Clann na nGael GAA (Meath) and Batman in film: Difference between pages

Batman in film
Batman in film
	Poster for Batman (1989)
Distributed by	20th Century Fox (1966); ; Warner Bros. (1989-2008)
Release date	1966 – present
Country	United States
Language	English
Box office	$2,597,560,813

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The Batman film series currently consists of seven superhero films based on the fictional DC Comics character of the same name, portrayed by Adam West, Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer, George Clooney and Christian Bale respectively.

The first film, known simply as Batman or Batman: The Movie, directed by Leslie H. Martinson and produced by 20th Century Fox, was a theatrical spin-off of the TV series, produced by William Dozier, that was running at the time and was a quasi-comedy rather than a serious superhero movie. Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct the 1989 version, which had no connection to the 1966 movie and is often considered the first "definitive" Batman movie. The series continued with Batman Returns (1992). Joel Schumacher was hired to direct Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), with various proposals for another installment being cancelled after the critical failure of Batman & Robin. Christopher Nolan rebooted the film series with Batman Begins (2005) and The Dark Knight (2008), completely starting over with a new series of films that have no connection to the previous installments. Throughout the films, Batman has fought with several of his famous villains.

Though the 1966 movie was the first feature length Batman film, two previous efforts had been shown in cinemas in a serial format, 1943's The Batman and 1949's Batman and Robin. These were produced on extremely small budgets and featured none of the comic book series' regular villains. Batman was played by Lewis Wilson in the first serial and Robert Lowery in the sequel.

Development

The first feature-length film based on Batman was developed by William Dozier and 20th Century Fox out of the television series that starred Adam West as Batman/Bruce Wayne and Burt Ward as Robin/Dick Grayson. Both West and Ward reprised their roles for the film. Produced between the first and second seasons, the film was just as campy as the series, with its comic relief. It was a moderate success at the box office. When the series ended, no other film based on the series was produced. However, the original Batman film has become a cult classic and has since been issued on DVD as the only incarnation of the television series to be so released.

The Warner Bros. films took a far different approach than Fox's original. Michael Uslan had recently gained fame for convincing the Dean of Indiana University to start a course on comic books. DC Comics was impressed enough with his work to invite him to their offices. Uslan, a fan of the Batman character, was able to acquire the film rights to the property in April 1979 through a newly formed partnership with Benjamin Melniker. CBS at that time was developing a Batman in Outer Space film, though DC had no intention of granting film rights for that concept. The prevailing perception of the character was still that of the campy 1960s TV series. Uslan was always fascinated with Bill Finger's and Bob Kane's early stories from 1939, and wished instead to produce the film in that style. For his presentation to studios, Uslan wrote a short story titled Return of the Batman so as to show the studios what exactly he was aiming for. The treatment anticipated the tone that would later be taken in Frank Miller's Batman: The Dark Knight Returns.^[1]

As Uslan and Melniker unsuccessfully pitched the film to many studios,^[2] Uslan started searching for writers. He felt Superman, James Bond, and Star Wars were the three most successful film franchises at the time. As such he approached Richard Maibaum to write the script, with Guy Hamilton to direct. Both were well known for the various Bond films they had collaborated on, though the two would eventually turn down the opportunity. Tom Mankiewicz was settled upon, who had recently co-written Superman and in the past was involved with three James Bond films. Mankiewicz started writing his script sometime in 1980,^[1] and was able to finish in June 1983, going under the simple title of The Batman.^[3]

The script showcased the origins of both Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson and included the Joker and Rupert Thorne as the main villains (with a brief cameo from the Penguin). Silver St. Cloud appeared as the love interest. Several elements from the script ended up appearing in future film installments, such as The Joker being responsible for Bruce's parents' murder (though Joe Chill was the hired gun), and Batman being framed for crimes he didn't commit (see Batman Returns). Similarities for Batman Forever had Dick Grayson's origin being practically the same (as well as stumbling upon the Batcave), and Dick saving Bruce's life before becoming Robin.^[3]

While Mankiewicz was writing the script, Uslan and Melniker were still seeking a deal with a studio. Uslan recounts many stories, "At Columbia, the head of production said to me, shaking his head after I pitched my heart out, "Come on, Batman will never be a success as a film because our movie Annie didn’t do well." I looked at this guy dumbfounded. And I asked him what did the little red-headed girl who sang "Tomorrow" have to do with Batman!? And he said, "Michael, they are both out of the funny pages." At United Artists, Uslan recounted a similar story. "An exec said to me that a film with Batman and Robin would never work as a film because Robin and Marian wasn’t successful. Now that was about an aging Robin Hood and Maid Marian with Sean Connery! I just picked up all my materials, didn’t say a word and walked out of the room."^[4]

It was in late 1981 that Uslan announced a 1983 release date, with a budget of $15 million, though the project continued to languish in development hell, causing repeated delays.^[5] Uslan and Melniker were finally able to team with Peter Guber and Jon Peters in 1982. The four producers were able to convince Warner Bros. to finance the film after Universal Studios declined the offer.^[2] Uslan then announced in 1983, the year Mankiewicz finally completed his script, that the film would be released in 1985 and have a budget of $20 million.^[5] Joe Dante and Ivan Reitman were briefly involved as directors though both would take on other projects instead (Gremlins for Dante, while Reitman opted for Ghostbusters).^[2] Uslan wanted a distinguished unknown actor as Batman, with William Holden as Commissioner Gordon and David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth.^[5] Even at this stage, Jack Nicholson was the choice for the role of The Joker.^[4]

In the meantime, more scripts came about that included the basic premise of The Joker, Rupert Thorne, Silver St. Cloud, and Robin. All scripts were positioned as an adaptation of Steve Englehart's Dark Detective series.^[6] Warner Bros., however, began to push for the project again to center on the campy tone of the Batman TV series from the 1960s, citing Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin as their primary casting choices, over Uslan's objections. After the success of Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns, the studio reconsidered, and decided to depict the film the way Uslan had wanted to since the beginning, though still choosing a comedy director, after the surprising success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure, Warner Bros. handed the director's position to Tim Burton.^[2]

Burton took Batman and Batman Returns as opportunities to pay homage to the classic German Expressionist Horror film genre. Burton's influences included The Phantom of the Opera, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Dracula, The Bat, The Man Who Laughs, Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Nosferatu, and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. ^[7]

Burton/Schumacher series

After this long development history, all of the Batman films were distributed by Warner Brothers. They were directed by Tim Burton. This does not count the animated film, Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), released to theatres during this era--that film was based on the mythos of the Warner Brothers animated series, produced around this time.

Batman (1989)

File:Batman keaton.jpg

Michael Keaton as Batman in Tim Burton's 1989 film Batman.

Millionaire playboy Bruce Wayne (Michael Keaton) begins his run as the shadowy vigilante known as "The Batman." Gotham City is in the grip of mob boss Carl Grissom (Jack Palance), and is only met with worse fears with a corrupt police department. Reporter Vicki Vale (Kim Basinger) investigates the mysterious Batman, and is eventually taken in by Wayne's charms. The situation becomes further worse when Jack Napier (Jack Nicholson), former right hand man of Grissom, hideously transforms into the psychopathic Joker. Bruce Wayne must confront tragic moments from the past as the homicidal maniac starts his deadly plans against the citizens of Gotham.

Batman Returns (1992)

A mysterious "Penguin-like" man (Danny Devito) appears out of the sewers of Gotham and is intent on being accepted into Gotham society. Crooked businessman Max Shreck (Christopher Walken) is coerced into helping him become Mayor of Gotham and they both attempt to destroy the reputation of Batman (Michael Keaton) as a crime-fighter. However, the Penguin secretly schemes to kidnap the children of the wealthiest families of the City. Then, when Max's secretary Selina Kyle (Michelle Pfeiffer), is transformed into the mysterious and sensual Catwoman and allies herself with the Penguin, The Dark Knight must attempt to clear his name, save the children of Gotham and decide the fate of Selina/Catwoman.

Batman Forever (1995)

Former District Attorney Harvey Dent (Tommy Lee Jones) incorrectly believes Batman (Val Kilmer) caused the courtroom accident which left him disfigured on one side. As the psychotic 'Two-Face', he then unleashes a reign of terror, and assisting him is Edward Nygma (Jim Carrey), a former employee of Wayne Enterprises looking for revenge, who becomes The Riddler. As The Riddler perfects a device for draining information from all the brains in Gotham, including Bruce Wayne's knowledge of his other identity, Batman must stop this fight for the good of mankind with the help of his new sidekick Robin (Chris O'Donnell) and psychologist Dr. Chase Meridian (Nicole Kidman).

Batman & Robin (1997)

Batman (George Clooney) and Robin (Chris O'Donnell) must protect Gotham City from the threat of Mr. Freeze (Arnold Schwarzenegger). Meanwhile, a young woman named Pamela Isley (Uma Thurman) witnesses illegal genetic tampering and is, apparently, killed. She is resurrected as Poison Ivy, a woman who has the ability to control and mutate all botanical life and a poisonous kiss that instantly kills her victims. She takes the first person to be genetically experimented on by her former employer as a bodyguard, Bane (Robert Swenson). They arrive at Gotham, and aid in Mr. Freeze's escape. Meanwhile, Alfred (Michael Gough) is dying with the first stage of a disease that Mr. Freezes wife suffers from and Wayne must find a cure, while dealing with troubles with Robin, and receiving help from Alfred's niece Batgirl (Alicia Silverstone), a new hero of Gotham.

Unsuccessful projects

After the critical disaster of Batman & Robin, Warner Bros. was still intent on delivering yet another Batman film. Since Batman & Robin did poorly (financially and critically), the next Batman film was to have an atmosphere that veered in the opposite direction. It took roughly seven years to get the fifth Batman film greenlighted, over the course of various developing titles.

Batman Triumphant

Warner Bros. hired Mark Protosevich to write a script for the fifth Batman film, titled Batman Triumphant,^[8] even before the theatrical release of Batman & Robin. Joel Schumacher, George Clooney, and Chris O’Donnell were still contracted for another film.^[9] The Scarecrow was to be the main villain and through the use of his fear gas, Scarecrow would cause Batman to confront his worst fear: the return of The Joker. Harley Quinn was in the script and shown as the daughter of Jack Napier.^[8]

Due to poor results from Batman & Robin, Triumphant was cancelled and Warner Bros. commissioned more scripts.^[10]

Batman: DarKnight

In 1998, Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise pitched the idea for a fifth Batman movie to Warner Bros. Vice President Tom Lassally. It was to be called Batman: DarKnight (not to be confused with The Dark Knight) and included the Scarecrow and Man-Bat as the new villains, with the studio being most impressed with the characterization of Man-Bat.^[11] Fear was to be the initial theme (much like the main one for Batman Begins) and according to Shapiro, with Scarecrow being true to the source material. Within three months, Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise sent their first draft to Warner Bros. Joel Schumacher was still signed to direct but dropped out only weeks after the first draft was completed.^[11] The story went as:

Bruce Wayne is in self-imposed seclusion from life, because he feels he has lost his greatest weapons in the fight against crime: his mystique and his enemies' fear. Dick Grayson attends Gotham University, trying to discover who he is apart from his guardian and unwilling to return as Robin without him. Meanwhile, Dr. Jonathan Crane uses his position as professor of psychology at Gotham University and as resident psychiatrist at Arkham Asylum to conduct his experiments in fear. During a vengeful confrontation with a colleague, Dr. Kirk Langstrom, Crane unknowingly initiates Kirk's transformation into the creature known as Man-Bat. The unsuspecting denizens of Gotham scream for Batman's head, believing the Man-Bat's nightly hunts to be the Dark Knight's bloodthirsty return to action. Bruce dons cape and cowl once more to clear his name and solve the mystery behind these attacks. Eventually, Dick ends up in Arkham Asylum under Crane's unsympathetic watch, and Kirk struggles with his "man vs. monster" syndrome as he longs to both reunite with his wife and get revenge on Crane.^[11]

The script for Batman: DarKnight sat at Warner Bros. and languished in development hell up until late 2000. Shapiro stated that DarKnight was in the running the longest as the next Batman movie compared to the other Batman projects in development.^[11]

Batman Beyond

In October 1999, the website Ain't It Cool News reported that Warner Bros. was seriously considering a live action Batman Beyond movie, based on the animated series. In January 2000, Ain't It Cool News reported that Paul Dini and Alan Burnett would be writing the script, both of whom are well known for their work on The DC Animated Universe. In August 2000, it was confirmed that Dini, Burnett, Neal Stephenson, and Boaz Yakin were to all write the script, with Yakin to direct. A script was written and turned into Warner Bros., though the project was canceled in favor of the Batman: Year One project.^[12]

Batman vs Superman

In August 2001,^[13] Andrew Kevin Walker pitched Warner Bros. an idea titled Batman vs Superman, attaching Wolfgang Petersen as director. J. J. Abrams' Superman script was put on hold,^[14] and for reasons unknown, Akiva Goldsman was hired to rewrite Walker's draft which was codenamed "Asylum".^[15]

Goldsman's draft (dated June 21, 2002), had the premise of Bruce Wayne trying to shake all of the demons in his life after his five year retirement of crime fighting. Meanwhile, Clark Kent is down on his luck and in despair. Dick Grayson, Alfred Pennyworth and Commissioner Gordon are all dead, as Clark just recently has divorced Lois Lane. Clark serves as Bruce's best man at his wedding to the beautiful and lovely Elizabeth Miller. After Elizabeth is killed by the Joker on the honeymoon, Bruce is forced to don the Batsuit once more, tangling a plot which involves Lex Luthor, while Clark sways a romance with Lana Lang in Smallville.^[16]

Filming was to start in early 2003, with plans for a five to six month shoot. The release date was set for the summer of 2004.^[17] Batman vs Superman was to relaunch both the Batman and Superman franchises respectively, with both sequels being reboots.^[14] Within a month of the studio green lighting the project, Petersen left in favor of Troy (2004).^[18] Warner Bros. could have easily assigned a new director, but chose to cancel Batman vs Superman in favor of a recent script submitted by Abrams for Superman: Flyby.^[19]

Batman: Year One

A film based on the graphic novel of the same name by Frank Miller was to be directed by Darren Aronofsky and written by both Aronofsky and Miller. The project never received the greenlight by Warner Bros. because they found it to be too violent. Ultimately the project was something of a precursor to Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins.^[20]

After the death of his parents young Bruce Wayne remains lost on the street and is taken in by Big Al, owner of an auto repair shop with his son Little Al. We are then introduced to detective James Gordon as he struggles with the corruption he finds endemic among Gotham City police officers of all ranks.^[21]

Bruce's first act as a vigilante is to confront a dirty cop named Campbell, but Campbell ends up dead and Bruce narrowly escapes being blamed. Realizing that he needs to operate with more methodology, he evolves his costume concept, acquires a variety of makeshift gadgets and weapons, and re-configures a black Lincoln Continental into a makeshift "bat-mobile." As "The Bat-Man," Bruce Wayne wages war on criminals from street level to the highest echelons, working his way up to Police Commissioner Loeb and Mayor Noone, even as the executors of the Wayne estate search for their missing heir. In the end, Bruce accepts his dual destiny as heir to the Wayne fortune and the city's savior, and Gordon comes to accept that, while he may not agree with "the Bat-Man"'s methods, he can't argue with the results.^[21]

No casting ever took place, though Val Kilmer (who had previously played Batman in Joel Schumacher's Batman Forever from 1995),^[22] Ben Affleck,^[23] Keanu Reeves,^[20] and Christian Bale^[24] all expressed interest for the role of Batman. Bale would end up being cast for the lead role in Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins.

Nolan series

Batman Begins (2005)

File:Batman bale small.jpg

Christian Bale as Batman in Christopher Nolan's 2005 film Batman Begins.

Bruce Wayne (Christian Bale) begins his vigilante career as Batman. Meanwhile, Gotham City, in the hands of crime boss Carmine Falcone (Tom Wilkinson), is in danger of being destroyed by hallucinogenic gases smuggled into the water supply by the Scarecrow (Cillian Murphy). With the help of James Gordon (Gary Oldman) and Rachel Dawes (Katie Holmes), Batman fights off Ra's al Ghul (Liam Neeson), the mastermind behind the plan, and saves Gotham City.

The Dark Knight (2008)

The 2008 sequel to Batman Begins has Batman (Christian Bale), Lt. Jim Gordon (Gary Oldman), and District Attorney Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart) forming an alliance to take down the rise in organized crime in Gotham City brought about by Carmine Falcone's imprisonment in Arkham Asylum, as well as trying to battle a homicidal criminal mastermind known only as the Joker (Heath Ledger).

Future

Though news on a possible sequel has been limited, according to a Wall Street Journal article from August 22, 2008, a third Batman film is one of the four main focuses of Warner Brothers over the next three years. The article is based on information from Warner Brothers Pictures Group president Jeff Robinov.^[25]

Nolan is not committed to another sequel, explaining that he does not normally line up projects after completing a film. Gary Oldman is confident Nolan will return,^[26] and Bale said he would return if Nolan did.^[27] Oldman hinted in the third film Gordon would have to hunt down Batman.^[28] He has also speculated that the villain of the upcoming film may be the Riddler.^[29] Nolan explained that as long as he is directing, he is not including Robin in the franchise because Bale is still portraying a "young Batman", which meant "Robin's not for a few films". Nolan jokingly listed Frankie Muniz as a potential choice, if the studio forced him to cast.^[30] Bale joked "I'll be chaining myself up somewhere and refusing to go to work" if Robin is introduced.^[31]

In addition, Nolan considered the Penguin difficult to portray on film, explaining, "There are certain characters that are easier to mesh with the more real take on Batman we're doing. The Penguin would be tricky."^[32]. This would presumably also rule out Mr. Freeze, Killer Croc, Clayface, and Man-Bat. Kate Beckinsale has expressed interest in playing Catwoman.^[33] Julie Newmar, who played Catwoman in the Batman series from 1966 to 1967, has suggested Angelina Jolie for the role.^[34] David Tennant wishes to portray The Riddler.^[35]^[36] Prior to the release of The Dark Knight in 2008, David S. Goyer said in an interview that characters like the Penguin or Catwoman will be unlikely to appear in a future film, which may instead use villains that have not been portrayed on the big screen. However, he did not rule out any characters that have been featured in previous Batman films.^[37] On July 23, 2008, Aaron Eckhart said he would return for a sequel to The Dark Knight if asked,^[38] although he later confirmed that he is not signed on for another Batman film and that his character is currently considered dead by Nolan.^[39] Michael Caine commented that a studio executive was interested in casting Johnny Depp as the Riddler, and Philip Seymour Hoffman as the Penguin.^[40] Hoffman later denied the rumor.^[41]

IGN listed Bane and Black Mask on its list of the best Batman villains ever.^[42] Both are popular choices among fans, along with Hush and Hugo Strange.^[43]

Cast and characters

Reception

Box office performance

Film	Release date		Box office revenue			Box office ranking		Reference
Film	United States	Worldwide	United States	Outside US	Worldwide	All time US	All time worldwide	Reference
Batman: The Movie	July 30, 1966	December 24, 1966	$1,377,800	$2,453,210	$3,831,010
Batman	June 23, 1989	June 23, 1989	$251,188,924	$160,160,000	$411,348,924	#44	#92	^[44]
Batman Returns	June 19, 1992	June 19, 1992	$162,831,698	$104,000,000	$266,831,698	#143	#224	^[45]
Batman Forever	June 16, 1995	June 16, 1995	$184,031,112	$152,500,000	$336,531,112	#101	#150	^[46]
Batman & Robin	June 20, 1997	June 20, 1997	$107,325,195	$130,881,927	$238,207,122	#340	#268	^[47]
Batman Begins	June 15, 2005	June 15, 2005	$205,343,774	$166,510,009	$371,853,783	#81	#111	^[48]
The Dark Knight	July 18, 2008	July 16, 2008	$525,003,174	$460,000,000	$988,000,000	#2	#4	^[49]
Batman film series			$1,901,635,877	$1,185,751,936	$2,597,560,813

Critical reaction

Film	Rotten Tomatoes		Metacritic	Yahoo! Movies
Film	Overall	Cream of the Crop	Metacritic	Yahoo! Movies
Batman	69% (49 reviews)^[50]	57% (7 reviews)^[51]	66% (17 reviews)^[52]	B- (5 reviews)^[53]
Batman Returns	79% (43 reviews)^[54]	57% (7 reviews)^[55]		B (5 reviews)^[56]
Batman Forever	43% (49 reviews)^[57]	69% (13 reviews)^[58]	51% (23 reviews)^[59]	B- (9 reviews)^[60]
Batman & Robin	12% (58 reviews)^[61]	20% (15 reviews)^[62]	28% (21 reviews)^[63]	C- (9 reviews)^[64]
Batman Begins	84% (249 reviews)^[65]	62% (42 reviews)^[66]	70% (41 reviews)^[67]	B+ (15 reviews)^[68]
The Dark Knight	95% (257 reviews)^[69]	90% (40 reviews)^[70]	82% (36 reviews)^[71]	A- (14 reviews)^[72]

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight. Warner Bros. 2005. {{cite AV media}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b Tom Mankiewicz (1983-06-20). "The Batman: Revised First Draft Screenplay". ScifiScripts.com. Retrieved 2007-11-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Bill "Jett" Ramey (2005-11-10). "An Interview With Michael Uslan - Part 2". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2007-11-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Alan Jones (November 1989). "Batman in Production". Cinefantastique. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
^ Bill "Jett" Ramey (2006-11-27). "Interview: Steven Englehart". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2007-11-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Batman (1989) Audio Commentary by Director Tim Burton. Warner Bros. 2005. {{cite AV media}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b Linder, Brian. "Rumblings From Gotham". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Text "date2000-07-27" ignored (help)
^ Karger, Dave (1997-07-11). "Big Chill". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Ramey, Bill "Jett" (2005-02-04). "A History of BATMAN 5: What It Is and How It Came To Be". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ramey, Bill "Jett" (2005-07-28). "Interview: Lee Shapiro". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Rob M. Worley (2001-10-18). "Batman Beyond Live Action Movie (Archives)". Comics2Film. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Brian Linder (2001-08-09). "More Batman, Superman Insanity at WB". IGN. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Brian M. Raftery and Nancy Miller (2002-07-22). "Dynamic Duel". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-10-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ David Hughes (2003). Tales From Development Hell. Titan Books. pp. p.205. ISBN 180239914. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ Akiva Goldsman (2002-06-21). "Batman vs Superman 2nd Draft" (PDF). Daily Scripts. Retrieved 2007-10-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Brian Linder (2002-07-09). "Batman vs. Superman in '04". IGN. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Hughes, p.207
^ Hughes, p.208
^ ^a ^b David Hughes (2003). Tales From Development Hell. Titan Books. ISBN 1-84023-691-4.
^ ^a ^b Frank Miller. "Batman: Year One Screenplay". Leon Scripts. Retrieved 2007-10-31. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Brian Linder (2000-07-27). "Rumblings From Gotham". IGN. Retrieved 2007-10-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Movie Preview: The Sum of All Fears". Entertainment Weekly. 2002-04-18. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Michael Mason (2002-08-16). "Bale On Batman...vs. Superman, Year One". Comics2Film. Retrieved 2007-10-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Lauren A.E. Schuker (AUGUST 22, 2008). "Warner Bets on Fewer, Bigger Movies - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2008-10-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Rob Allsletter (2008-06-30). "The Dark Knight's Future". Comics Continuum. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
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^ Matthew Belloni (November 2006). "Q+A: Christopher Nolan". Esquire. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
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^ "Angelina Jolie is rumored to play Catwoman". Back Seat Cuddler. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
^ Ben Rawson-Jones (2007-09-26). "David Tennant craves 'Batman' villain role". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2007-09-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Jennifer Vineyard (2008-08-12). "From 90210 To Gotham City? Brian Austin Green Makes Pitch For Riddler Casting". MTV. Retrieved 2008-08-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Amaya, Erik (2008-06-30). "Write The Dark Knight: The Writers". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2008-07-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Eckhart Agrees To Third Batman Film". IMDB. 2008-07-23.
^ "Aaron Eckhart on Two-Face - Superhero Hype!". Superherohype.com. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Casey Sejias (2008-09-08). "Michael Caine Says Johnny Depp Is The Riddler, Philip Seymour Hoffman Is The Penguin". MTV Splash Page. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ Casey Seijas (2009-09-09). "'Dark Knight' Update: Philip Seymour Hoffman Responds To Casting Rumor, 'I Don't Know If I'd Be A Good Penguin'". MTV. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
^ http://comics.ign.com/articles/622/622304p1.html
^ http://www.amazon.com/tag/batman/forum/ref=cm_cd_ef_tft_tp?%5Fencoding=UTF8&cdForum=FxAUBRKAOLV1HW&cdThread=Tx3270SSM80DT73&displayType=tagsDetail
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^ "Batman Returns (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman Returns - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
^ "Batman Forever". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman Forever (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman Forever (1995): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman Forever - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
^ "Batman & Robin". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman & Robin (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman & Robin (1997): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman & Robin - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
^ "Batman Begins". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman Begins (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman Begins (2005): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "Batman Begins - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
^ "The Dark Knight". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "The Dark Knight(Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "The Dark Knight (2008): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ "The Dark Knight - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

External links

[Uslan-1] Bill "Jett" Ramey (2005-11-08). "An Interview With Michael Uslan - Part 1". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2007-11-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[shadowbat-2] Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight. Warner Bros. 2005. {{cite AV media}}: |format= requires |url= (help)

[manky-3] Tom Mankiewicz (1983-06-20). "The Batman: Revised First Draft Screenplay". ScifiScripts.com. Retrieved 2007-11-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[Uslan2-4] Bill "Jett" Ramey (2005-11-10). "An Interview With Michael Uslan - Part 2". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2007-11-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[production-5] Alan Jones (November 1989). "Batman in Production". Cinefantastique. Retrieved 2007-11-23.

[6] Bill "Jett" Ramey (2006-11-27). "Interview: Steven Englehart". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2007-11-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[Commentary-7] Batman (1989) Audio Commentary by Director Tim Burton. Warner Bros. 2005. {{cite AV media}}: |format= requires |url= (help)

[proto-8] Linder, Brian. "Rumblings From Gotham". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Text "date2000-07-27" ignored (help)

[9] Karger, Dave (1997-07-11). "Big Chill". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[batV-10] Ramey, Bill "Jett" (2005-02-04). "A History of BATMAN 5: What It Is and How It Came To Be". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[shap-11] Ramey, Bill "Jett" (2005-07-28). "Interview: Lee Shapiro". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2006-11-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[12] Rob M. Worley (2001-10-18). "Batman Beyond Live Action Movie (Archives)". Comics2Film. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[13] Brian Linder (2001-08-09). "More Batman, Superman Insanity at WB". IGN. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[dynamic-14] Brian M. Raftery and Nancy Miller (2002-07-22). "Dynamic Duel". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-10-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[15] David Hughes (2003). Tales From Development Hell. Titan Books. pp. p.205. ISBN 180239914. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[16] Akiva Goldsman (2002-06-21). "Batman vs Superman 2nd Draft" (PDF). Daily Scripts. Retrieved 2007-10-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[17] Brian Linder (2002-07-09). "Batman vs. Superman in '04". IGN. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[18] Hughes, p.207

[19] Hughes, p.208

[hughes-20] David Hughes (2003). Tales From Development Hell. Titan Books. ISBN 1-84023-691-4.

[script-21] Frank Miller. "Batman: Year One Screenplay". Leon Scripts. Retrieved 2007-10-31. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[kilmer-22] Brian Linder (2000-07-27). "Rumblings From Gotham". IGN. Retrieved 2007-10-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[23] "Movie Preview: The Sum of All Fears". Entertainment Weekly. 2002-04-18. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[bale-24] Michael Mason (2002-08-16). "Bale On Batman...vs. Superman, Year One". Comics2Film. Retrieved 2007-10-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[25] Lauren A.E. Schuker (AUGUST 22, 2008). "Warner Bets on Fewer, Bigger Movies - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2008-10-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[26] Rob Allsletter (2008-06-30). "The Dark Knight's Future". Comics Continuum. Retrieved 2008-07-01.

[27] Charlene Chang (2008-06-30). "Christian Bale talks 'Dark Knight' follow-up and 'Terminator Salvation'". Retrieved 2008-07-01.

[28] Stephanie Sanchez (2008-07-08). "Interview: Gary Oldman Talks THE DARK KNIGHT". IESB. Retrieved 2008-07-15.

[29] "Will Chris Nolan Recast the Joker for Batman 3 or Will the Riddler Take His Place?". MovieWeb. 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2008-07-01.

[30] "Nolan on Robin in Batman Sequels". SuperHeroHype.com. 2005-06-23. Retrieved 2006-07-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[31] "Batman Bale Says No To Robin". Starpulse.com. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2008-07-03.

[32] Matthew Belloni (November 2006). "Q+A: Christopher Nolan". Esquire. Retrieved 2006-10-13.

[33] Jen Yamato (2007-08-03). "Beckinsale On Catwoman, Wonder Woman, And Her Bond Girl Offer". RottenTomatoes. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[34] "Angelina Jolie is rumored to play Catwoman". Back Seat Cuddler. Retrieved 2008-10-05.

[35] Ben Rawson-Jones (2007-09-26). "David Tennant craves 'Batman' villain role". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2007-09-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[36] Jennifer Vineyard (2008-08-12). "From 90210 To Gotham City? Brian Austin Green Makes Pitch For Riddler Casting". MTV. Retrieved 2008-08-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[37] Amaya, Erik (2008-06-30). "Write The Dark Knight: The Writers". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2008-07-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[38] "Eckhart Agrees To Third Batman Film". IMDB. 2008-07-23.

[39] "Aaron Eckhart on Two-Face - Superhero Hype!". Superherohype.com. Retrieved 2008-10-09.

[40] Casey Sejias (2008-09-08). "Michael Caine Says Johnny Depp Is The Riddler, Philip Seymour Hoffman Is The Penguin". MTV Splash Page. Retrieved 2008-09-08.

[41] Casey Seijas (2009-09-09). "'Dark Knight' Update: Philip Seymour Hoffman Responds To Casting Rumor, 'I Don't Know If I'd Be A Good Penguin'". MTV. Retrieved 2009-09-11.

[42] ttp://comics.ign.com/articles/622/622304p1.html

[43] ttp://www.amazon.com/tag/batman/forum/ref=cm_cd_ef_tft_tp?%5Fencoding=UTF8&cdForum=FxAUBRKAOLV1HW&cdThread=Tx3270SSM80DT73&displayType=tagsDetail

[44] "Batman (1989)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[45] "Batman Returns (1992)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[46] "Batman Forever (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[47] "Batman and Robin (1997)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[48] "Batman Begins (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[49] "The Dark Knight (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-29.

[50] "Batman". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[51] "Batman (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[52] "Batman (1989): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[53] "Batman - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.

[54] "Batman Returns". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[55] "Batman Returns (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[56] "Batman Returns - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.

[57] "Batman Forever". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[58] "Batman Forever (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[59] "Batman Forever (1995): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[60] "Batman Forever - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.

[61] "Batman & Robin". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[62] "Batman & Robin (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[63] "Batman & Robin (1997): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[64] "Batman & Robin - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.

[65] "Batman Begins". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[66] "Batman Begins (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[67] "Batman Begins (2005): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[68] "Batman Begins - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-05-17.

[69] "The Dark Knight". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[70] "The Dark Knight(Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[71] "The Dark Knight (2008): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

[72] "The Dark Knight - Critics Reviews". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2008-07-18.

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