Temperature extremes
Temperature extremes are the lowest and highest measured temperatures within an observation period on earth. This article describes meteorologically measured air temperatures . See weather records for other weather- related extremes.
Measurement and verification
Registering extreme weather elements is a tradition in meteorology and is particularly useful for the climatological classification of anomalies . International standards have been established for global comparability ( World Weather Watch Program WWWP of the World Meteorological Organization WMO). Comparable records should show the official daily maximum temperature of the air two meters above the ground in a thermometer hut. Radiation-based values, such as those obtained with modern satellite remote sensing , are usually not used for statistics.
Extreme values are rumored again and again and measured in accordance with the rules. However, it has become common practice that only those values are taken into account that are measured by the national official meteorological services . These also ensure the verification of the values. It happens again and again that it is only determined on the basis of extreme values that a weather station does not meet the necessary requirements.
As part of the OPAG 2 - Support Systems for Agrometeorological Services program, the World Meteorological Organization Commission for Climatology (WMO CCl) founded a group that manages the Weather and Climate Extremes Archive and subjects the values to a further review (Inaugural WMOCCL OPAG2 committee for the World ). This is why historical peak values are constantly being corrected. The harmonization of old data is particularly important for the calibration of electronic climate models.
Lists
In the tables, the highest temperatures or temperature differences are listed above.
Maximum temperatures (since records began)
The record is currently held by the Greenland Ranch (now Furnace Creek) , California , United States station with 56.7 ° C on July 10, 1913.
Temperature ° C |
date | place | State / State / Research Station | comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
56.7 ° C | July 10, 1913 | Death Valley | United States | Height: 54.6 m below sea level , heat record; highest measured temperature in North America and the entire western hemisphere . |
55.0 ° C | July 7, 1931 | Kebili | Tunisia | Height: 38.1 m , heat record in Africa and the entire eastern hemisphere . |
54.0 ° C | June 21, 1942 | Tirat Zvi | Israel | Altitude: 220 m below sea level , heat record in WMO Region VI (Europe). |
53.9 ° C | July 21, 2016 | Mitriba | Kuwait | Heat record in WMO Region II ( Asia ). |
53.7 ° C | May 28, 2017 | Turbat | Pakistan | Is listed by the WMO as the fourth highest value. |
49.5 ° C | Jan. 25, 2019 | Port Augusta | Australia | Highest temperature ever recorded in a coastal location . |
48.9 ° C | Dec 11, 1905 | Rivadavia | Argentina | Altitude: 205 m , heat record in South America . |
48.0 ° C | July 10, 1977 | Athens and Eleusis | Greece | Altitude: 236 m , heat record in WMO Region VI ( continental Europe ); unconfirmed: 48.5 ° C 10 Aug 1999 in Catenanuova , Italy , 185 m . |
47.3 ° C | July 14, 2017 | Montoro | Spain | not comparable: 50 ° C, from the 19th century, Seville. |
46.0 ° C | June 28, 2019 | Vérargues | France | State heat record. |
42.6 ° C | July 25, 2019 | Lingen (Ems) | Germany | State heat record; see also list of temperature records in Germany |
41.8 ° C | July 25, 2019 | Begijnendijk | Belgium | State heat record. |
41.5 ° C | Aug 11, 2003 | Grono | Switzerland | MeteoSwiss . |
41.1 ° C | 23rd July 2018 | Kumagaya | Japan | State heat record. |
40.7 ° C | July 25, 2019 | Gilze en Rijen | Netherlands | State heat record. |
40.5 ° C | Aug 8, 2013 | Bad Deutsch-Altenburg | Austria | State heat record according to ZAMG . |
39.0 ° C | July 25, 2019 | Findel | Luxembourg | State heat record. |
38.7 ° C | July 25, 2019 | Cambridge | United Kingdom | State heat record, previously 38.5 ° C in August 2003 in Faversham . |
37.8 ° C | June 27, 1915 | Fort Yukon | Alaska | State heat record. |
36.0 ° C | Aug 13, 2003 | Vaduz | Liechtenstein | State heat record. |
21.0 ° C | 14th July 2019 | Alert | Canada | Heat record in northernmost permanently inhabited settlement. |
19.8 ° C | Jan. 30, 1982 | Signy Island | Signy station | Height: 9 m , heat record in WMO Region VII ( Antarctica ). |
17.5 ° C | 24 Mar 2015 | Hope Bay | Esperanza station | Height: 13 m , heat record in WMO Region VII ( Antarctica & associated islands). A measurement of 18.3 ° C on February 6, 2020 is currently being checked by the WMO. [outdated] |
−12.3 ° C | Dec 25, 2011 | South Pole | - ( Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station ) | Annual average: −49.4 ° C. |
Not recognized: allegedly 58 ° C on September 13, 1922 in al-ʿAzīzīya in today's Libya and allegedly 57.1 ° C on August 27, 1884 in Ouargla in today's Algeria .
Maximum floor surface temperatures
Territory of the record | Place of measurement | date | Temperature in ° C | annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Central Asia | Turpan Basin in Xinjiang , People's Republic of China | 1978 * | 82.3 | ( * Year of publication) |
North America | Desert near Tucson , Arizona , United States | June 21, 1915 | 71.5 | |
Middle East |
Lut Desert , Iran (29.9 ° N, 59.1 ° E) |
2005 | 70.7 | The Lut Desert has the largest contiguous area with ground temperatures above 65 ° C. |
Australia | Queensland desert (21.5 ° S, 143.2 ° E) |
2003 | 69.3 | The annual maximum temperatures are regularly above 60 ° C. |
Central Asia | Kumtag Desert (Turpan) in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China | 2008 | 66.8 | |
North America | Furnace Creek in Death Valley , California , United States | 2005 | 62.7 |
In Germany, soil surface temperatures of 50 ° C could be measured.
Lowest temperatures (since records began)
The record is currently held by the Russian research station Vostok in the Antarctic with −89.2 ° C on July 21, 1983.
Temperature ° C |
date | place | State / research station |
comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
−23.9 ° C | Feb 11, 1935 | Ifrane | Morocco | Altitude: 1635 m , Africa's cold pole |
−25.6 ° C | July 17, 1903 | Ranfurly | New Zealand | Altitude: 423 m , cold pole of the Southwest Pacific |
−32.8 ° C | June 1, 1907 | Sarmiento , Tierra del Fuego | Argentina | Altitude: 268 m , South America's cold pole |
−36.6 ° C | February 12, 1929 | Zwettl in the Waldviertel | Austria | Lowest confirmed temperature in an inhabited place in Austria |
−37.8 ° C | February 12, 1929 | Hüll / Wolnzach | Germany | DWD ; Cold pole of Germany: Funtensee , 1601 m , z. B. −45.9 ° C on December 24, 2001 ( Meteomedia , not official) |
−38.7 ° C | January 26, 1954 | Sjenica | Serbia | |
−41.0 ° C | 17th January 1985 | Mouthe , Doubs department | France | |
−41.8 ° C | January 12, 1987 | La Brévine in the Neuchâtel Jura | Switzerland | Lowest measured temperature in an inhabited place in Switzerland |
−42.2 ° C | February 11, 1929 | Litvínovice | Czechoslovakia | |
−43.5 ° C | January 24, 1963 | Mount Igman | Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
−51.4 ° C | January 1, 1886 | Karasjok | Norway | |
−51.5 ° C | January 28, 1999 | Pokka near Kittilä in Lapland | Finland | About 150 km north of the Arctic Circle |
−52.6 ° C | February 19, 1932 | Grünloch near Lunz am See | Austria | Cold pole of Austria |
−53.0 ° C | December 13, 1941 | Malgovik in Lapland | Sweden | |
−56.3 ° C | February 1, 1985 | Peter Sinks near Logan , Utah | United States | Uninhabited hollow |
−58.1 ° C | Dec. 31, 1978 | Ust-Schuger | Russia | Height: 85 m , cold pole of Europe |
−63.0 ° C | February 3, 1947 | Snag , Yukon | Canada | North America's cold pole (excluding Greenland) |
−66.1 ° C | January 9, 1954 | North Ice weather station | Greenland | Cold pole of Greenland and the western hemisphere |
−67.8 ° C | February 6, 1933 | Oymyakon | Russia | Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are both considered the cold poles of Asia and the northern hemisphere |
−67.8 ° C | February 5 and 7, 1892 | Verkhoyansk | Russia | Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are both considered the cold poles of Asia and the northern hemisphere |
−89.2 ° C | July 21, 1983 | Wilkesland | - ( Vostok station ) | Altitude: 3420 m , the cold pole of Antarctica and the entire earth |
- Lowest ground surface temperatures
For the East Antarctic winters from 2004 to 2016, ground surface temperatures down to −98.6 ° C were calculated by satellite measurements under special topographical conditions (depressions at 3800 m ). Such values are rejected by the World Meteorological Organization because of the method for comparison, among other things because the temperature has to be measured two meters above the ground.
Biggest temperature differences
In North and Central Asia, there are the greatest temperature differences over the course of the year: Asia's huge land mass causes a pronounced continental climate with strong temperature differences. The dry, hot summers and dry, cold winters are often only separated by a short spring and autumn.
Only state peak values are mentioned in the table.
Span ( Δ T in K) | T mid | T min | T max | place | State / research station | comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
105.1 | −15.25 | −67.8 | +37.3 | Verkhoyansk | Russia | |
91.6 | −6.5 | −52.3 | +39.3 | Mohe ( Heilongjiang ) | People's Republic of China | |
87.7 | 5.25 | −38.6 | +49.1 | Turkestan onA | Kazakhstan | |
87.6 | −5.2 | −49 | +38.6 | Ulaanbaatar | Mongolia | |
85.8 | 3.1 | −39.8 | +46 | Karakalpakistan onA | Uzbekistan | |
81.4 | 6.9 | −33.8 | +47.6 | Serhetabat ( Kushka ) | Turkmenistan | |
77 | −50.7 | −89.2 | −12.2 | Wilkesland , Antarctica | - ( Vostok station ) | Amundsen-Scott: 70.5 / -82.8 / -12.3 |
On Mars were similar to large temperature differences - on the surface - measured: Viking Lander measure -107 / -17.2 ° C; ΔT = 89.8 ° C
See also
Web links
- Weather & Climate Extremes. WMO CCL OPAG2 (on asu.edu)
- Weather records , DWD
- Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss): Records and extremes
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Global Weather & Climate Extremes on wmo.asu.edu , accessed on December 22, 2013
-
↑ a b The all-time record of 40.6 ° C measured by ZAMG in Neusiedl 2013 was assessed as a “meteorologically unrealistic” outlier and withdrawn; For the first time more than 40 ° C . ZAMG, August 8, 2013 and a new heat record: 40.5 ° C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg . ZAMG, August 9, 2013.
Something similar for the annual record of 38.6 ° C in 2015 : the measurement was found to be “not entirely representative of the environment”, so the measuring point is to be relocated; Gars was a heat pole! Or not? NÖN, July 27, 2015. - ↑ About Weather Archive: Mission Statement. ( Memento of the original from 23 August 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. And Committee Record Assessment. ( Memento of the original from 23 August 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 16, 2015, from Arizona State University's website, wmo.asu.edu.
- ↑ cf. Recent Investigations. ( Memento of the original from August 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. wmo.asu.edu.
- ↑ World: Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu . World Meteorological Organization , accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region IV (North America): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ^ Western Hemisphere: Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region I (Africa): Highest Temperature. (No longer available online.) In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, archived from the original on January 4, 2013 ; accessed on December 29, 2018 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Eastern Hemisphere: Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region VI (Europe): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ a b WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth . In: World Meteorological Organization . June 18, 2019 ( wmo.int [accessed July 29, 2019]).
- ↑ World record and blackouts - heat wave in Australia. In: proplanta.de. World Meteorological Organization, accessed January 26, 2019 .
- ^ WMO Region III (South America): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region VI (Europe, Continent only): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ Annali 1999 . osservatorioacque.it
- ↑ New temperature record in Spain. Thomas Sävert in the Kachelmannwetter weather channel , July 14, 2017.
- ↑ Las Temperatures más extremas de la historia en España. ABC.es, June 17, 2013.
- ↑ 46 degrees! Heat wave cracked temperature record in France. In: weather.com . July 19, 2019, accessed July 21, 2019 .
- ↑ DWD: Weather in Germany in July 2019. July 30, 2019, accessed on August 6, 2019 .
- ↑ Donderdag opnieuw warmterecord broken: 41.8 degrees in Begijnendijk. Vandaag is not as warm. In: demorgen.be . July 26, 2019, accessed July 26, 2019 (Dutch).
- ↑ 41.5 degrees measured on the south side of the Alps . ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. MeteoSwiss, dated August 12, 2003, accessed on July 26, 2013.
- ↑ 40 degree mark: Why Switzerland was spared. In: bernerzeitung.ch . July 26, 2019, accessed on July 27, 2019 : "Under the current measurement conditions on the valley floor, August 11, 2003 in Grono would have brought a daily maximum of 40.5 degrees, as Meteo Schweiz stated."
- ↑ Historic heat record in Japan - dozen dead. July 24, 2018, accessed May 19, 2020 .
- ↑ Before het first 40+ degrees in Nederland. In: telegraaf.nl . July 25, 2019, accessed July 25, 2019 .
- ↑ New heat record: 40.5 ° C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg , ZAMG, August 8, 2013.
- ↑ MeteoLux enregistre un record de température maximal historique au Findel! In: MeteoLux . July 25, 2019, accessed July 25, 2019 .
- ↑ New official highest temperature in UK confirmed. Met Office , July 29, 2019, accessed July 30, 2019. (English)
- ↑ Temperature record in Alaska's largest city - 32.2 degrees in Anchorage. In: suedostschweiz.ch . July 5, 2019, accessed July 8, 2019 .
- ↑ Heat record: Annelie makes it possible. In: Liechtenstein Fatherland . June 25, 2019, accessed July 25, 2019 .
- ↑ Temperature record in the northernmost permanently inhabited settlement. In: nzz.ch . July 17, 2019, accessed July 21, 2019 .
- ↑ WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ^ WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ^ New record for Antarctic continent reported. In: wmo.int . February 7, 2020, accessed on February 8, 2020.
- ^ Office of Polar Programs. antarcticsun.usap.gov.
- ↑ a b World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive at wmo.asu.edu , accessed on May 30, 2014.
- ↑ Météo-Climat Ouargla , accessed on August 20, 2018.
- ↑ Walker, AS (1981, March). Drainage in Gobi Terrain: a Mars Analog. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Vol. 12, pp. 1127-1129). ( HTML )
- ↑ a b c d e Mildrexler, David J., Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running. Satellite finds highest land skin temperatures on earth. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92.7 (2011): 855-860. ( PDF )
- ↑ a b Mildrexler, David J., Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running. Where are the hottest spots on Earth ?. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union 87.43 (2006): 461-467. ( PDF )
- ↑ Temperature world map: satellites show the hottest places in the world. Axel Bojanowski in: Spiegel online , November 24, 2006.
- ↑ WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region V (Southwest Pacific): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ^ South America: Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ Quidzoom - LA FRANCE - Mouthe ou "la petite Sibérie" ( Memento of the original from July 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Meteo- Switzerland : Records Switzerland ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; In 2011 this value was homogenized, that is, under today's measurement conditions with automatic measurement, in La Brévine since October 1997, instead of manual measurement in the measuring hut, the value would be −42.5 ° C
- ↑ Peter Sinks .
- ↑ WMO Region VI (Europe, Continent only): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ^ Western Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region II (Asia): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region II (Asia): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Lowest Temperature. In: wmo.asu.edu. World Meteorological Organization, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ TA Scambos u. a .: Ultra ‐ low surface temperatures in East Antarctica from satellite thermal infrared mapping: the coldest places on Earth In: Geophysical Research Letters , 2018, doi: 10.1029 / 2018GL078133
- ^ The Latest Weather Report from Mars. mars.jpl.nasa.gov - describing the technology of the Mars Pathfinder .