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|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=48234&refer=&units=metric
|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=48234&refer=&units=metric
|title=Mangalore, India
|title=Mangalore, India
|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> It is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannda district, largest urban coastal center of Karnataka and the fourth largest city in the state. It is situated on the west coast of India, with the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the [[Western Ghats]] to the east. Mangalore City spans an area of 111.18&nbsp;[[square kilometre|km²]] (42.93&nbsp;[[square mile|mi²]]), while the total area included under the [[Mangalore City Corporation]] is 132.45&nbsp;[[square kilometre|km²]] (51.14&nbsp;[[square mile|mi²]]).<ref name="mlrgov"/> The [[Gurupura]] and [[Netravati River|Netravati]] rivers effectively encircle the city by flowing around its north and south respectively. Both rivers form an [[estuary]] at the southern side of the city and flow into the Arabian sea.<ref name="MCCwater">{{harvnb|EIRA|p=38}}</ref> Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty [[wind]]s during day time and gentle winds at night.<ref>{{harvnb|Balakrishna|Narayana|Kumari|p=26}}</ref> The [[topography]] of the city is from plain to undulating, with four hilly regions natural [[valley]]s within the city. The [[geology]] of the city is characterized by hard [[laterite]] in hilly tracts and [[sand]]y [[soil]] along the seashore.<ref>{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=4}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the ''Seismic III Zone'' as per the vulnerability atlas of 2002.<ref>{{cite news
|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> It is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannda district, largest urban coastal center of Karnataka and the fourth largest city in the state.<ref name="mlrgov"/> It is situated on the west coast of India, with the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the [[Western Ghats]] to the east. Mangalore City spans an area of 111.18&nbsp;[[square kilometre|km²]] (42.93&nbsp;[[square mile|mi²]]), while the total area included under the [[Mangalore City Corporation]] is 132.45&nbsp;[[square kilometre|km²]] (51.14&nbsp;[[square mile|mi²]]).<ref name="mlrgov"/> Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty [[wind]]s during day time and gentle winds at night.<ref>{{harvnb|Balakrishna|Narayana|Kumari|p=26}}</ref> The [[topography]] of the city is from plain to undulating, with four hilly regions natural [[valley]]s within the city. The [[geology]] of the city is characterized by hard [[laterite]] in hilly tracts and [[sand]]y [[soil]] along the seashore.<ref>{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=4}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the ''Seismic III Zone'' as per the vulnerability atlas of 2002.<ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/17/stories/2006011716830300.htm
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/17/stories/2006011716830300.htm
|title= Ensure that builders comply with safety norms, forum urges MCC
|title= Ensure that builders comply with safety norms, forum urges MCC
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|publisher= The Hindu}}</ref>
|publisher= The Hindu}}</ref>


Mangalore lies on the backwaters formed by the [[Netravati River|Netravati]] and [[Gurupura]] rivers. The city has long been a [[roadstead]] along the [[Malabar|Malabar Coast]]. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches, such as [[Mukka]], [[Panambur]], Tannirbavi, KREC, and Someshwara. [[Vegetation]] is predominantly [[coconut|coconut trees]], [[Arecaceae|palm trees]], [[Ashoka tree]]s along with others. The city has still preserved much of its green cover compared with other Indian cities.
Mangalore lies on the backwaters formed by the [[Netravati River|Netravati]] and [[Gurupura]] rivers. These rivers effectively encircle the city by flowing around its north and south respectively. Both form an [[estuary]] at the southern side of the city and flow into the Arabian sea.<ref name="MCCwater">{{harvnb|EIRA|p=38}}</ref>The city has long been a [[roadstead]] along the [[Malabar|Malabar Coast]]. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches, such as [[Mukka]], [[Panambur]], Tannirbavi, KREC, and Someshwara. [[Vegetation]] is predominantly [[coconut|coconut trees]], [[Arecaceae|palm trees]], [[Ashoka tree]]s along with others. The city has still preserved much of its green cover compared with other Indian cities.


Mangalore experiences [[Tropics|tropical]] climate. Summer and winter are similar in the city, and both are quite gratifying with an average temperature ranging between {{convert|27|°C|°F|0}} to {{convert|34|°C|°F|0}}. [[Humidity]] reaches an average of about 78%.<ref name="Wbase"/> The city belongs to the ''Per-Humid (A) Zone'' and is under the direct influence of the [[Arabian Sea]] branch of the [[Monsoon#South-West Summer Monsoon|South-West monsoon]]. It receives about 90% of its total annual [[rain]]fall within a period of about six months from May to October while it is extremely dry from December to March. The annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] in Mangalore is 4242.5 [[millimetre]]s (167 [[Inch|in]]).<ref>{{cite web
Mangalore experiences [[Tropics|tropical]] climate. Summer and winter are similar in the city, and both are quite gratifying with an average temperature ranging between {{convert|27|°C|°F|0}} to {{convert|34|°C|°F|0}}. [[Humidity]] reaches an average of about 78%.<ref name="Wbase"/> The city belongs to the ''Per-Humid (A) Zone'' and is under the direct influence of the [[Arabian Sea]] branch of the [[Monsoon#South-West Summer Monsoon|South-West monsoon]]. It receives about 90% of its total annual [[rain]]fall within a period of about six months from May to October while it is extremely dry from December to March. The annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] in Mangalore is 4242.5 [[millimetre]]s (167 [[Inch|in]]).<ref>{{cite web

Revision as of 06:25, 6 July 2008

Mangalore
Mangalore
Government
 • MayorGanesh Hosabettu[1]
Population
 (2007)
 • Total601,079
Websitewww.mangalorecity.gov.in

Mangalore (IPA:\ˈmaŋ-gə-ˌlȯr\; Kannada: ಮಂಗಳೂರು, Mangalūru; Tulu: Kudla, ಕುಡ್ಲ; Konkani: Kodial, ಕೊಡಿಯಾಲ್; Beary: Maikala, ಮೈಕಲ) pronunciationⓘ is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is situated on the west coast of the country on the Arabian Sea, with the Western Ghat Mountain ranges to Mangalore's east. It is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in the southwestern corner of Karnataka.

Mangalore derives its name after the local Hindu deity Mangaladevi. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea – to this day it remains one of the major ports of India. Lying on the backwaters formed by the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, it has been a roadstead along the Malabar Coast. Mangalore experiences tropical climate and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Its port handles 75% of India’s coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[4]

Various major powers like the Kadambas, Vijayanagar dynasty, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, and the Portuguese, had ruled the town. During the regime of the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan, the city was constantly caught in the crossfires of Anglo-Mysore Wars, before it was finally annexed by the British in 1799. Mangalore, a part of the Madras Presidency till India's independence in 1947, was later merged into a unified Mysore State in 1956.[5]

Mangalore is known for its beaches, temples, and industries. Several languages like Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken here. The civic and infrastructural assets of the city is managed by the Mangalore City Corporation. The landscape is dominated by the characteristic coconut palms accompanying rolling hills and streams flowing into the sea and dotted with tiled-roof buildings, topped with the well-known Mangalore tiles made from the local hard red clay and typically walled with laterite blocks. Older houses are commonly found with elaborate woodwork.

Etymology

File:Mangaladevi.jpg
The local Hindu deity Mangaladevi, after which the city of Mangalore derives its name

Mangalore was named after the local Hindu deity Mangaladevi.[6] Matsyendranath, one of the important protagonist of the Nath cult, had arrived here with the princess of Kerala, Premaladevi. He converted the princess to his cult and named her Mangaladevi. They could not proceed further as Mangaladevi died after a brief period of illness and a temple was consecrated in her name at Bolar, which was later renovated by the Alupa King Kundavarma in 968 AD.[7]

One of the earliest reference to this city name is made by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city as Managalapuram in 715 AD. The chronicles of the 11th-century Arabian traveler Ibn Batuta refers to Mangalore as Manjarur.[8] In 1526 AD, the Portuguese took possession of Mangalore[9], thus corrupting the word Mangaluru to its present form Mangalore. After subsequent British occupation in 1799, this Portuguese catchword was later assimilated in English.[10]

The cosmopolitan nature of the city is reflected in the names used by the various linguistic groups in the city. In Tulu, the city is known as Kudla meaning "junction" as the city is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Phalguni rivers. The Konkani variant of the city is Kodial. In Beary, the city is known as Maikala. Maikala in Beary means "wood charcoal", which is attributed to the earlier practice of producing charcoal from wood on the banks of the Netravati river. In Kannada, the city is known as Mangaluru, which literally means "the city of Mangaladevi".[7] On the occasion of Suvarna Karnataka in 2006, the Karnataka Government stated that the city would be renamed Mangalooru in English.[11]

History

Main article: History of Mangalore
The Sultan Battery in Mangalore, built in 1784 by Tippu Sultan, to prevent English warships from entering the Gurupura river.[12]

According to Hindu mythology, the region covering Mangalore was a part of the Parashurama Shristi, the coastal belt reclaimed from the sea by the legendary sage Parashurama. He crowned a king known as Bhanu Vikrama, who appointed one of his brothers, Udayavarma, to rule the territory between Payaswini river in the south and Gokarna in the north.[13] As for other mythological associations, Rama was the Lord of Tulu Nadu during the days of the Ramayana. Sahadeva, the youngest of the Pandavas, was the Governor of this place during the days of the Mahabharatha. The Pandavas lived in Banavasi during their exile visiting Sarapady near Mangalore. Arjuna, the hero of Mahabharata also appears to have visited this place when he travelled from Gokarna to Adur near Kasargod. Great sages like Kanva, Vysa, Vashista, Vishvamitra had spent their days of meditation here.[14]

There are many historical references directed to the town. Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek monk, referred to the port of Mangalore as the port of Mangarouth.[15] Pliny, a Roman historian, made references of a place called Nithrias,[16] and Greek historian Ptolemy referred to a place called Nitre. Both the references were probably made to the Netravati River flowing through Mangalore. Ptolemy had also referred to this city as Maganoor in some of his works.[17] Roman writer Arien called Mangalore Mandegora. A 7th-century copper inscription referred to Mangalore as Mangalapura.

Mangalore still retains its old world charm such as red tile-roofed houses in spite of globalization pervading the city.

The Kadambas had ruled this place from 200 to 600 A.D.[14] Mangalore had been the capital of Alupa dynasty until the 14th century.[18] It was in the reign of the Alupa King Kavi Alupendra (c.1110-c.1160) that the Adenese merchant Ben Yiju came to Mangalore.[19] During the 14th century, the city was actively involved in Persian Gulf trade.[20] The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta, who had visited the town in 1342, stated that he arrived at a place named Manjurun or Mandjaur situated on a large estuary. He had mentioned that the town was a trading centre and Persian and Yemeni merchants disembarked here.[21] In 1448, Abdul Razak, a Persian Ambassador, passed via this route to Vijayanagar. He said that he had seen a glorious temple here. The inscriptions at Moodabidri stated that a King Mangaras Odeya was the governor of Mangaluru Raajya (Mangalore Empire) during the reign of Vira Harihararaya II of Vijayanagar dynasty. Another inscription stated that Deeva Raaja Odeya ruled the Mangaluru Raajya (Mangalore Empire) in 1429 during the reign of Vijayanagara King Veera Devaraya II.[22] Various powers have fought for the control over Mangalore. The major dynasties that ruled the town till the arrival of the Portuguese were the Western Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and Hoysalas.

The European influence in Mangalore can be traced back to the year 1498, when the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama had landed at St Mary's Islands near Mangalore on his voyage from Portugal to India. In 1520 the Portuguese took control of the area from Vijayanagara rulers. In 1526, the Portuguese viceroy Lopo de Sampaio succeeded in defeating the Bangara king and his allies and the trade passed out of Muslim hands into Portuguese hands. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese commanded the Arabian Sea from the port of Mangalore.[14] In the 16th century, Mangalore received a huge influx of Goud Saraswat Brahmins and Roman Catholics from Goa.[23] In 1695, the town was burnt by the Arabs in retaliation for Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade. In the middle of the 17th century, Venkatappa Nayaka of the Ikkeri family stormed the Portuguese bastion and defeated them. Their rule continued till 1762.[14]

Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore, conquered Mangalore in 1763[24], and the city was under his administration till 1768, before being annexed by the British between 1768 and 1794.[25] Later in 1794, Hyder Ali's son Tippu Sultan again took control of the area.[26] During his regime, the city was constantly caught in the crossfires of Anglo-Mysore Wars. The Second Anglo-Mysore War ended with the Treaty of Mangalore which was signed between Tippu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.[27]

The Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited was the first major industry that came up in Mangalore in 1974. Mangalore witnessed an economic and industrial boom during the late twentieth century

The English again captured Mangalore in 1791, but Tippu besieged it in 1793, and the English surrendered the city to him in 1794. With the death of Tippu Sultan and the fall of Srirangapatna during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the city was re-conquered by the British, and it remained under their administration till India's independence in 1947.[28]

The city had a peaceful administration under British rule and permanent visible improvements effected during this period. It flourished gradually in education and in industry and became a commercial centre for export and import trade. The opening of the German Basel Mission in 1834 brought many cotton weaving and tile manufacturing industries into the city.[29][20] The linking of Mangalore in 1907, with the Southern Railway, and later the advent of motor vehicles further increased the trade and communication with the city. The Roman Catholic missions had done a lot of important work in education, health and social welfare.[14] Mangalore came under Municipal administration following enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act 1865 and the thereafter the establishment of the Municipal Council on 23 May 1866.[30]

After India's independence in 1947, Mangalore which was a part of the Madras Presidency, was merged into a unified Mysore State in 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act.[5] Thereafter, Mangalore gained a significant position in the state since it gave the erstwhile Mysore state the benefit of a coastline. The late twentieth century witnessed Mangalore develop as a business and commercial centre. However, Mangalore still retained some of its old world charm such as red tile-roofed buildings amidst coconut groves, fishing boats silhouetted against the darkening skyline. The present day city bustles with activities in the upcoming IT Sector and the prognosis of a prosperity in international trade looms.

Geography and climate

Sunset at Panambur beach in Mangalore
A typical view of the sky in Mangalore

Mangalore is located at 12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88 in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state in India.[31] It has an average elevation of 99 metres (325 feet).[32] It is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannda district, largest urban coastal center of Karnataka and the fourth largest city in the state.[8] It is situated on the west coast of India, with the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats to the east. Mangalore City spans an area of 111.18 km² (42.93 mi²), while the total area included under the Mangalore City Corporation is 132.45 km² (51.14 mi²).[8] Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.[33] The topography of the city is from plain to undulating, with four hilly regions natural valleys within the city. The geology of the city is characterized by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.[34] The Government of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic III Zone as per the vulnerability atlas of 2002.[35]

Mangalore lies on the backwaters formed by the Netravati and Gurupura rivers. These rivers effectively encircle the city by flowing around its north and south respectively. Both form an estuary at the southern side of the city and flow into the Arabian sea.[36]The city has long been a roadstead along the Malabar Coast. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches, such as Mukka, Panambur, Tannirbavi, KREC, and Someshwara. Vegetation is predominantly coconut trees, palm trees, Ashoka trees along with others. The city has still preserved much of its green cover compared with other Indian cities.

Mangalore experiences tropical climate. Summer and winter are similar in the city, and both are quite gratifying with an average temperature ranging between 27 °C (81 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F). Humidity reaches an average of about 78%.[32] The city belongs to the Per-Humid (A) Zone and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoon. It receives about 90% of its total annual rainfall within a period of about six months from May to October while it is extremely dry from December to March. The annual precipitation in Mangalore is 4242.5 millimetres (167 in).[37]

The most pleasant months in Mangalore are from December to February – during which time the humidity and temperature are the lowest. Day time temperatures fall below 30 °C (86 °F) and night time temperatures fall below 20 °C (68 °F). This season is soon followed by a hot summer season from March to May, when temperatures rise as high as 38 °C (100 °F). This is then followed by the monsoon season. The city receives heavy rainfall compared with other urban centres in India.[38] Rain measuring up to 4,000 millimetres (157 in) falls during the period from June to September. The rains subside in September, with the occasional rainfall in October.

A 2007 panoramic image of Mangalore from Kadri

Economy

Main article: Economy of Mangalore
Fishing in Mukka, near Mangalore
The Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. in Mangalore

Mangalore's economy is dominated by the agricultural processing and port-related activities.[39] New Mangalore Port is India's ninth largest cargo handling port. It handles 75% of India’s coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[4] Mangalore roof tiles are well-known throughout India and still define the city's skyline.[40] Mangalore is home to the automobile leaf spring industry.[39] The Canara Workshops Ltd. and Lamina Suspension Products Ltd. are well known leaf spring industries. The Baikampady and Yeyyadi Industrial areas harbour several small scale industries. Imports include tropical timber from South-East Asia for furniture making. The city is also one of the chief entry points for wood to South India.[41] Beedi rolling is a cottage industry well-known in Mangalore.[39] The major industries are Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL), BASF, ELF Gas. Major information technology and outsourcing companies like Infosys, Wipro, MPhasis BPO, First American Corporation have started locating their facilities here.[42]

Three dedicated IT parks are upcoming. Two of those parks are under construction, one Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and a second IT Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University.[43] A third IT SEZ is being proposed at Ganjimutt.[44] Another IT SEZ of 2 million square feet (180,000 m²) is under construction at Thumbe by the BA group.[45] The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) plans to invest over Rs. 35,000 crore in a new 15 million tonne refinery, petrochemical plant and power and LNG plants at the Mangalore Special Economic Zone. This will be the first Petroleum, Chemicals, Petrochemicals Investment Region (PCPIR) of the country[46], with similar PCPIR's existing at Nayachar in West Bengal, Panipat in Haryana and Achutapuram in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd a special purpose vehicle under the Oil Industry Development Board [47][48], has decided to construct strategic crude oil reserves at Mangalore and two other places in India. Out of the proposed 5 Million Metric Tonnes Per Annum (MMTPA) [49] storage 1.5 MMTPA would be at Mangalore, 1 MMTPA at Visakhapatnam, and 2.5 MMTPA at Padur near Mangalore. According to an International edition of India Today (November 28 – December 4, 2006), Mangalore is the fastest growing non metro in South India followed by Kochi.[50]

Corporation Bank[51], Canara Bank[52] and Vijaya Bank were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Karnataka Bank, founded in Mangalore was one of the largest banks not taken over by the Government.[53] The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd., Catholic Bank Ltd.[54] and SCDCC Bank[55] were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore.

The boat building and fishing industry have been core businesses in Mangalore for generations. The Old Mangalore Port (Hale Bandaru in Kannada) is a popular fishing port located at Bunder in Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats used for fishing are anchored.[56] The fishing industry employs thousands of people, and their products are exported from around the region. Mangalorean firms have had a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee and cashew nut industry, although the tile industry has been in decline due to the predominance of concrete in the modern construction.[42][39] The Albuquerque Tile Factory in Mangalore, is the largest tile factory in India, which manufactures the famous Mangalorean red roof tiles. [57] The Ullal suburb of Mangalore produces hosiery and coir yarns.[20]

Demographics

The Light House Hill is a premiere locality in Mangalore

As of 2001 India census, Mangalore had a population of 398,745.[58] As of the same census, the urban area had a population of 538,560.[59] and the area under the Mangalore City Corporation had a population of 419,306.[8] According to World Gazetteer, Mangalore's estimated population in 2008 was 431,976, making it the 101th most populous city in India.[60] As of the same extrapolations, the World Gazetteer estimated the population of the Mangalore urban area to be 603,269, making it the 61th most populated urban area in India.[61] The number of males were 200,234, constituting 50% of the population and the number of females were 198,511, constituting 50% of the population. The Decadal Growth Rate was 45.90.[58] The male literacy is 86% and female literacy is 79%. In Mangalore, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. Mangalore has an average literacy rate of 83%, which is much higher than the national average of 59.5%.[59] The Birth rate was 13.72%, the Death rate was 3.71% and the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) was 1.24%.[62] Growing number of slums has been a cause of concern in Mangalore. The Mangalore urban area had 32 recognised slums within the City Corporation limits. Nearly 22,000 migrant labourers lived in slums within the city limits.[63][64]

The St Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore

Mangalore is a multi-cultural and multi-lingual city that speaks three local languages Tulu, Konkani and Beary apart from Kannada, Hindi, Urdu and English. Hinduism is followed by large number of the population. Among the indigenous Hindus, Mogaveeras, Billavas and Bunts form the largest groups. Kota brahmins, Shivalli Brahmins, Sthanika Brahmins, Havyaka Brahmins, GSBs (Goud Saraswat Brahmins), Daivajna brahmins and Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins also form a considerable portion of the Hindu population. A significant part of the population are followers of Christianity. Konkani-speaking Catholics are the highest in number among them, popularly known as Mangalorean Catholics. The Protestants consist of people speaking Kannada. Muslims constitute a minority of the population. Among them, Bearys form 80% of the total population and speak their own dialect called Beary bashe. There is also a sizeable group of people who are basically land owners, following Jainism.

Culture

The Jyothi Talkies is a popular cinema theatre in Mangalore
A typical Yakshagana artist
Main article: Culture of Mangalore
See also: Tulu Nadu (Culture)

A resident of Mangalore is known as a Mangalorean in English, Kudladaru in Tulu, Kodialgharano in Catholic Konkani, Kodialchi or Manglurchi in GSB Konkani and Manglurnavaru in Kannada. The Srimanthi Bai Museum, which is located at Bejai, is the only museum of Mangalore.[65] The Bibliophile's Paradise, a hi-tech public library run by the Corporation Bank, is located at Mannagudda.[66] The Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance practiced in Mangalore with great fanfare.[67][68] Hulivesha (Tiger dance) is a unique form of folk dance in the city fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami.[69] Karadi Vesha (Bear Dance) is one more popular dance performed during Dasara in Mangalore.[70] Bhuta Kola (Spirit worship), which is usually done at night is also practised here. Kambala (Buffalo race) is conducted in water filled paddy fields. Korikatta (Cockfight) is another favourite sport for the people. Nagaradhane (Snake worship) is practised in the city according to the popular belief of the Naga Devatha (Snake God) to go underground and guard the species on the top.[71]

Paddanas (Oral Epics) are ballad-like folk epics sung by the community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied with the rhythmic beats of drums.[70] Some of the popular Beary songs are kolkai (sung during the play of kolata), unjal pat (sung while putting a child to cradle), moilanji pat and oppune pat (sung at weddings).[72] The Eucharistic procession is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of the New Year of the Gregorian calendar.[70]

Popular festivals in the city are Dussera, Diwali, Christmas, Maha Shivratri, Easter, Navratri, Good Friday, Eid, Moharram, and Mahavir Jayanti. The Ganesh Chaturthi festival is celebrated every year by erecting statues, worshipping them and immersing them in water bodies. Kodial Theru or Mangaluru Rathotsava (Mangalore Car Festival) is one of the major festivals of the GSB community, which celebrates the car festival of the Sri Venkatramana Temple. Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast) is one of the major festivals of the Catholic community, celebrating the Nativity feast and the blessing of new crops.[73] The Jain Milan, a committee comprising of the Jain families of Mangalore, organise the Jain Food Festival annually with a view to bring together all the members of the Jain community.[74] People of all faiths participate in the Mosaru Kudike, which are a part of the celebrations to mark the Krishna Janmashtami festival.[75] The Aati festival, which commences from July 17 and runs up to August 15 is celebrated here to worship a spirit Kalanja, who is in charge of the protection of the city during the month of July-August. Annual festivals are promoted during summer each year, to promote Karavali Utsav and Kudlostava, which encourages the local cultural events. In 2006, the Tulu film festival was organized in Mangalore.[76]

Neer dosa, a variant of dosa is native to Mangalore

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the South Indian cuisine. Mangalorean curry uses a lot of coconut and curry leaves. Ginger, garlic and chili is also used in curry. Mangalorean fish curry is known for its taste in the whole of Canara. Popular dishes of the Tulu community include Kori Rotti (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), Bangude Pulimunchi (silver-grey mackerels), Beeja-Manoli Upkari, Neer dosa (lacy pancakes), Boothai Gasi, Kadubu, and Patrode. The Konkani community has its specialities that include Daali thoy, beebe-upkari (cashew based), val val, avnas ambe sasam, Kadgi chakko, paagila podi, and chana gashi. The Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna – idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas – Pork), Pork Bafat, Sorpotel of the Catholics and the Mutton Biryani of the Muslims are well-known dishes. An assortment of pickles like happala, sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore. Shendi (toddy), a country liquor prepared from the coconut flower's sap is a well-known liquor of Mangalore.[70] The vegetarian cuisine is same as Udupi cuisine. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, Fish forms the staple diet of most people.

Civic administration

Main article: Mangalore City Corporation
Mangalore City Corporation headquarters at Lalbagh in Mangalore

The Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) (Mangalooru Mahanagarapalike in Kannada) is the municipal corporation in charge of the civic and infrastructural assets of the city. The municipal limits start from Mukka in the north to Netravati river bridge in the south and western sea shore to Vamanjoor in the east. The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives, called corporators, one from each of the 60 wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. One of the corporators from the majority party is selected as a Mayor.[77] The headquarters of Mangalore City Corporation is at Lalbagh. Its sub-offices are at Surathkal and Bikarnakatta.

Until the revision of Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies by the Delimitation commission, Mangalore used to contribute two members to the Lok Sabha, one for the southern part of the city which fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha Constituency and another for the northern part of the city which fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha Constituency. Additionally Mangalore used to send three members to the Karnataka State Legislative Assembly. With the revision, the entire Mangalore Taluk now falls under the Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, resulting in Mangalore contributing to only one member of parliament.[78][79]

The Dakshina Kannada District Police is responsible for the law and order maintenance in Mangalore. The department is headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP). Mangalore also hosts the headquarters of the Western Range Police, covering the western districts of Karnataka and is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP).[80]

Education and sports

Main article: List of educational institutions in Mangalore
File:NITK.jpg
National Institute of Technology, Karnataka in Surathkal is one of the premier institutes in Mangalore

Pre-collegiate medium of instruction in schools is predominantly Kannada, with English and Kannada in the non Government run schools. Other mediums of instruction co-exist along with these two. The medium of instruction in educational institutions after matriculation in colleges is English. Recently, a committee of experts constituted by the Tulu Sahitya Academy suggested the inclusion of Tulu using Kannada script as a medium of instruction in education.[81]

Schools and colleges in Mangalore either are government-run or run by private trusts and individuals. The schools are affiliated either with the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. After completing ten years of schooling in secondary education, the students mostly enroll at Higher Secondary School specializing in one of the three streams – Arts, Commerce or Science. Since the 1980s, there have been a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields including engineering, medicine, dentistry, Business management and hotel management. These institutions attract students from all over the country due to the quality of their programs. Basel Evangelical School (1838) and Milagres School (1848) were the earliest schools established in Mangalore.[82] On 10 September 1980, the Mangalore University was established. It caters to the higher educational needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts.[83] This University has been Accredited at the 4 Star level by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).[84]

Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. The Mangala Stadium, which is the only full-fledged stadium in Dakshina Kannada, is located in Mangalore.[85] Football is the second most popular sport with the city. Chess is also a very popular indoor sport played in the city. Mangalore is the headquarters of the South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which caters to chess activities in the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts.[86] Other sports like tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are mostly played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas.

Media

All India Radio's FM tower at Kadri

Major national English newspapers like The Hindu, Deccan Herald, Times of India and Indian Express publish Mangalore editions. The Madipu, Mogaveera, Samparka and Saphala are well known Tulu periodicals in Mangalore.[87] Popular Konkani periodicals published in the city are Rakno, Konknni Dirvem and Kannik.[88] Beary periodicals like Jyothi and Swatantra Bharata are also published from Mangalore. Among Kannada newspapers, Udayavani, Vijaya Karnataka, Prajavani, Kannada Prabha and Varthabharathi are popular. Evening newspapers such as Karavali Ale, Mangalooru Mitra, Sanjevani and Jayakirana are also published in the city. The first Kannada newspaper Mangalore Samachara was published from Mangalore in 1843.[89]

The state run, nationally broadcast Doordarshan provides both national and localised television coverage. Cable television providers air cable channels of independently owned private networks. Canara Tv transmits daily video news channels from Mangalore.[90] Mangalore is currently not covered by the Conditional Access System (CAS), but there is a proposal by V4 Media, which is the local cable service provider, to provide this service to television viewers in Mangalore sometime in the future.[91] A very small number of people have subscribed to the Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service in the city being provided by two national DTH companies, Dish TV and Tata Sky. Cable TV services account for the rest of the users.[92] All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri that airs program for scheduled hours. Among the private players there are Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big 92.7 FM,[93] Superhitz 93.5 FM and 94.3 Century FM.[94][95] Mangalore also has access to Commercial radio providers such as WorldSpace, Sirius and XM.

Mangalore is home to the Tulu Film Industry, which is still in its infancy, with only 31 films released to date and an average of about one film released each year. Popular Tulu films are Kadala Mage and Suddha. Tulu dramas are also quite popular among the public. Most of them are played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta.[82] In addition to this, the city has also contributed towards the Konkani Film Industry. A few Konkani movies have been shot in Mangalore.

Transport

Main article: Transportation in Mangalore
National Highway 17 passing through Nantoor Cross in the city
The Netravati railway bridge serves as the gateway to Mangalore

Mangalore's location makes it accessible by all forms of transport like road, rail, air and sea. Transport systems in Mangalore include private buses, KSRTC buses, trains, taxis and autorickshaws.

Three National Highways pass through Mangalore. NH-17, which runs from Panvel (in Maharashtra) to Kodungallur Junction (near Edapally in Kerala), passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction, while NH-48 runs eastward to Bangalore. NH-13 runs north-east from Mangalore to Solapur.[96] National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has taken the decision to upgrade the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on NH-17 and B.C. Road junction on NH-48. Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), a 37.5-kilometre (23.3 mi) stretch of these highways will be upgraded from two-lane to four-lane roads.[97]

Mangalore's city bus service is operated by private operators, with routes covering the full extent of the city and beyond. There are two distinct sets of routes for the buses, with the city routes being covered by city buses, and the intercity routes being covered by service and express buses. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs the long distance bus services from Mangalore to other parts of the state.[98] The other key players who run bus services from Mangalore are the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators Association (DKBOA) and the Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA)[99] These buses usually ply from the Mangalore Bus Station. White coloured taxis also traverse most of the city. Another mode for local transportation is the autorickshaw.

Some records show that Mangalore had rail connectivity way back in 1907. Mangalore was also the starting point of India’s longest rail route.[100] The city has two railway stations — Mangalore Central (located at Hampankatta) and Mangalore Junction (located at Kankanadi).[101] Many trains connect Shoranur and Coimbatore. A metre gauge railway track was built through the Western Ghats in the east, connecting Mangalore with Hassan. The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan is open for freight traffic since May 2006.[102] Mangalore is also connected to Chennai through the Southern Railway. There had been a strong need to connect Mangalore to Mumbai and hence the Konkan Railway came into being. The project was completed in 1998 and since then the travel time to the north of the country has come down considerably.[103]

The Mangalore Harbour provides a connection by sea to the rest of the world. Currently dry, bulk and fluid cargos are handled by the New Mangalore Port. The port is also well equipped to handle Petroleum Oil Lubricants (POL), crude products and LPG containers. It is also the station for the Coast guard. This artificial harbour is India's ninth largest cargo handling port.[104]

Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE) is near Bajpe, around 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of the city centre. It is the second airport in Karnataka to operate flights to international destinations after Bangalore.[105]. There are more than 20 flights per day on an average from this airport carrying more than 7,494 passengers every week.

Utility services

The Kadri Park in Mangalore

Electricity in Mangalore is regulated through the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL)[106] and distribution is through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM).[107] Like many cities in India, Mangalore experiences scheduled and unscheduled power cuts, especially over the summer, to allow electricity providers to meet the consumption demands of households as well as corporations.[108] Major industries like Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) have set up their own captive power plants.[109][110]

Potable water to the city is supplied by MCC.[111] Almost all water is from the vented dam constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe.[112] The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve the safe water supply systems and reduce leakage and losses in the distribution system in Mangalore.[113] The official garbage dumping ground of Mangalore is in Vamanjoor.[114] The city generates an average of 175 Tons Per Day (TPD) of wastes which is handled by the Health Department of the Mangalore City Corporation.[115] The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,[116] Kadri Park at Kadri, Tagore Park at Light House Hill, Gandhi Park at Gandhinagar.[117] and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan to serve as public amenities.

Both GSM and CDMA mobile services are available in the city. The main service providers are BSNL, Airtel, Vodafone, Spice Telecom, Reliance Communications and Tata Indicom. Fixed Line telecom services are offered by BSNL, Tata Indicom, Airtel and Reliance. Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest Telecom District in Karnataka.[118] The Telecom Density in the city is 8.74 per 100 population.[119] Prominent Broadband Internet service providers in the city include Tata, Airtel and DataOne by BSNL.[120]

Sister city

Mangalore has one sister city:

See also

References

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Notes

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