo , renamed Base Antártica Matienzo in 1965 .
Orcadas del Sur	Argentina	1904	winter	60 ° 44 ′  S , 44 ° 44 ′  W	South Orkney Islands, Isthmus of Laurie Island
Petrel station	Argentina	February 22, 1967	winter	63 ° 28 ′  S , 56 ° 12 ′  W	Dundee Island , Cape Welchness . Since 1953 there have been occasional uses of a refuge here. The station with the full name Aeronaval Petrel was officially inaugurated in 1967. Until 1974 it served only as a naval base station ( Destacamento Naval Petrel ), since 1980 it is only called Petrel. The station comprises 10 residential and work buildings for up to 15 people.
Signy ( Base H )	United Kingdom	1947	Winter; from 1996 only summer	60 ° 43 ′  S , 45 ° 36 ′  W	Borge Bay , Signy Island , South Orkney Islands

Stops on the South Shetland Islands (except King George Island ) and on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula

at the Bellingshausen lake

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Adelaida	Chile	1984	winter	67 ° 46 ′  S , 68 ° 54 ′  W	Mainly used as a base for the Chilean Air Force.
Arturo Prat Station	Chile	1947	winter	62 ° 30 ′  S , 59 ° 41 ′  W	Greenwich Island , South Shetland Islands.
Brown, Estacion Cientifica Almirante (Alte.)	Argentina	1951	summer	64 ° 53 ′  S , 62 ° 52 ′  W	Punta Proa, Bahía Puerto Paraíso . Since 1955 in the Argentine Antarctic research project. From December 1960 to 1964 conversion from a naval station to a research station and reopened with a new name. Almost completely burned down in a major fire in April 1984 and was uninhabitable for a while.
Camara	Argentina	April 1, 1953	summer	62 ° 36 ′  S , 59 ° 54 ′  W	Livingston Island South Shetland Islands. First opened as Bahia Luna station, renamed Camara in 1955.
Decepción Station , Destacamento Naval	Argentina	1948	summer	62 ° 59 ′  S , 60 ° 43 ′  W	Deception Island , South Shetland Islands; Marine base station
Gabriel de Castilla station	Spain	1989	summer	62 ° 58 ′ 51 ″  S , 60 ° 41 ′ 0 ″  W.	Deception Island , South Shetland Islands. Erected as part of the first Spanish Antarctic expedition. The station offers space for around 30 people, the research work is mainly directed towards the fish stock, because it is also about new fishing grounds for the Spanish fishing fleet.
Juan Carlos I Station	Spain	1988	summer	62 ° 39 ′  S , 60 ° 23 ′  W	Livingston Island , South Shetland Islands. The components of the station were built in Finland and can accommodate around 30 winterers. Her research includes meteorology, biology, geology, and volcanology.
Luis Carvajal Villarroel (Teniente ~)	Chile	1985		67 ° 45 ′  S , 68 ° 55 ′  W	Adelaide Island . This Antarctic station is a former British facility known as Base T that was in use from 1961 to 1977. It serves as a flight base for missions in the interior of the Antarctic territory and was unofficially put into operation in 1983.
Luis Risopatron	Chile	19 ??	summer	62 ° 22 ′  S , 59 ° 40 ′  W	Robert Island , South Shetland Islands
Melchior, Destacamento Naval	Argentina	1947	summer	64 ° 20 ′  S , 62 ° 59 ′  W	Melchior Islands , naval base station
O'Higgins	Chile / Germany	1948/1991	year-round since 2010	63 ° 19 ′ 0 ″  S , 57 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  W.	The name of the Chilean station is Bernardo O'Higgins . The German station was founded in 1991 by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) and is operated in close cooperation with Chile.
Palmer	United States	1965	winter	64 ° 46 ′  S , 64 ° 3 ′  W	Anvers Island
Pedro Vicente Maldonado	Ecuador	1990	summer	62 ° 26 ′  S , 59 ° 45 ′  W	Greenwich Island , South Shetland Islands
Primavera	Argentina	March 8, 1977	summer	64 ° 9 ′  S , 60 ° 57 ′  W	Cape Primavera .
Rothera	United Kingdom	1975	winter	67 ° 34 ′  S , 68 ° 7 ′  W	Rothera Point , Adelaide Island
San Martín, General (Grail.)	Argentina	1950; Reopened in 1976	winter	68 ° 8 ′  S , 67 ° 4 ′  W	Barry Islet , San Martin Islet on Margaret Bay . Closed on December 27, 1960, only occupied in the summer of 1973/74 and 1974/75.
St. Kliment Ohridski Station	Bulgaria	1988	winter	64 ° 46 ′  S , 64 ° 3 ′  W	As part of the 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition, four specialists traveled with them who had erected two prefabricated houses on Livingston Island as the first Bulgarian research station. She was named Hemus . In the following season the actual station was built on the Alexander-I-Land . The research concentrated on geological investigations, in addition, tasks of geophysics and meteorology were performed. The station is not manned every season.
St. Kliment-Ochridski	Bulgaria	1988 (refuge), 1993	summer	62 ° 38 ′ 29 ″  S , 60 ° 21 ′ 53 ″  W.	Livingston Island , South Shetland Islands. This is the provisional first station.
Videla: GGV Gabriel González Videla	Chile	1951	summer	64 ° 49 ′  S , 62 ° 51 ′  W
Vernadsky	Ukraine	1996	summer	65 ° 15 ′  S , 64 ° 16 ′  W	former British Faraday station on Galíndez Island , Antarctic Peninsula

Stations on King George Island

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Arctowski	Poland	1977	winter	62 ° 9 ′  S , 58 ° 28 ′  W	Admiralty Bay , King George Island. The Polish scientists set up a botanical seed bank at the station , in which the genetic material of valuable cultivated plants and wild plants from all over the world is stored frozen.
Artigas	Uruguay	1984	Summer*	62 ° 11 ′  S , 58 ° 51 ′  W	King George Island, on east Maxwell Bay . When the station was commissioned, three container huts delivered from New Zealand were set up, two of which can be connected to one another. The station is manned by eight people all year round, and up to 60 in summer.
Bellingshausen	Russia	1968	winter	62 ° 12 ′ 0 ″  S , 58 ° 58 ′ 0 ″  W.	Collins Harbor, King George Island
Dallmann	Germany	1994	summer	62 ° 14 ′ 16 ″  S , 58 ° 39 ′ 52 ″  W.	Annex of the Argentine Carlini station on King George Island
Escudero	Chile	1994	winter	62 ° 11 ′  S , 58 ° 58 ′  W	King George Island , South Shetland Islands
Comandante Ferraz	Brazil	February 6, 1984	winter	62 ° 5 ′  S , 58 ° 23 ′  W.	King George Island. It was built in January 1984 by 12 military personnel and other specialists as part of the second Brazilian Antarctic expedition. The station structures are made of special steel and can be raised hydraulically. The station occupies a total area of ​​2600 m², on which the accommodation stands as modules. It offers space for 12 scientists and a few assistants. The supply takes place by plane via the Chilean Antarctic station Teniente Marsh . In March 1985 the station was temporarily closed, and wintering did not take place until the next season. In February 2012, the entire station was completely destroyed by a major fire in which two military personnel were killed. The helpers and survivors have been accommodated in the neighboring Chilean station.
Great Wall ( Chang Cheng )	People's Republic of China	February 15, 1985	winter	62 ° 13 ′  S , 58 ° 58 ′  W	King George Island. The station (Chinese transcription Changcheng ) was built very close to the Polish station (Arctowski), the Chilean station (Marsh) and the Brazilian station (Ferraz) with a great deal of personnel and material expenditure. It consists of two main buildings with a total of 37 rooms at 350 m², a meteorological observation station, four auxiliary buildings and contains a 20 meter high radio mast and a helicopter landing pad. The first head of this station was Dr. Guo Kung. It was not until 1986 that it was extended for year-round use.
Carlini	Argentina	1953	winter	62 ° 14 ′ 0 ″  S , 58 ° 40 ′ 0 ″  W.	Caleta Potter , South Shetland Islands on Maxwell Bay. In 1953 Argentina built a refuge at this point, which only became a permanent, permanently habitable research station in 1982. In the vicinity there are still refuges under Argentine sovereignty (Gurruchaga and Ballve). - The Carlini station is shown within a small sheet of stamps from the Argentine Post Office from 1986.
King Sejong Station	South Korea	17th February 1988	winter	62 ° 13 ′  S , 58 ° 47 ′  W.	King George Islands. The opening of the first South Korean Antarctic station was honored with the issue of a special postage stamp on the opening day.
Machu Picchu	Peru	1989	summer	62 ° 5 ′  S , 58 ° 28 ′  W.	at the end of Admiralty Bay
Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva (Teniente Rodolfo Marsh)	Chile	March 7, 1969	winter	62 ° 12 ′  S , 58 ° 54 ′  W	The station was built by the Fuerza Aérea de Chile and inaugurated on March 7, 1969 by the namesake, then Chilean President Eduardo Frei Montalva . The research station and the village of Villa Las Estrellas are supplied via Teniente Rodolfo Marsh Martin Airport.
Villa Las Estrellas	Spain , handed over to Chile	1983	Winter (80 people); Summer (120 people)	62 ° 12 ′  S , 58 ° 58 ′  W	It is a civil service station that is very close to Tte. Marsh is located and houses entire families.

Former stations on Antarctica and the Antarctic Islands

(Alphabetical)

Station name	country	of	to	place	Remarks
Asuka	Japan	1970	1991	71 ° 32 ′ 0 ″  S , 24 ° 8 ′ 0 ″  E	Princess Ragnhild Land , Queen Maud Land . The Asuka Camp was initially only occupied in the Antarctic summer, in 1986 it was expanded for year-round use.
Belgrano-I	Argentina	March 10, 1955	January 30, 1980	77 ° 59 ′  S , 38 ° 44 ′  W	Filchner Ice Shelf . Renamed Base de Ejercito Belgrano in the 1964/65 season ; had to be closed because it had sunk too deep into the ice.
Belgrano III	Argentina	January 30, 1980	January 15, 1984	77 ° 54 ′  S , 45 ° 37 ′  W.	Berkner Island . A further replacement for the Belgrano I station, which was to be abandoned, had to be abandoned due to the decay of the ice.
Biscoe, Campamento Punta ~	Chile	1983		64 ° 49 ′  S , 63 ° 49 ′  W	A research focus was geodesy and glaciology.
Byrd station	United States	1957-01-01	2005	80 ° 1 ′  S , 119 ° 32 ′  W.	and is named after the American polar explorer Richard Evelyn Byrd .
Comodoro Guesalaga	Chile	1983		67 ° 46 ′  S , 68 ° 54 ′  W
Copper mine	Chile	1983		62 ° 23 ′  S , 59 ° 40 ′  W
Corbeta Uruguay	Argentina	1976	June 20, 1982	59 ° 27 ′  S , 27 ° 19 ′  W	In the east of Morrell Island , where the summer refuge Teniente Esquivel was built in 1955 . Evacuated by the British in the Falklands War.
Druzhnaya 1	Soviet Union
Druzhnaya 2	Soviet Union
Druzhnaya 3	Soviet Union
Dakshin Gangotri	India	1983	1991 (approx.)	70 ° 5 ′ 0 ″  S , 12 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E	Set up in 1983 with a team of 82 people south of Novolasarevskaya station . 12 hibernators remained, including 3 scientists. The head of the station was Lieutenant S. S. Sharma. In the summer of 1984 the station was expanded by three container huts and an automatic receiving station for satellite weather data and an HF transmission system were installed. In the winter of 1984/85 a new team of scientists carried out further work in the fields of meteorology, biology, molecular biology, geology and oceanography, the new head was Lieutenant Colonel Kumaresh.
Ellsworth Station , Estacion Cientifica	Argentina	January 24, 1957	1962	77 ° 43 ′ 0 ″  S , 41 ° 8 ′ 0 ″  W.	Established by the USA and given to Argentina.
Filchner	Germany	1982	1999	77 ° 6 ′  S , 50 ° 24 ′  W	Had to be abandoned in 1999 when the glacier collapsed. The recovered containers were used again when the new Kohnen station was set up.
Georg Forster	German Democratic Republic	July 1, 1987	1993	70 ° 47 '  S , 11 ° 51'  E	in the Schirmacher Oasis ; A basic laboratory, which was attached to the Soviet Novolasarewskaya Station , had served as separate accommodation for GDR scientists since 1976. It was converted into an independent research station by the Academy of Sciences of the GDR and equipped with a new universal container. It was named after the German naturalist Georg Forster . Initially, it was a group of 12 researchers and technicians who lived in a metal container as hibernators and carried out biological and zoological studies specifically on changes in behavior and population. After the site was given up, the station elements were completely dismantled and removed by 1996.
Komsomolskaya	Soviet Union	1957	1959 (1962)	74 ° 6 ′  S , 94 ° 30 ′  E	Occupied all year round until 1959; Abandoned in 1962. At this station, abandoned by the Soviets, a team of nine Swiss researchers, together with eight other people, was to work in the Antarctic Expedition Cooperative founded by the Swiss Society of Researchers and Polar Drivers in the period 1965/66 . But the cooperative had to file for bankruptcy beforehand in November 1963, so that all plans melted away.
Leningradskaya	Soviet Union	1971	1993	69 ° 30 'S / 159 ° 23' E
Little America	United States	1928	1958	78 ° 12 ′  S , 162 ° 12 ′  W	Established as part of the first major USA Antarctic Expedition ( Byrd Antarctic Expedition ). The main donors were Rockefeller and Henry Ford . Four expedition ships, accompanied by two whaling ships, transported 82 expedition participants and all their equipment and food, as well as three aircraft and a helicopter to Walvis Bay. The station was set up directly on the bay's ice barrier and comprised 22 individual structures. From here the first overflight of the South Pole took place with an airplane - the "Floyd Bennett" with the American polar explorer Richard Evelyn Byrd and the Norwegian pilot, a photographer and an assistant on board. On November 29, 1929, the American flag was dropped directly over the pole. In later years (from 1946) further US stations were established in the AA, which were given the serial numbers II to V.
Maudheim	Norway	February 15, 1950	1952	71 ° 3 ′  S , 10 ° 56 ′  W	Located on the Norsel Bay . The station was created through joint preparations by British, Norwegian and Swedish researchers and technicians. In this camp they continued studies on meteorology, glaciology, geology and seismics, which had already been started in the Antarctic in the 1930s by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen and Finn Lützow-Holm (1890–1950).
Neumayer I.	Germany	1981	1992	70 ° 37 ′  S , 8 ° 22 ′  W	Ekström Ice Shelf ( Atka Bay , Weddell Lake)
Neumayer II	Germany	1993	2009	70 ° 39 ′  S , 8 ° 15 ′  W	Ekström Ice Shelf (Atka Bay, Weddell Sea), underground; given up
Norge ( Norway )	Norway		1971	70 ° 30 ′  S , 2 ° 52 ′  W	in Queen Maud Land.
Oasis	Soviet Union from 1959 Poland	October 15, 1956	January 21, 1959	66 ° 16 ′  S , 100 ° 45 ′  E	1959 transferred to Poland, which continued to operate the research station under the name of Anton B. Dobrowolski .
Pionerskaya	Soviet Union	17th May 1956	January 15, 1959	69 ° 40 ′  S , 95 ° 31 ′  E
Plateau station	United States	December 13, 1965	29th January 1969	79 ° 15 ′  S , 40 ° 34 ′  E
Pole of inaccessibility ( Полюс недоступности )	Soviet Union	1956?	December 26, 1958	82 ° 6 ′  S , 54 ° 58 ′  E	It was a single accommodation of 24 m² for four people. At the opening ceremony of the station, a Lenin monument was erected on a neighboring rock. - Long after the station was closed, it was used in December 2007 to accommodate three English adventurers who had reached the pole of inaccessibility on skis and with the help of towing kites.
Port Martin	France	January 20, 1950	January 24, 1952	66 ° 49 ′  S , 141 ° 24 ′  E	Forerunner of Dumont d'Urville , housed 11 (1950) to 17 (1951) people in the winter, destroyed by fire on the night of January 23rd to 24th, 1952.
Siple station	United States	1973	1989	75 ° 55 ′  S , 83 ° 57 ′  W	At the end of the Antarctic season 1988/89, this station was closed because its buildings had sunk deeper and deeper into the ice.
Eight station	United States	before 1987		75 ° 14 ′ 0 ″  S , 77 ° 10 ′ 0 ″  E
Sobral	Argentina	April 2, 1965	1972	81 ° 4 ′  S , 40 ° 30 ′  W	On the Filchner Ice Shelf in the Sobral pesacola mountains; This station, fully named Base cientific de Ejercito Sobral, was closest to the South Pole and was in operation all year round.
Jump	Chile	1983		64 ° 18 ′  S , 61 ° 3 ′  W
Vanda station	New Zealand	19th October 1969	1995	77 ° 31 '  S , 161 ° 40'  E	Year-round station until 1974, summer station from 1976 until abandonment
World Park Base (Greenpeace station)	Greenpeace	1986/87	1992	77 ° 38 '  S , 166 ° 25'  E	About 50 km from the American station McMurdo , at Cape Evans on the Ross Sea. The living and working buildings are made of wood and should therefore be exemplary biodegradable. Each winter team consists of four people, the leaders and employees come from different nations and disciplines. They specialized in the investigation of environmental damage that has occurred and is occurring through the long-term operation of research stations in the Antarctic. Serious environmental damage was found at the Scott-Base station (untreated sewage was discharged into the sea), at McMurdo (a huge garbage dump on which technical devices with PCBs were also stored and the bay was contaminated with around 200,000 liters of fuel leaking tanks), at Dumont d'Urville station (the construction of a runway was prevented that would have endangered the habitat of 75,000 penguins), at Leninsgradskaya station (a garbage dump with chemical waste, glass and plastic was made public) and finally increased radioactivity was measured at the site of an earlier nuclear reactor (Nukey Poo). With all these expeditions and actions, Greenpeace is pursuing the goal of obtaining observer status in the Antarctic Treaty in order to contribute to the preservation of the Antarctic ecosystem.
Vostok 1	Soviet Union	December 16, 1957			Replaced by the Vostok station.
Yelcho	Chile	1963	1966	64 ° 52 ′  S , 63 ° 35 ′  W	Whalers Bay , Deception Island , South Shetland Islands. Occasionally occupied after 1966, for example 1983/84.

See also

• Political status of the Antarctic

Web links

• Antarctica online; All stations are shown separately by location and country

Individual evidence

1. ↑ As of 2004 according to COMNAP
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v} coordinates and further information from the journal Polar record , Cambridge, 1987; Copy from the East Berlin State Library v. February 1988: List of officially registered 1987 working wintering stations in Antarctica and their geographical location <is available with the 44 penguins>
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} List of other known permanent stations in the Antarctic and their geographical location
4. ↑ Russian wiki page for station Druzhnaya 4
5. ↑ Dieter Querndt: Australian Antarctic Territory and Ross Dependencies . In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
6. ↑ Dieter Querndt: Second Italian Antarctic Expedition 1986-1987 ended . In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the GDR Cultural Association (1980–1990)
7. ↑ Antarctica online from August 2008 (archive) ; Retrieved April 15, 2011
8. ↑ Dieter Querndt: Australian Antarctic Territory and Ross Dependencies . In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
9. ↑ Russian wiki page for the Vostok station
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Bernd Geyer: The Argentine Antarctica (Part 2) . Contribution to the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
11. ↑ Bernd Geyer: The Argentine Antarctica (Part 3) . Article in the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
12. ↑ Bernd Geyer: News from Argentina and its research stations . Article in the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
13. ↑ Bernd Geyer: Activities of South American States in the Antarctic (here: Chile) and the 1984–1985 Antarctic season . Contributions in the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
14. ↑ Dieter Querndt: Bulgaria plans research on the white continent (and) the Bulgarian exploration expedition 1987/88 . In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the GDR Cultural Association (1980–1990)
15. ↑ Dieter Querndt: The Antarctic stations on King George Island (South Shetland) . In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the GDR Cultural Association (1980–1990)
16. ^ Bernd Geyer: The second Brazilian Antarctic expedition . Contribution to the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the GDR Cultural Association (1980–1990)
17. ↑ Two die in fire , BBC news, February 26, 2012
18. ^ Bernd Geyer: First Chinese Antarctic Expedition 1984/85 . Article in the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
19. ↑ Dieter Querndt: The Antarctic stations on King George Island (South Shetland) . In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the GDR Cultural Association (1980–1990)
20. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Bernd Geyer: Activities of South American States in the Antarctic (Part 2, 1985). Article in the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the GDR Cultural Association (1980–1990)
21. ^ The Antarctic Sun: Byrd History, June 12, 2009 . The Antarctic Sun .
22. ^ John Stewart: Antarctica - An Encyclopedia . Vol. 1, McFarland & Co., Jefferson and London 2011, ISBN 978-0-7864-3590-6 , p. 258 (English)
23. ^ Gerhard Höpp: Third Indian Antarctic Expedition 1983–1984 . Article in the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
24. ^ Gerhard Höpp: Fourth Indian Antarctic Expedition 1984–1985 . Contribution to the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
25. ↑ Russian wiki page for the Komsomolskaya station
26. ↑ Dieter Querndt: First Swiss Antarctic Expedition 1963-1965 . Article in the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the GDR Cultural Association (1980–1990)
27. ↑ Dieter Querndt. I. Byrd Antarctic Expedition 1928-1930. In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
28. ↑ Antarctica online from August 2008 (archive) ; Retrieved April 15, 2011
29. ^ ^{A b} Karl-Heinz Schöne (Halle): Norway's new Antarctic activities . In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
30. ↑ Russian wiki page for the Oasis station
31. ↑ Russian wiki page for the Pionerskaya station
32. ↑ Russian wiki page for station Полюс недоступности
33. ↑ D. Querndt: Antarctic reports (here: US Antarctic station Siple); Article in the polar courier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
34. ↑ Günter Haaf: The dispute over the cake is on hold. In: Geowissen, Arktis + Antarktis, No. 4 of November 5, 1990; P. 28f
35. ↑ Dieter Querndt: 1st Greenpeace Antarctic Expedition (GAE) 1985–1986 , 2nd GAE, 3rd GAE 1988, 4th GAE 1988–1989 . In: Polarkurier , magazine for polar philately , ed. from the polar post working group at the Erfurt district board of the Philatelist Association in the Kulturbund of the GDR (1980–1990)
36. ↑ Stuart Franklin: Protest in the Frost ; detailed description of the Greenpeace activities in 1989/90. In: Geowissen, Arktis + Antarktis , No. 4 of November 5, 1990; P. 62ff
37. ↑ Russian wiki page for station Vostok 1