Federal German Standard German
Bundesdeutsches Hochdeutsch (also called Bundesdeutsch for short ), Binnendeutsch , BRD -Deutsch , German (rural) es German , German or sometimes German German and in relation to the period before 1945 also called Reichsdeutsch , is the standard variety of the pluricentric German language spoken and written in Germany . Federal German differs significantly from the national varieties of Austria ( Austrian German ) and Switzerland ( Swiss Standard German ). The specifics of German can be found on all linguistic levels ( phonetics , phonology , orthography , morphology , syntax , semantics and pragmatics ), but most clearly in the vocabulary .
As Teutonism , Deutschlandismus , Bundesgermanismus or Germanism , but which is already occupied by other significance, in the Germanic referred literature words and expressions of the German language to be used only within the Federal Republic of Germany and continue to apply. The terms do not have to be used in the entire area of the Federal Republic, but should be assigned to the standard German used there and not just to the dialects or colloquial languages . The expressions are thus part of German German.
During the time of the division of Germany , Federal German , West German , FRG-German or also Binnendeutsch denoted the state standard variety of the Federal Republic of Germany, also in contrast to that of the German Democratic Republic ( usage in the GDR or East German ); According to Ulrich Ammon "the state varieties of the FRG and the GDR, since these were not separate nations , formed a common national variety" (cf. Germany as a whole ).
History of origin
National variety and codification
In opposition to Johann Christoph Adelung (1732–1806) and Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700–1766), who relied mainly on East Central German (and North German) authors in their works and gave them a role model for the standard language, the Viennese Johann Siegmund collected Popowitsch (1705–1774) made a lot of evidence for the language differences between Austria and Germany and published smaller works. The first approaches to an overarching representation of the national varieties of German can be seen in the work Word Geography of the German Colloquial Language by the Viennese Paul Kretschmer from 1918.
From the 1950s onwards, the problem area of national varieties was dealt with independently of one another, especially in the Soviet Union , the USA and Australia , starting with English , French and Spanish. The Germanist Elise Riesel , who emigrated from Vienna in 1934, began to apply the term “national variant” to Austria, Germany and Switzerland in 1953. In West Germany, Heinz Kloss suggested the “pluricentric language” or 1976 “multicentric language” approach, which in turn took over the term from the US sociolinguist William A. Stewart.
Monocentric approach
Hugo Moser had a lasting influence on German studies, especially from 1959. He replaced the term “Reichsdeutsch”, which had been obsolete by 1948 at the latest, with “Binnendeutsch”, which was used until the 1990s. This term was strongly monocentric, and Moser spoke of the "outer areas of the standard German language" (Austria, Switzerland and German minorities in other countries) and the "main variant Federal Republic". He also described GDR German as “deviating”, as “improper” German, and “FRG German” as the unchanged “real” German. The term Inner German also became common among Swiss and Austrian linguists.
From this perspective, all non-German nationalities appeared to be of secondary importance and were placed on the same level as regionalisms or minority German in other countries. So one ignored special features of the Federal Republic or simply not described it as such.
Pluricentric approach
In the GDR in particular, the term “national variant” has also been postulated for GDR-German and FRG-German since 1974, which has not gone unchallenged.
From the end of the 1970s onwards, an overarching discussion of the problem that equates all major nationalities began. With criticism of the “internal German” and “special features” perspective, the term “national variant of German” was also discussed for Austrian German, alongside “West German / East German variety” as “state varieties”. The Australian German scholar Michael Clyne wrote in 1982: “German, as well as English, French, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian and numerous other languages, is a pluricentric language, i. H. a language with several equal national variants ”. Clyne introduced the connection between “pluricentrist language” and “national variety” two years later in his monograph Language and Society in the German-speaking Countries in linguistics, discussed it in 1986 at a German teachers' conference in Bern and thus conveyed it to a broader public.
In English, the national varieties are often referred to as German (Standard) German , Austrian (Standard) German and Swiss (Standard) German .
Competition between the two approaches
In 1987 von Polenz described the monocentric term "Binnendeutsch" as having been overcome. However, the term still plays a role in practice, for example in the Duden, which only specifically identifies Austrianzisms, Helvetisms and very regional variants in Germany. This does not happen with Teutonisms (e.g. bag , dumpling , cream , high school diploma ), although they are not generally accepted expressions. This creates the illusion for users of the Duden that there are no German words that are only used in Germany.
This can also be seen in international German studies. A study of the status of Austrian German showed that although it was classified as “charming”, it was “wrong” and that Germanisms were clearly preferred. Language stays in Austria are also sometimes advised against, because students with an Austrian accent would have to fear lower grades. The situation is similar for Swiss Standard German .
According to Ammon, within Germany there is an "arrogance [...] towards all German that does not correspond to North German". In the Duden as well, southern German terms are more likely to be marked as regional than northern German.
Critics consider the terms German German / Teutonism, Austrian German / Austrianzism and Swiss Standard German / Helvetism to be misleading because they supposedly assume a uniform national language area, while in reality there are considerable regional differences in the actively used High German within the states of Germany, Austria and Switzerland Vocabulary.
As practice shows, the German, Austrian and Swiss standard German are three formally equal varieties that have the same status within the respective nations. As a result, z. B. newscaster in the German Tagesschau , time in the picture and the Swiss Tagesschau speak different need and dpa , when in the Common Problems Neue Zurcher Zeitung or in default will be reproduced, adapted linguistically, and not only in spelling. News service providers who produce ready-made news programs for several radio stations also commission people from the respective countries to localize them. Likewise, television advertising, also from international corporations and not just because of the pronunciation, is usually dubbed slightly differently for each country.
Nevertheless, in practice, due to the population and economic strength of Germany, a certain dominance of the Federal German can be observed. B. leads to the fact that borrowing from Germany to Austria is more likely than the other way round, that Swiss people know more Teutonisms than German Helvetisms or that a German teacher is more likely to point out Austriazism as a mistake than an Austrian teacher a Teutonism.
Teutonisms
description
The relatively new terms Teutonism , Deutschlandismus or Bundesgermanismus used for marking against common German expressions, which are perceived as at home in all dominant language areas, similar to the already longer described Austriacisms as peculiarities in Austrian German , the helvetisms as peculiarities in Swiss Standard German and Belgizismen from Belgium. They are an indication that the German language (as well as English , French , Spanish or Portuguese ) is now regarded as a pluricentric language .
When designating expressions, combinations of terms can also be formed, such as Teuto-Austrianism for terms that are not used in Switzerland, but in Germany and Austria. Words that appear as spurious parallel forms should also be taken into account. Thus, the Trafik in Austria is only partly the tobacco shop in Germany and Switzerland, and cream is in Austria, if ever, almost only used for whipped cream; there are also partial synonyms (such as pension as general pension scheme in Austria and civil servant pension scheme in northern Germany).
In order for a particular language form of a word to be valid, it must be recognized as its own. This is not the case with the word shoelace in Austria and Switzerland. The word is known everywhere, but does not appear in the Austrian and Swiss codes and is classified as federal German by many respondents. By the way, the corresponding names for these are shoelaces (Austrian) or shoelaces (Swiss German and in southern Germany).
The implicit claim of the Duden editorial team that Teutonisms only exist according to validity and not according to validity and awareness is attacked by Christa Dürscheid and Martin Businger.
Especially in German-speaking Switzerland and Austria, some German words are either
- unknown or
- are understood, but not actively used, or
- are significantly rarer than in the Federal Republic of Germany and have no validity or
- do not have the same meaning as in Germany.
The language from which a West German term ultimately originates (i.e. its etymology ) is irrelevant to the question discussed here. The modern mass media have contributed to the passive awareness of many German terms, even beyond their original area of circulation. In Switzerland and Austria, for example, there are many television programs from Germany that can be received free of charge via satellite or cable, and the selection of weekly and monthly magazines available in Austria is heavily dominated by products from the major German publishers.
On the other hand, Austrian and Swiss television can usually only be received in encrypted form due to the license fees for purchased programs via satellite, which are based on the number of viewers. (Exceptions are some in-house productions on the joint channel 3sat (1984, 3sat's own programs are produced in Mainz) and the mixed-language channel HD suisse (2007) and in some cases SF info (2001) and ORF 2 Europe (2004)). That is why Teutonisms are better known in Austria and Switzerland than Austriasisms and Helvetisms in Germany. Robert Sedlaczek believes that the understanding of Teutonisms in Austria is much more pronounced than the understanding of Austrianism in Germany, as the two variants mix more strongly in Austria than in Germany, where there are fewer opportunities to come into contact with Austrian German .
Due to the size of Germany and the relatively strong regional awareness, some German-German words are only actively used in parts of Germany. The more specific, but not necessarily excluding the system of national varieties, sub-category of regionalisms is often unknown outside (and sometimes not even within) the respective standard variety. Nevertheless, the German nation-state , which has existed since 1871, has also had a linguistic unifying effect with the ever-increasing standardization of public life. At the same time, Switzerland and Austria often went their own way. This applies not only to the specific vocabulary of public administration in the narrower sense ( staticisms ), but also to other areas, such as training, the professional world, public transport and, more recently, leisure time.
Delimitations and differences in definition
Choosing the right term
For a long time there was no term analogous to Austriazism and Helvetism, and “German” tended to contribute to the confusion, since it can be related to both the German language and Germany.
- The first logical terms Germanism or Germanicism in linguistics, even in international variants, are already occupied with the importance of adopting a peculiarity of the German language in another language. German is also one of many Germanic languages.
- A word creation that would fit the term Binnendeutsch would again reinforce the above-mentioned problem of centralism.
- A word creation like Reichsdeutsch (which appeared after the founding of the Reich in 1871) would no longer be appropriate today because of the changed name of the state.
- The concept of Deutschlandism, which corresponds to German German, does not satisfy many for aesthetic reasons; both terms are relatively long and are difficult to translate in many languages due to likely overlaps with Germanism.
- The terminus of Federal Germanism that fits the terms Federal German and Federal German High German is ambiguous, since during the time of the division everything West German was referred to as “Federal German” and this still has an impact.
- The term Teutonism comes from the Latin Teutoni , which describes the Germanic tribe of the Teutons , which has not existed for around 2000 years . From the 10th century - preferably up to the 14th century - the term family was first used in the learned and official medieval Latin to denote German, and this meaning was also adopted into German. The model for the linguistic use of the term Teutonism was the term Helvetism . Compared to Germanyism and Federal Germanism , the term Teutonism has the advantage of a linguistically homogeneous word formation with a Latin ending on a likewise purely Latin word stem; this means that it can also be easily translated as Teutonism into English and, accordingly, into other languages.
- However, the term Teutonism also has disadvantages. On the one hand, the term was and is still partly used in a different context for an excessive national consciousness (cf. chauvinism ) of the Germans and thus also as an insult. The two meanings also add to the conceptual ambiguity. Heinz-Dieter Pohl wrote on his website in 2008: "'Teutonism' as a vague term that could also arouse false ideas among non-specialists should be avoided as much as possible (if it also appears in specialist literature)."
codification
Austrians and Helvetisms were repeatedly included in dictionaries. Before the German dictionary of variants appeared, there was no explicit collection of Teutonisms. According to Ammon, this lack was based on the one hand on the monocentric inner German view of the world, according to which German German is identical to a nationwide all-German and on the other hand - with pluricentric attitudes - on the conviction that German German does not form a unit. This was intensified by the division of Germany between 1949 and 1990, which focused strongly on what separates the two German sub-areas.
For a long time, due to monocentric thinking, there were no dictionaries in which Teutonisms were marked. Although z. For example , Austrianism and Helvetism have always been included in the Duden to a limited extent and with Austrian or Switzerland. marked; Such a mark for words that are only used in Germany (e.g. bag , dumpling , cream , Abitur , priority, etc.) is still missing today.
So Ulrich Ammon in 1995 the first comprehensive monograph on Nationalvarietäten the German published, and in 2004 he brought with colleagues from Austria and Switzerland, the variant dictionary of the German out the first dictionary, which also marks the only Germany German expressions as such - a Novelty in linguistics.
Other characteristics of the German language that are characteristic of Germany (pronunciation, morphology , word formation and syntax ) need to be explored in more detail.
Teutonisms in vocabulary
Teutonisms are listed here and synonyms for explanation purposes.
kitchen
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| dinner | Dinner, A: Supper (also Bavaria), Vespers (also Baden-Württemberg) CH, Vbg. Dinner (also North Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-Württemberg) |
, CH: Znacht |
| Orange | orange | |
| broth | A: (clear) soup; CH: bouillon | |
| hearty | strong, efficient, juicy, substantial, nutritious, extensive, fat; CH: currency | |
| pancake | Pancakes, pancakes, omelets | |
|
Breakfast break (mainly Rhineland-Palatinate and north of Bavaria), Vespers (Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria) snack (Bavaria) |
Snack ; CH: Znüni, Zvieri (also Alemannic ) | |
|
Squirrel (meaning: croissant) |
A: Kipferl (croissants as pasta); CH: summit (i) | |
| Dumpling | Dumplings | |
| currant | Raisin, Zibebe (also southern German); CH: grape | |
|
crisp crisp (Süddt.) |
crispy, crispy | |
| delicious | good, fine, delicious | |
| Apple of paradise | Grapefruit | |
| peel | peel | |
| Jacket potato | boiled potatoes; CH: Schwellte, Gschwellti | |
| Bitter orange | Citrus fruit, bitter orange | |
| beetroot | beetroot, beetroot (also southern German); CH: Verge | |
| Red cabbage | Red cabbage, red cabbage; CH: red cabbage | |
| cream | Rahm (also federal German), A: Obers, CH: Nidel / Nidle | |
| Sparkling water / sparkling water / seltzer water | Soda water, mineral water | |
| White cabbage | Herb; CH: Kabis, white cabbage |
House, household
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| polish | polishing with wax; CH: blochen; Baden-Württemberg: block | |
| Floor wax | A: floor wax; CH: Floor wax | |
|
Curtain as an umbrella term for a window decoration |
Curtain (also southern German, rarely also in the entire language area) A: Curtain is a generic term for a store , a thin window curtain |
|
| Garbage can | Garbage can, rubbish bin, garbage can, garbage can, bucket, cutter bucket (Swabia) | |
| Rolling pin | A: Rollers; CH: Trölholz, Wallholz, South German Wellholz | |
| Cleaning up | Cleaning, cleaning | |
| Whisk | A: snow rod; CH: whisk | |
| Shoelaces | in A east of the Arlberg exclusive: shoelace, shoelace (s) l in CH & Vbg. exclusive: shoelace (e) l (both terms also from Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria southwards) |
|
| bag | Sack, sack - depending on the size; Swabian look (e) |
Education
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| High School | A: Matura ; CH: Matur (a) ; in Belgium: High School or High School Diploma | |
| High school graduate | A: high school graduate ; CH: Matura | |
| Apprentice or trainee | Apprentice (also federal German, more colloquially and in the craft; CH: male only), pen (CH: regional; also federal German there rather outdated or derogatory); CH: apprentice (f.), Learning (r) (replaced more recently apprentice ) | |
|
Pencil case (-mäppchen / -mapperl) pencil case (Northeast Germany) Mäppchen / Mäpple (West Germany) |
A: feather pennal , feather box ; CH: (school) case (Northwest Germany) |
|
| primary school | A: elementary school ; CH, BE: primary school | |
| School trip ; Course trip (in the reformed upper level ) | A; Baden-Württemberg: school trip ; CH: school trip ; Excursion ; All day | |
| censorship | (School) grade (also federal German) |
army
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| sergeant | A: sergeant; CH: Feldweibel | |
| …commander | A, CH: ... commander |
church
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| sexton | Sacristan (A & south German); CH: Mesmer, Sigrist |
traffic
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| sidewalk | Sidewalk, sidewalk, sidewalk (CH and Swabian / Franconian / Palatinate, outdated in German) | |
| trolleybus | Trolleybus; CH: trolleybus | |
| omnibus | Bus; CH: Bus (city bus), Car (coach, long-distance bus); (Omnibus as good as only in the Austrian legal language) | |
| Right of way | A: precedence; CH: Right of way |
Trade, commerce, professions
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| EC card | A: ATM card | |
| ATM | A, CH: ATM | |
| cashbox | A: Cash desk | |
|
Pub , economy (South German to West German) |
Beisl , inn , inn , tavern, bar (CH), Spunte (Grbd.) | |
| Stationery store | A: paper shop; CH: stationery | |
| Collective agreement | A: collective agreement ; CH: Collective employment contract (GAV) | |
| foreclosure | A: execution ; CH: Operation |
Manners, customs
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| Warning | A: cease and desist ; CH: reminder (analogous, the warning exists legally in the form only in D and A) |
leisure
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
|
Free time (group activities over several days) |
camp |
various
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| just | just | |
| go up | go up, go up | |
| Corinthians | Pedant , pencil sharpener; CH: Tüpflischisser | |
|
Human! (as exclamation) |
Man, Oida, Heast (A) | |
| so far | so far | |
| on site | in place, there |
Teutonisms in grammar
| Teutonism | Further terms used in DA-CH | swell |
|---|---|---|
| the spray | A, CH: the spray | |
| the yogurt | A, CH: the yogurt | |
| the toboggan | A: the toboggan (CH: sledge) | |
| consistently | A, CH: consistently s | |
| die Tax en (next to: die Tax is ) | A, CH: the tax is (only so) | |
| Kutsch- (without fugues , as in: Kutschfahrt, Kutschgespann) | A, CH: Kutsch en - | |
| running meter | A, CH: running meters | |
| Night to (as in: in the night to yesterday / to Saturday) | A, CH: night on | |
| Woe ('accumulation of snow, sand, etc. blown together by the wind') | A, CH: Wächte / Wechte |
German in the Federal Republic vs. German in the GDR
In the old Federal Republic and West Berlin on the one hand and in the GDR on the other hand, different linguistic usages developed between 1949 and 1990, some with different words, idioms and other meanings. There were differences in linguistic usage between the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR, both in the official language of authorities and mass media and in the language of the population.
A comparison of West German lexicons and encyclopedias with East German reveals numerous significant differences in the use and definition of terms. But there were also many differences in everyday language use.
In contrast to a dialect border, the language border that has arisen has
- a sharp geographical dividing line, while dialect boundaries often form transition zones;
- no differences in pronunciation, but in vocabulary and word usage;
- neoplasms are often affected, and very rarely the words concerned are traditional vocabulary that fell out of use on one of the two sides while surviving on the other.
Regionalisms and dialect peculiarities that do not have their origin in manifestations of the West German social system and are in some cases much older must be distinguished from “West German language usage”. These can usually be recognized by the fact that they are not understood or used in the entire Federal Republic of Germany. This becomes particularly clear in dialects that overlap the German-German border - such as Low German , East Franconian and Berlinisch - and in which regionalisms are the same on both sides of the former border.
There are many reasons for this divergence in language. On the one hand, due to the influence of the occupying powers and later the close cultural ties to the USA, Anglicisms generally spread faster and more penetratingly in the West than in the East. In comparison, Russian in the east had little influence, probably due to a certain distance between the occupation forces and the population.
Another cause of this development was the propaganda of the Cold War on both sides as well as the overall different living conditions, which on one side gave rise to terms for things that were unknown or had a different meaning on the other.
Example vocabulary in comparison West - East
| Western term , not necessarily West German special development | Eastern concept |
| Chicken, roast chicken | broiler |
| Jeans | Rivet pants (only until around the beginning of the 1970s, then also jeans ) |
| plastic | Plastics |
| Freezer , freeze | Freezer , freeze |
| Goal setting | goal |
| astronaut | Cosmonaut (from Russian Космона́вт ) |
| restaurant | Restaurant (in the Interhotels all restaurants , in East Berlin a few more restaurants were designated as such) |
| Beer garden | Garden restaurant |
| Property | in the east only as a technical term, colloquial for house (never as an investment ) |
| Weekend house | Datsche (Germanized from the synonymous Russian word дача / Datscha ) |
| Optics for appearance | (in the GDR only common for the branch of physics or a system of lenses and mirrors) |
| Comecon | Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Aid |
| Molotow cocktail | Incendiary bottle |
| two room apartment | Two-room apartment |
The following terms were used in the Federal Republic to characterize phenomena in the GDR, but were mostly (or officially) not common there themselves:
Totalitarianism , unit Socialists , unitary state , forced merger , Death Strip , Iron Curtain , fatal shots , expulsion , "the so-called German Democratic Republic", Eastern Zone , Zone , Soviet Zone , East Berlin , firing order , SED state , Soviets , Muscovites , Vopo , nomenklatura , workers locker
Regional varieties
In the course of the increasing acceptance of German as a pluricentric language, systematic linguistic research into regional varieties that go beyond the dialects is being expanded, although there is still some catching up to do in this area.
A current project is the Atlas on German Everyday Language (AdA) , where language use in Germany, Austria and Switzerland is examined, with the population being included in surveys via the Internet. The project is a continuation of the word atlas of German colloquial languages .
An example of research into a single regional variety is Ludwig Zehetner's Dictionary of Bavarian German - Lexicon of the German Language in Old Bavaria . The author is taking a new path in that he does not see Bavarian as a dialect, as in the classic view, but as an autochthonous variety of the German language in the southeast of the German-speaking area. Vocabulary and characteristics that are also expressed in the written form are recorded. They are evidenced by quotations from literature, the press and usage texts. The main subject of the dictionary is not primarily the dialect level; the strict separation between high-level language (standard) and dialect (substandard) is deliberately avoided.
In southern Germany, and especially in Bavaria, there are complex linguistic relationships that have not yet been adequately researched by German linguistics, which is why research in Austria and Bavaria is particularly used here. Mainly it concerns the areas regional and language levels, which move between dialect and standard language.
Regarding the regional point, Austrian scholars state that the variant vocabulary and other linguistic features can be divided into several categories or layers. The categories of the Upper German vocabulary, whose area as a whole extends over southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol and Liechtenstein, and the Bavarian-Austrian vocabulary, whose area extends over Bavaria without the pure east, are of regional relevance for the Federal German-speaking area - and Rhine-Franconian and the purely Swabian-Alemannic language area (Old Bavaria), Austria (excluding Vorarlberg) and South Tyrol.
First, the characteristics of the Upper German vocabulary in Germany can be seen in the variant dictionary of German primarily by the designation D-south and in the Duden by the designation south or landsch. , if the distribution area is not known there, and secondly, the features of the Bavarian vocabulary on the designation D-southeast in the German variant dictionary and on the designation Bavarian. or also landsch. in the Duden, which is not based on systematic, empirical research and is therefore imprecise. This recorded vocabulary is counted towards the regional standard language in any case . In addition, there is the vocabulary that is listed in the Bavarian German dictionary and is not marked with ugs. , Mda.-nah and mdal . The vocabulary marked in this way appears rarely or not at all in written form in Old Bavaria.
In summary, it should be noted that in addition to the general and state-specific vocabulary in Germany, Austria and Switzerland there is a transnational, regional vocabulary.
The term linguistic levels is also difficult to grasp in the sense of traditional linguistics, especially in southern Germany and also in central Germany. It can be clearly described as follows: The colloquial languages are somewhere between dialect and high-level language, which, however, cannot be imagined as uniform forms of language. In addition, they mean something different in the south and in the middle than in the north. There, colloquial language is understood as a stylistically lower, “more casual”, quasi-submerged form of the standard language. In the center and in the south it is an intermediate layer between the dialects and the standard language, relatively inconsistent, without a fixed norm, with many transitional forms that can often be interpreted as a tendency of the speakers to use forms closer to the standard language. There is also a change of terms between the classic language levels, both in the direction of dialect and in the direction of standard language, which the book Bairisches Deutsch makes clear.
In practice, there is a continuous line between dialect, colloquial language and high-level language in southern and central Germany, while in northern Germany there is a gap between dialect on the one hand and colloquial and high-level language on the other. In Northern Germany, the dialects - Low German - belong to Low German, which is officially recognized as a separate language today, and which differs significantly from High German and its dialects. Around 500 years ago there was a radical language change in the Low German-speaking area, when the Low German writing language at that time was largely abandoned in favor of High German from the south, based on the sound value of the letters of the written language, which, however, also became the spoken language . Nevertheless, Low German terms are still used in standard High German today. In the south and in the middle there was no radical change of language, but rather a more continuous development, which was not without breaks, because from 1750 the language developed in the north was adopted in the south. At that time, the north had a developmental lead over the south, which was also made up by the language adoption. This also continues to this day, although there is also a migration of terms from the south to the north. In addition, Upper German and Bavarian language elements are still relatively deeply rooted in the south, despite the noticeable decline in the younger generation and in the big cities.
See also
literature
General
- Ulrich Ammon , Hans Bickel , Jakob Ebner et al .: German dictionary of variants . The standard language in Austria, Switzerland and Germany as well as in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, East Belgium and South Tyrol . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-11-016575-9 (hardback, ISBN 3-11-016574-0 paperback).
- Michael Clyne: German as a pluricentric language . In: Michael Clyne (Ed.): Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations . de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1992, ISBN 3-11-012855-1 , pp. 117-147.
- Michael Clyne: The reconvergence of German after unification and its limits . In: Michael Clyne (Ed.): Undoing and redoing corpus planning . de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1997, ISBN 3-11-015509-5 , pp. 117-142.
- Csaba Földes: German as a language with multiple regionalities: The diatopic range of variation. In: Native 112.3 (2002), pp 225-239 ( PDF ).
- Birte Kellermeister-Rehbein: Pluricentric. Introduction to the national varieties of German. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-503-15550-7 .
- Heinz Kloss : Pluricentric high-level languages . In: ders .: The development of new Germanic cultural languages since 1800 . 2nd Edition. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1978, ISBN 3-590-15637-6 , pp. 66-67.
- Peter von Polenz : German language history from the late Middle Ages to the present. Volume III: 19th and 20th centuries. Berlin / New York 1999, pp. 412–453.
East West
- Ulrich Ammon: On the emergence of state varieties during the 40-year division of Germany . In: ders .: The German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The problem of national varieties . de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1995, ISBN 3-11-014753-X , pp. 385-390.
- Günther Drosdowski: German - language in a divided country . Dudenverlag, Mannheim 1990, ISBN 3-411-04651-1 .
- Michaela de Groot: Word semantic divergence and convergence in linguistic use. Comparative studies on the GDR / FRG content specifics before and during the change in the GDR . Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-631-44731-0 .
- Manfred Hellmann: Bibliography on public language use in the Federal Republic of Germany and in the GDR . Schwann, Düsseldorf 1976, ISBN 3-590-15616-3 .
- Manfred Hellmann: Language between East and West - Considerations on the differentiation of vocabulary between East and West . In: Wolfgang Kühlwein and Günther Redden. (Ed.): Language and culture: studies on diglossia, guest worker problems and cultural integration . Narr, Tübingen 1978, ISBN 3-87808-107-3 , pp. 15-54.
- Manfred Hellmann: Two societies - two language classes . In: Forum for interdisciplinary research 2 (1989), pp. 27-38.
- Hugo Moser: Linguistic consequences of the political division of Germany . ( Acting Word , Supplement 3). Schwann, Düsseldorf 1962.
- Horst-Dieter Schlosser: The end of bilingualism . In: Gerhard Strunk (Hrsg.): Re-encounter: Challenges to political education . Deutscher Volkshochschulverband, Frankfurt am Main 1990, ISBN 3-88513-077-7 , pp. 26–39.
- Heinrich Waegner: Split German: Grammatical Poetry for the Present . Kalliope, Siegen 1984, ISBN 3-924668-00-0 .
Web links
Individual evidence
WP: Ulrich Ammon: The German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: the problem of national variety , Berlin, New York 1995
P1: Peter von Polenz : German Language History from the Late Middle Ages to the Present Volume 3, Walter de Gruyter, 2000, ISBN 3-11-014344-5
P2: Peter von Polenz 1987
P3: Peter von Polenz: Austrian, Swiss and German and Teutonic German. In: Journal for German Linguistics No. 24/1996
R: Gregor Retti: Database on the German language in Austria
- ↑ Dinner, the, noun, compound, meaning: dinner , query: March 22, 2008.
- ↑ Supper, that; Nachmähler (pl.), Noun, compound, meaning: dinner , query: March 22, 2008.
- ↑ dinner, verb, compound, meaning: dinner , query: March 22, 2008.
- ↑ hearty, adjective, simplex, meaning: hearty , accessed: March 22, 2008.
- ↑ Curtain, the, noun, simplex, meaning: thin window curtain, accessed: March 22, 2008.
- ↑ Curtain, der, noun, derivation, meaning: (thin) window curtain, accessed: March 22, 2008.
- ^ Store, der, noun, simplex, meaning: thin window curtain , accessed: March 22, 2008.
- ↑ Schuhbändel, das, noun, compound, meaning: Schuhband , accessed : March 22, 2008.
- ↑ Schuhband, das, noun, compound, meaning: Schuhband , accessed : March 22, 2008.
- ↑ Schuhbandel, das, noun, compound, meaning: Schuhbandel , accessed : March 22, 2008.
- ↑ Schuhbandl that, noun, compound, meaning: shoelace , call: March 22 of 2008.
- ↑ Federpennal, das, noun, compound, meaning: case for writing utensils , accessed: March 22, 2008.
A: Stephan Elspaß, Robert Möller: Atlas of everyday German language (AdA)
- ↑ Second round: Results, Orange , Version: June 23, 2008.
- ↑ Fourth round: Results, Breakfast at Work , December 21, 2007.
- ^ Fourth round: Results, privacy screen , December 21, 2007.
- ↑ Fourth round: Results, laces / shoelaces , December 21, 2007.
- ↑ Fourth round: Results, container for writing utensils , December 21, 2007.
- ^ Fourth round: Results, pub , December 21, 2007.
- ^ Pilot project "Survey on regional language usage" , November 10, 2006.
VGS: Variant Grammar of Standard German (2018). An online reference work. Written by a team of authors led by Christa Dürscheid , Stephan Elspaß and Arne Ziegler.
- ↑ ATM / ATM. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ spray. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ yogurt. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ toboggan. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ throughout / throughout. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Tax / Taxi. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Coach / Carriage. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ running meters / running meters. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ night. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Wächte, Wechte / Woe. In: Variant grammar of standard German. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
Various
- ↑ a b Anja Ehrsam-Neff: An empirical study of the Helvetisms based on the Swiss daily Blick ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , University of Zurich, June 27, 2005.
- ^ A b c d Anna-Julia Lingg: Criteria for differentiating between Austrianzisms, Helvetisms and Teutonisms. In: Christa Dürscheid, Martin Businger (Hrsg.): Swiss Standard German: Contributions to variety linguistics. Gunter Narr Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-8233-6225-9 , p. 23 ff.
- ^ Ulrich Ammon: The German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-11-014753-X , p. 42ff.
- ↑ Ulrich Ammon, Hans Bickel, Jakob Ebner a. a .: German variant dictionary . The standard language in Austria, Switzerland and Germany as well as in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, East Belgium and South Tyrol. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2004, ISBN 3-11-016575-9 , p. XXXI.
- ↑ Clyne 1982, p. 54.
- ↑ Jutta Ransmayr: The status of Austrian German at non-German-speaking universities. An empirical study. From the series: Austrian German - Language of the Present, ed. v. R. Muhr et al. R. Schrodt, Volume 8, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-631-55242-4 ( review by Heinz Dieter Pohl ).
- ↑ Richard Schneider: Novel dictionary of variants , March 28, 2005, uebersetzungportal.de.
- ^ A b Robert Sedlaczek: The Austrian German. How we differ from our big neighbor , Ueberreuter, Vienna 2004, p. 392.
- ^ Herder's Conversations Lexicon . Freiburg im Breisgau 1857, Volume 5, p. 444. " Teutonen "
- ↑ German . In: Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon 1894-1896, Volume 4, pp. 990-991.
- ^ A b Heinz-Dieter Pohl: Austrian German. August 2, 2011, accessed August 14, 2012 .
- ↑ Schweizerisches Idiotikon, Vol. 8, Col. 1349
- ↑ Atlas on everyday German language (AdA)
- ^ Ludwig Zehetner: Bavarian German . Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag / edition vulpes, Kreuzlingen / Munich / Regensburg 2005, ISBN 3-9807028-7-1 , analogously from the introduction, pp. 13-24.
- ^ Peter Wiesinger: Austrian German in the present and history. Lit Verlag, Vienna / Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-8258-9143-7 , p. 414.
- ^ Rudolf Muhr, Richard Schrodt, Peter Wiesinger (editors): Austrian German - The Austrian German in Discussion , pp. 59–75 ( Memento of July 31, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
- ^ Ludwig Zehetner: Bavarian German . Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag / edition vulpes, Kreuzlingen / Munich / Regensburg 2005, ISBN 3-9807028-7-1 , introduction, section language level , p. 22.
- ^ Manfred Renn, Werner König: Small Bavarian Language Atlas. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-423-03328-2 , section dialects, colloquial languages and high-level language , p. 20 f.
- ^ Manfred Renn, Werner König: Small Bavarian Language Atlas. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich, 2006, ISBN 3-423-03328-2 , language change in Low German , p. 19.
- ^ Manfred Renn, Werner König: Small Bavarian Language Atlas. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich, 2006, ISBN 3-423-03328-2 , section Das Neuhochdeutsche , p. 19.
- ^ Ludwig Zehetner: Bavarian German . Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag / edition vulpes, Kreuzlingen / Munich / Regensburg 2005, ISBN 3-9807028-7-1 , preliminary remarks and introduction.
