John Birch Society and Liverpool Hope University: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox University
{{POV|date=June 2008}}
|name = Liverpool Hope University
{{Cleanup|date=October 2007}}
|image_name = hope.gif
{{Primarysources|date=July 2008|article}}
|image_size = 166px
The '''John Birch Society''' is a political education and action organization founded by [[Robert W. Welch Jr.]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] in 1958. The society does not endorse specific political candidates, but is frequently associated with traditionally [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] causes such as [[anti-communism]], and support for [[individual rights]] and the ownership of [[private property]].<ref name="JBS Core Principles">{{cite web |url=http://www.jbs.org/index.php/about/core-principles |title=Core Principles |accessdate=2008-07-18 |publisher=The John Birch Society}}</ref> It promotes U.S. independence and sovereignty and opposes globalism, especially international regional groups such as the [[European Union]] or what the society claims is a proposed [[North American Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jbs.org/index.php/issues/independence-a-sovereignty |title=National Sovereignty |accessdate=2008-07-18 |publisher=The John Birch Society |quote=The Society has always opposed the surrender of American sovereignty to any international organization, such as the United Nations, or the emerging North American Union.}}</ref>
|motto = Taken from ''1 Corinthians 13:13'' - Koine Greek<br />(In Faith, Hope and Love)
|established = 1844; achieved University status 2005
|city = [[Liverpool]]
|country = [[United Kingdom|UK]]
|campus = Hope Park, [[Childwall]] & The Cornerstone, City Centre
|chancellor = [[Caroline Cox, Baroness Cox|Baroness Cox]]
|vice_chancellor = [[Gerald J. Pillay|Prof Gerald J. Pillay]]
|students = 7,885<ref name="HESA">{{cite web|url= http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0607.xls|title= Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07|accessdate= 2008-04-10|format= [[Microsoft Excel]] spreadsheet|publisher= [[Higher Education Statistics Agency]]}}</ref>
|undergrad = 6,190<ref name="HESA" />
|postgrad = 1,675<ref name="HESA" />
|other = 20 [[further education|FE]]<ref name="HESA" />
|website = http://www.hope.ac.uk
|colours = White, Black, Red <br /><table cellspacing="0" width="100%">
{{cells|4|#ffffff}}
{{cells|2|#000000}}
{{cells|13|#cc0000}}
</table>


}}
The Society is generally considered to be well to the right of the American political spectrum<ref>{{cite book |last=Berlet |first=Chip |coauthors=Matthew Lyons |title=Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort |publisher=The Guilford Press |location=New York |year=2000 |pages=175–185 |isbn=1-57230-562-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mintz |first=Frank P. |title=The Liberty Lobby and the American right: race, conspiracy, and culture |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn |year=1985 |isbn=0-313-24393-X}}</ref> and has been described as "[[ultraconservative]]" on its own website, which states "In the United States, however, a conservative is one who seeks to support and retain the traditional institutions of the U.S. government, including the rule of law under the Constitution, and the political doctrines of individual rights and freedom as espoused by the Founding Fathers." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jbs.org/index.php/jbs-news-feed/7-jbs-news-feed/1717-racism-and-the-john-birch-society |title=Racism and the John Birch Society |accessdate=2008-07-18 |last=Behreandt |first=Dennis |publisher=The John Birch Society |date=2008-05-29 }}</ref> However, with major changes in personalities, tactics, and ideologies within the [[conservative]] movement, the Society has been marginalized since the 1960s among mainstream conservatives.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barkun |first=Michael |title=A culture of conspiracy: apocalyptic visions in contemporary America |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=2003 |pages=178–190 |isbn=0-520-23805-2}}</ref>


'''Liverpool Hope University''' is a [[university]] in [[Liverpool]], [[England]]. Two of its three founding colleges were established in 1844 and 1856, the third opening in the 1960s. It is the only [[ecumenical]] university in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://education.independent.co.uk/higher/article2715127.ece|title = Liverpool Hope - Europe's only ecumenical university - is resisting the urge to expand|accessdate = 2007-08-08|last = Hodges|first = Lucy|date = 2007-06-28|publisher = The Independent}}</ref> Based on two campuses, the main campus is located in [[Childwall]] and the second campus, The Cornerstone, is located in [[Everton, Liverpool|Everton]]. The University has an employment rate of 97.3% within the first year of graduation<ref>[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2008/07/17/university-tops-job-statistics-100252-21355407/ University tops job statistics - Liverpool Echo.co.uk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and attracts students from some 65 countries worldwide.
The society was named after [[John Birch (missionary)|John Birch]], a [[United States]] [[military intelligence]] officer and [[Baptist]] [[missionary]] in [[World War II]] who was killed in 1945 by armed supporters of the [[Communist Party of China]], and whom the society describes as "a patriotic exemplar."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jbs.org/index.php/about/john-birch |title=John Birch: A Patriotic Exemplar |accessdate=2008-07-18 |publisher=The John Birch Society}}</ref> His parents joined the society as life members. <ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,874297-2,00.html </ref>


==History==
Based in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], the society says members come from all walks of life and are active in all 50 states via local chapters. Its mission is to achieve "Less Government, More Responsibility, and — With God's Help — a Better World."<ref name="JBS Core Principles" />
[[Image:hca.jpg|thumb|left|Hilda Constance Allen Building, Hope Park]]
[[Image:new-halls2.jpg|thumb|right|New Halls of Residence, Hope Park]]
Two of the University's founding colleges, St. Katharine's (1844) and Notre Dame (1856) were established in the 19th century. These Colleges were in [[Warrington]] and Liverpool City Centre respectively. They were supplemented on Merseyside when a second Catholic teacher education College, Christ's College, on a site adjacent to St. Katharine's, admitted its first students in 1965.


In 1980 these three Colleges joined in an ecumenical federation under the holding title of Liverpool Institute of Higher Education (LIHE). Archbishop [[Derek Worlock]] and Bishop [[David Sheppard]] wrote of this as being "a sign of hope".
The society's publishing arm, under which it has issued books on numerous topics, is known as American Opinion Publishing, which changed its name from John Birch Publishing on May 5, 1994. There is limited overlap of directors with [[Western Islands (publisher)|Western Islands Publishing]], a Massachusetts corporation, Mary T. Benoit of Appleton, WI, President. <ref>http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/corpsearch/corpsearchinput.asp</ref>


In 1995 a new Instrument and Articles of Government established a single, unified, ecumenical College, and a new name - Liverpool Hope - which better reflected its role and Mission. A company limited by guarantee and registered as a charity was formed.
==Core values==
The John Birch Society claims to be anti-[[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], particularly anti-[[Socialism|socialist]] and [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], and to lean [[Libertarianism|libertarian]]. It generally seeks to limit the powers of government and defends what it sees as the [[Originalism|original intention of the U.S. Constitution]], rooted in [[Judeo-Christian]] principles. The John Birch Society opposes [[collectivism]], including [[wealth redistribution]], [[economic interventionism]], [[socialism]], [[communism]], and [[fascism]]. In a 1983 edition of ''[[Crossfire (TV series)|Crossfire]]'', Congressman [[Larry McDonald]] (D-[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]), then its newly appointed chairman, characterized the group as most appropriately belonging to the [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]], rather than the [[new right]].<ref name="Larry McDonald on the New World Order">{{cite web |url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=326_1203084840 |title=Larry McDonald on the New World Order |accessdate=2008-07-18 |publisher=[[Liveleak]] |date=2008-02-15}}</ref>


Meanwhile, expansion followed in both the range of degrees and in student numbers. The status of a fully accredited institution of the [[University of Liverpool]] had been achieved in 1994. This gave full responsibility to the College for the quality and standards of its course provision and provided recognition of its academic standing.
During the 1960s, The John Birch Society opposed aspects of the [[Civil Rights Movement]] because of concerns that the movement had a number of [[communists]] in important positions. The John Birch Society opposed the [[1964 Civil Rights Act]] in the belief that it was in violation of the [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] and overstepped the rights of individual states to make laws regarding Civil Rights.


In 1998, the Accreditation Agreement with the University of Liverpool was renewed for five years and extended to cover taught postgraduate awards. After extensive scrutiny by the [[Quality Assurance Agency]] in 2001 and 2002, Liverpool Hope University College gained taught degree awarding powers in August 2002. Consequently its undergraduates no longer receive University of Liverpool degrees on graduation.
The John Birch Society is against a unified "one world government", and has an [[illegal immigration]] reduction view on [[immigration reform]]. It has opposed the [[United Nations]], the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), the [[Central America Free Trade Agreement]] (CAFTA), and the [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]] (FTAA), and other [[free trade agreement]]s with other nations, believing them to be destructive to American principles, the economy, freedom and national sovereignty. It also opposes the teaching of [[evolution]] as Birch considered it to be "heresy".<ref>{{cite news |title=Who was John Birch? |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,872243,00.html |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=1961-04-14 |accessdate=2008-08-06}}</ref>


The application to become a University - submitted in September 2004 - was successful and the Privy Council approved the title ''Liverpool Hope University'' in July 2005, granting Hope full University status under the leadership of Professor Pillay, who is now the University's Vice-Chancellor. On [[25 January]] [[2006]], [[Baroness Cox]], Deputy Speaker of the [[House of Lords]], was installed as the University's Foundation Chancellor.
The Society claims there is a devaluing of the US Constitution in favor of international government, and that this is not an accident. It cites [[David Rockefeller]]'s 2002 autobiography "Memoirs" in which Rockefeller writes " Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as "internationalists" and of conspiring with others around the world to build a more integrated global political and economic structure—one world, if you will. If that's the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it."<ref>{{cite book |last=Rockefeller |first=David |authorlink=David Rockefeller |title=Memoirs |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=2002 |pages=405 |isbn=0-679-40588-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thenewamerican.com/node/5524 |title=The North American Union: Conspiracy Theory or Conspiracy Fact? |accessdate=2008-07-18 |first=Brian |last=Farmer |publisher=The John Birch Society |date=2007-09-17}}</ref>


In the UK Good University Guide for 2008, Liverpool Hope University was ranked 113rd out of 113 institutions listed <ref>http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/gug/gooduniversityguide.php</ref>
==Origins==
though it does not appear at all in the rankings for 2009. <ref>http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/tol_gug/gooduniversityguide.php</ref>.
The John Birch Society was established in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] on [[December 9]], [[1958]] by a group of twelve "patriotic and public-spirited" men led by [[Robert Welch, Jr.]], a retired candy manufacturer from [[Belmont, Massachusetts]]. A noted founding member was [[Fred Koch]], founder of [[Koch Industries]], one of the largest private corporations in America. Another was [[Revilo Pendleton Oliver]], a [[University of Illinois]] professor who later co-founded the racist [[National Alliance (United States)|National Alliance]]. A transcript of Welch's two-day presentation at the founding meeting was published as ''The Blue Book of the John Birch Society'' and became a cornerstone of its beliefs, with each new member receiving a copy.<ref name="Larry McDonald on the New World Order" />


Due to declining student numbers in certain faculties, in 2008 the university had to make redundant several academic and support staff. <ref>http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=401800&sectioncode=26 </ref>
According to Welch, "both the U.S. and Soviet governments are controlled by the same furtive conspiratorial cabal of internationalists, greedy bankers, and corrupt politicians. If left unexposed, the traitors inside the U.S. government would betray the country's sovereignty to the United Nations for a collectivist [[New World Order (conspiracy)|New World Order]] managed by a 'one-world socialist government.'"<ref>{{cite book |last=Welch |first=Robert E. |title=Blue Book of the John Birch Society |publisher=American Opinion Books |year=1961 |isbn=0-88279-215-6}}</ref><ref name=PublicEye>{{cite web |url=http://www.publiceye.org/tooclose/jbs.html |title=John Birch Society |accessdate=2008-07-18 |publisher=[[Political Research Associates]]}}</ref>


==The University's Deaneries==
Welch saw "[[collectivism]]" as the main threat to [[Western Civilization]], and far-left liberals as "secret communist traitors" who provide cover for the gradual process of collectivism, with the ultimate goal of replacing the nations of western civilization with one-world socialist government. "There are many stages of [[welfarism]], socialism, and collectivism in general," he wrote, "but Communism is the ultimate state of them all, and they all lead inevitably in that direction."<ref name=PublicEye />


===Deanery of Arts and Humanities===
The society's objective has been to fight Communism and totalitarianism using some of Communism's own techniques—organization of front groups, infiltration of other groups, and letter-writing campaigns. It has organized grassroots chapters in every state and is the only Americanist organization to have full-time paid field staff assisting those chapters. Its activities include distribution of literature, pamphlets, magazines, videos and other educational material while sponsoring a [[Speaker's Bureau]] <ref> http://www.jbs.org/index.php/action/speakers-bureau </ref>
'''Dean: Dr Terry Phillips'''


The Deanery of Arts and Humanities is split across the two campuses. Courses based at the main University campus, Hope Park,include: English Language, English Literature, History, Politics and Theology. Courses based at The Cornerstone include Design, Performing Arts, Music and Fine Art.
One of the first public activities of the JBS was a "Get US Out!" (of membership in the UN) campaign, which claimed in 1959 that the "Real nature of [the] [[United Nations|UN]] is to build a One World Government."<ref>{{cite book |author=Matthew Lyons; Berlet, Chip |title=Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort |publisher=The Guilford Press |location=New York |year=2000 |pages=179 |isbn=1-57230-562-2}}</ref> In 1960, Welch advised JBS members to: "Join your local [[Parent-Teacher Association|P.T.A.]] at the beginning of the school year, get your conservative friends to do likewise, and go to work to take it over."<ref>{{cite book |last=French |first=William Marshall |title=American Secondary Education |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=180bAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2008-07-20 |year=1967 |publisher=Odyssey Press |pages=477}}</ref>


===Deanery of Business and Computer Science===
"One Man's Opinion", a magazine launched by Welch in 1956, was renamed "American Opinion" and became the John Birch Society's official publication. The society's current publication is called "The New American". <ref>http://www.thenewamerican.com/</ref>
'''Dean: Dr John Brinkman'''


The Deanery of Business and Computer Science (BACS) contains the Hope Business School and the School of Computer Science. There are also specialist leadership and management programmes taught at BACS.
==1960s==




===Deanery of Education===
By March 1961, the Society had an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 members and, according to Welch, "a staff of 28 people in the Home Office; about 30 Coordinators (or Major Coordinators) in the field, who are fully paid as to salary and expenses; and about 100 Coordinators (or Section Leaders as they are called in some areas), who work on a volunteer basis as to all or part of their salary, or expenses, or both." According to the "progressive" Political Research Associates, an organization "Researching the Right for Progressive Changemakers" <ref>http://www.publiceye.org/ </ref>, the society "pioneered grassroots lobbying, combining educational meetings, petition drives and letter-writing campaigns. One early campaign against the second summit between the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] generated over 600,000 postcards and letters, according to the Society. A June 1964 Birch campaign to oppose [[Xerox]] corporate sponsorship of TV programs favorable to the UN produced 51,279 letters from 12,785 individuals."<ref name=PublicEye /> The Birchers' ad-hoc special issues committees have been effective in creating awareness about issues which they believe to be affecting the American way of life.
'''Dean: Professor Jon Nixon'''<ref>http://www.hope.ac.uk/frontpage-news/new-dean-of-education-announced.html</ref>


The Education Deanery is responsible for the education and graduate education of future teachers and lecturers.
Much of the Society's early views, according to Political Research Associates, "reflects an ultra-conservative business nationalist critique of business internationalists networked through groups such as the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR)." Birchers elaborated on an earlier [[Illuminati]]/[[Freemason]] conspiracy theory, imagining "an unbroken ideologically driven conspiracy linking the Illuminati, the [[French Revolution]], the rise of [[Marxism]] and [[Communism]], the Council on Foreign Relations, and the United Nations".<ref name=PublicEye /> Unlike some advocates of the Illuminati-Freemason conspiracy theory, however, the Birch Society strenuously denies harboring any [[anti-Semitic]] or anti-masonic ideas, and indeed claims many [[Jew]]s among its membership.


Anti-Jewish, racist, [[anti-Mormon]], anti-Masonic, and religious groups criticized the group's acceptance of Jews, nonwhites, Masons, the large number of Mormons in the Society ([[Ezra Taft Benson]], a leader in [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], encouraged people to join it), and Welch's alleged feminist, ecumenical, and evolutionary ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebirdman.org/Index/NetLoss/NetLoss-Oliver.html |title=The John Birch Society -- Exposed! |accessdate=2008-07-18 |first=John |last=Bryant}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mormoninquiry.typepad.com/mormon_inquiry/2006/06/a_spectre_was_h.html |title=A Spectre Haunting Mormonism |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.watch.pair.com/belmont.html |title=The Belmont Brotherhood |accessdate=2008-07-18 |first=Nicholas J., Jr. |last=Bove}}</ref>


===Deanery of Science and Social Science===
[[Ayn Rand]] said in a ''[[Playboy]]'' interview that "What is wrong with them is that they don't seem to have any specific, clearly defined political philosophy. ... I consider the Birch Society futile, because they are not for Capitalism but merely against Communism."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ellensplace.net/ar_pboy.html |title=who was Ayn Rand? - a biography, Playboy interview, 1964 |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> <ref> http://www.objectivistcenter.org/cth--836-The_Lost_Parts_Ayn_Rands_Playboy_Interview.aspx </ref>
'''Dean: Dr Penny Haughan'''


The Deanery of Science and Social Science contain programmes including Psychology, Criminology, Sport, Geography and Health.
In October 1964, the ''Idaho Statesman'' newspaper expressed concern about what it called an "ominous" increase in "ultra-right" [[radio]] and [[television]] broadcasts, which it said then numbered 7,000 weekly and cost an estimated $10 million annually. "By virtue of saturation tactics used, radical, reactionary [[propaganda]] is producing an impact even on large numbers of people who, themselves, are in no sense [[extremism|extremists]] or sympathetic to extremist views," declared a ''Statesman'' editorial. "When day after day they hear distortions of fact and sinister charges against persons or groups, often emanating from organizations with conspicuously respectable sounding names, it is no wonder that the result is confusion on some important public issues; stimulation of latent prejudices; creation of suspicion, fear and mistrust in relation not only to their representatives in government, but even in relation to their neighbors."


John Birch Society influence on U.S. politics hit its high point in the years around the failed [[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964 presidential campaign]] of Republican candidate [[Barry Goldwater]], who lost to incumbent President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. Welch had supported Goldwater over [[Richard Nixon]] for the Republican nomination, but the membership split, with two-thirds supporting Goldwater and one-third supporting Nixon. A number of Birch members and their allies were Goldwater supporters in 1964{{Fact|date=September 2007}} and some were delegates at the [[1964 Republican National Convention]]. The Goldwater campaign in turn brought together the nucleus of what later became known as the [[New Right]], many of whom had been groomed by the Birch Society but whose more pragmatic members realized that the group's views were an impediment to electoral success.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}




==Sheppard-Worlock Library==
In April 1966, a "[[New York Times]]" article on New Jersey and the John Birch Society stated in part a concern for "the increasing tempo of radical right attacks on local government, libraries, school boards, parent-teacher associations, mental health programs, the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] and, most recently, the ecumenical movement."<ref>Ronald Sullivan, Foes of Rising Birch Society Organize in Jersey, New York Times, April 20, 1966, page 1 </ref> It then characterized the Society as, "by far the most successful and 'respectable' radical right organization in the country. It operates alone or in support of other extremist organizations whose major preoccupation, like that of the Birchers, is the internal Communist conspiracy in the United States." By then, a committee called the Movement to Restore Decency (MOTOREDE) was established to promote opinions about child-rearing; in particular, MOTOREDE pushed for a ban on [[sex education]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sex in the Classroom |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901130-1,00.html |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=1969-07-25 |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>


The Sheppard-Worlock Library is open extended hours throughout the year. The Library took its name from Bishop [[David Sheppard]] and Archbishop [[Derek Worlock]]. SWL is based at the Hope Park campus. In addition to a wealth of publications, research material, extensive computing facilities and stationary sales, SWL locates the Gradwell Collection. The Sheppard-Worlock Library is also the venue for many commercial activities in the business and education communities.
==Robert Welch and ''The Politician''==
[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] mainstream{{Who|date=July 2008}} unhappiness with the Birch Society intensified after Welch circulated a letter calling President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] a possible "conscious, dedicated agent of the Communist Conspiracy."<ref>{{Cite news| last = Buckley, Jr
| first = William F. | title = Goldwater, the John Birch Society, and Me| work = Commentary| accessdate = 2008-10-07| date = 2008-03| url = http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/goldwater%E2%80%94the-john-birch-society%E2%80%94and-me-11248}}</ref> The controversial paragraph was removed before final publication of ''The Politician''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Welch |first=Robert |title=The Politician |publisher=Western Islands |location=Boston |year=1975 |isbn=99908-64-98-5 |pages=cxxxviii–cxxxix |quote=At this point in the original manuscript, there was one paragraph in which I expressed my own personal belief as to the most likely explanation of the events and actions with this document had tried to bring into focus. In a confidential letter, neither published nor offered for sale and restricted to friends who were expected to respect the confidence but offer me in exchange their own points of view, this seemed entirely permissible and proper. It does not seem so for an edition of the letter that is now to be published and given, probably, fairly wide distribution. So that paragraph, and two explanatory paragraphs, connected with it, have been omitted here. And the reader is left entirely free to draw his own conclusions.}}</ref> Welch also wrote that President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge debate|knew about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in advance]], but said nothing because he wanted to get his country in the war.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}


==Students' Union==
The book spawned much debate{{Who|date=July 2008}} in the 1960s over whether the author really intended to call Eisenhower a Communist.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} [[G. Edward Griffin]], one of his friends, thinks that he meant [[collectivist]].{{Fact|date=July 2008}} The charge's sensationalism led many conservatives and Republicans{{Who|date=July 2008}} to shy away from the group.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} The book was slightly toned down in the published version compared to the unpublished version.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Welch later tried to distance himself from the work by saying that it was not originally meant to be published because it was just a confidential letter among friends.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}


Students at the University are represented by the Liverpool Hope Students' Union. Although there are several campus sites for the University, students are represented by the main Student Union facilities at Derwent House, in the main University campus.
Conservative writer [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]], an early friend and admirer of Welch, regarded his accusations against Eisenhower as "paranoid and idiotic libels" and attempted unsuccessfully to purge Welch from the JBS.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Welch responded by attempting to take over [[Young Americans for Freedom]], a conservative youth organization founded with assistance from Buckley.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} The JBS now maintains summer camps which operate across the country and teach youth the ideas of its members.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}


Representation for all students is central and is conducted by executive officers elected annually. In most cases, these students will be on a sabbatical from their studies. The election process is normally contested in mid April, with successful candidates assuming office the following academic year.
==1970s==
The Society wound up at the center of an important [[freedom of expression|free-speech]] law case in the 1970s, after ''American Opinion'' accused a [[Chicago]] lawyer representing the family of a young man killed by a police officer of being part of a Communist conspiracy to merge all police agencies in the country into one large force. The resulting [[slander and libel|libel]] suit, ''[[Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.]]'', reached the [[United States Supreme Court]], which held that a state may allow a private figure such as Gertz to recover actual damages from a media defendant without proving malice, but that a private figure does have to prove malice, according to the standard laid out in [[New York Times Co. v. Sullivan]], in order to recover presumed damages or punitive damages. <ref>{{cite book |author=Haiman, Franklyn Saul; Tedford, Thomas L.; Herbeck, Dale |title=Freedom Of Speech In The United States |publisher=Strata Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=1-891136-10-0 |chapter=Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc |chapterurl=http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/gertz.html}}</ref>. The court ordered a retrial in which Gertz also prevailed.


==Partnership with Sun Yat-Sen University==
Key Birch Society causes of the 1970s included opposition to the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) and to the establishment of diplomatic ties with the [[People's Republic of China]]. The organization claimed in 1973 that the regime of [[Mao Zedong]] had murdered 64 million Chinese as of that year and that it was the primary supplier of illicit [[heroin]] into the [[United States]]. This led to bumper stickers showing a pair of scissors cutting a hypodermic needle in half accompanied by the slogan "Cut The Red China Connection." According to the Voice of America, the society also was opposed to transferring control of the [[Panama Canal]] from American to Panamanian sovereignty.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Guthrie |title=Is Panama Canal Falling Under Chinese Control? |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/china/1999/991124-prc1.htm |work=Voice of America |date=1999-11-24 |accessdate=2008-07-25}}</ref>


In May 2007, Liverpool Hope University announced a partnership with [[Sun Yat-Sen University]], [[Guangzhou]], [[China]]. The Liverpool Hope University and Sun Yat-Sen University partnership seeks research collaboration and the opportunity for students from both Universities to participate in a two year academic exchange programme. The University saw one of its student selected, from thousands, to participate in the DfES funded project.<ref>http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/liverpooldailypost/news/regionalnews/tm_method=full%26objectid=19057217%26siteid=50061-name_page.html</ref>
The John Birch Society was organized into local chapters. Ernest Brosang, a New Jersey regional coordinator, contended that it was virtually impossible for opponents of the society to penetrate its policy-making levels, thereby protecting it from anti-Americanist takeover attempts. Its activities included distribution of literature critical of civil rights legislation, warning of the influence of the United Nations, and distributing petitions to impeach U.S. Supreme Court Justice [[Earl Warren]]. To spread their message, members held showings of documentary films and operated initiatives such as "Let Freedom Ring", a nation-wide network of recorded telephone messages. Some members also helped organize the "Minutemen", a paramilitary group training to lead guerrilla warfare in case of a Communist takeover.


==After Welch==
==Notable alumni==
By the time of Welch's death in 1985, the Birch Society's membership and influence had dramatically declined, but the UN's role in the [[Gulf War]] and [[President of the United States|President]] [[George H. W. Bush|George H. W. Bush's]] call for a '[[New World Order (political)|New World Order]]' appeared to many JBS members to validate their claims about a [[New World Order (conspiracy)|"One World Government"]] conspiracy. Growing right-wing populism in the United States helped The John Birch Society position itself for a comeback, and by 1995, its membership had grown somewhat to more than 55,000, {{Who|date=August 2007}} though that number is unofficial as the Society does not disclose its membership statistics.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}


'''[[Willy Russell]]'''<ref>[http://www.queens-theatre.co.uk/biographies/willyrussell.htm Willy Russell], Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch</ref> - His play [[Educating Rita]] was turned into a movie starring [[Michael Caine]] and [[Julie Walters]], it was filmed at [[Trinity College, Dublin]]. Willy Russell is also a Visiting Professor of Popular Theatre at Hope.
In the late 1990s, the John Birch Society started a campaign to [[impeach]] President [[Bill Clinton]] for alleged connections with Chinese interests and on charges of treason and bribery.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Within months of the Society's call for impeachment, news of the [[Monica Lewinsky]] affair broke, and the Society's charges were overshadowed by media coverage of Lewinsky and Clinton. The President was eventually [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|indicted on impeachment charges]], but the charges were different from those the Society had hoped to bring. Nevertheless, the impeachment campaign's relative success bolstered the Society and its public knowledge, membership, publication circulation, and finances.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}


'''[[Terry Molloy]]''' - Best known for his role as [[Davros]] in the long-running science fiction series ''[[Doctor Who]]''.
In recent years, The John Birch Society has been just as critical of President [[George W. Bush]] as it had been of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidents, accusing the Bush administration of advocating and carrying out acts of [[torture]] against suspected terrorist leaders during the [[War on Terror]]. In a 2005 online poll, the organization's membership voted for President Bush's impeachment,{{Fact|date=July 2008}} citing issues such as the [[USA PATRIOT Act]], the proposed sellout of U.S. Seaports to [[Dubai Ports World controversy|Dubai Ports World]],{{Fact|date=July 2008}} and recent allegations against the Bush administration concerning domestic telephone surveillance of suspected terrorists operating within the United States. These were cited as evidence of Bush's lack of regard for the [[U.S. Constitution|Constitution]].{{Fact|date=September 2007}}


'''[[Stel Pavlou]]'''.<ref>[http://www.stelpavlou.com/ Stel Pavlou<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Screenwriter for the film [[The 51st State]] and bestselling novelist.
[[Image:JohnBirchSocietyUSOutOfUNSign.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A sign advocating America's withdrawal produced by the John Birch Society]]
The JBS continues to press for an end to U.S. membership in the United Nations. As evidence of the effectiveness of JBS efforts, the Society points to the [[Utah State Legislature]]'s resolution calling for U.S. withdrawal, as well as the actions of several other states where the Society's membership has been active. The Birch Society repeatedly opposed overseas war-making, although it is strongly supportive of the American military. It has issued calls to "Bring Our Troops Home" in every conflict since its founding, including [[Vietnam]] (it wanted a quick win and exit after the conflict had already started rather than a simple losing pullout).{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The Society also has a national speakers' committee called American Opinion Speakers Bureau (AOSB) and an anti-tax committee called TRIM (Tax Reform IMmediately).{{Fact|date=July 2008}}


'''[[Nicholas Hale]]''' Storyliner for [[Hollyoaks]], actor and writer.
==In popular culture==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=September 2007}}{{Trivia|date=August 2008}}
The JBS has sometimes been made a target of political satire. For example:
*In 1964, notable [[jazz]] [[trumpet]] player [[Dizzy Gillespie]] made a semi-satirical run for President, and formed chapters of the "John Birks Society" (his real name was John Birks Gillespie) in 25 states. Gillespie's politics, such as they were, were incompatible with the views of the John Birch Society: among his campaign pledges were to provide free [[universal health care]] and appoint [[Malcolm X]] as [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]].
*In his novel, ''[[The Crying of Lot 49]]'', [[Thomas Pynchon]] satirized the famously conservative society with his "Peter Pinguid Society", an organization that opposed Capitalism, in part because it led inevitably to Communism.
*The [[Bob Dylan]] song, "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", from ''[[The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961-1991]]'', is a fictitious [[satire]] about a man joining the society.
*The [[Chad Mitchell Trio]]'s 'break-out' song hit was their comic parody, "The John Birch Society," which contained the lyrics, "If Mommy is a commie then you've got to turn her in."
*[[Robert Anton Wilson]] and [[Robert Shea]]'s novel, ''[[Illuminatus!]]'', contains several references to the John Birch Society in a subplot. it is satirized with the tag "john birch died for you"
*[[Steve Jackson Games]] included a mythical "Fred Birch Society" as one of hundreds of groups in the [[collectible card game]], ''[[Illuminati: New World Order]]''. The F.B.S. is also mentioned in their ''[[GURPS]] Supers — International Super Teams'' universe.
*In ''[[Girl, Interrupted]]'', [[Susanna Kaysen]] describes the John Birch Society building as a sort of counterpart to the mental asylum she lived in for two years, saying, "The John Birch Society lay as far to the east of Belmont as the hospital lay to the west. We saw the two institutes as variations on each other. Doubtless, the Birchers did not see it this way, but between us, we had Belmont surrounded."
*[[Walt Kelly]] used his comic strip [[Pogo]] to produce a notable satire that appeared in book form as "The Jack Acid Society Black Book."
* [[Charlie Daniels]], in the song "[[Uneasy Rider]]", has one of the song characters claiming he's a faithful follower of "Brother John Birch." The song focuses on the cultural issues of the 60s and 70s and links John Burch with the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and [[George Wallace]] juxtaposed with pinkos, commies, McGovern, and the FBI.


'''[[Mike Storey (politician)|Cllr Mike Storey]]''' - Executive Board Member (Regeneration) and former Leader of Liverpool City Council, also currently a Headteacher at a large Liverpool Primary School.
==Leaders and notable members==
===Presidents===
* [[Robert W. Welch Jr.]] (1958–1983)
* [[Larry McDonald]] (1983) - a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] was killed in the 1983 [[Korean Air Flight KAL-007|KAL-007 shootdown]] incident.
* Charles R. Armour
* John F. McManus (1991–2004, 2005–present)
* G. Vance Smith (2004–2005)


'''[[Peter Kilfoyle]]''' - [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Walton]].
===CEOs===
* G. Allen Bubolz (1988–1991)
* G. Vance Smith (1991–2005)
* [[Arthur R. Thompson]] (2005-present)


'''Diane Allahgreen''' - Athletic hurdles champion, Double European gold medallist, British Junior record for 100m hurdles. Diane reached top ranking for women at 100m hurdles in Britain in 1997.
==See also==

* [[Anti-Communism]]
'''Professor the Rt. Hon [[David Alton, Baron Alton of Liverpool]]'''<ref>[http://www.davidalton.com/David%20Alton%20website%20-%20About2.html About], davidalton.com, accessed 2007-05-09</ref> - Lord Alton trained and qualified as a teacher before pursuing a career in Parliament. He is a Life Peer of the House of Lords.
* [[United States isolationism]]
* [[Paleoconservatism]]
* [[Christian Patriot movement]]
* [[Chad Mitchell Trio]]
* [[Withdrawal from the United Nations]]
* [[William P. Hoar]]
* [[Wise Use Movement]]
* [[Separation of church and state]]
* [[William Norman Grigg]]


==References==
==References==
<references />
=== Footnotes ===
{{reflist}}


===Further reading===
==External links==
* [http://www.hope.ac.uk/ Liverpool Hope University website]
<div class="references-small">
* [http://www.hopesu.co.uk/ Liverpool Hope Students' Union]
*{{cite book |last=Lipset |first=Seymour Martin |authorlink=Seymour Martin Lipset |title=The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism America |publisher=Anti Defamation League of Bnai |year=1990 |isbn=0-686-95046-1}}
* [http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/profile/story/0,,2248316,00.html Gerald Pillay - Hope & Faith, TheGuardian.co.uk]


{{Universities in the United Kingdom}}
====Supporting the John Birch Society====
*{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Welch |authorlink=Robert W. Welch Jr. |title=The blue book of the John Birch Society |publisher=Western Islands |location=Boston |year=1961 |isbn=0-88279-105-2 |oclc=16903114}}
*{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Welch |authorlink=Robert W. Welch Jr. |title=The Politician |year=1964 |publisher=Belmont Publishing |location=[[Belmont, Massachusetts]] |oclc=376165}}
*{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Welch |authorlink=Robert W. Welch Jr. |coauthors=John Birch Society |title=The White Book of the John Birch Society for 1964 |year=1964 |publisher=John Birch Society |location=[[Belmont, Massachusetts]] |oclc=21571870}}
*{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Welch |authorlink=Robert W. Welch Jr. |title=The New Americanism and Other Speeches |publisher=Western Islands |location=Boston |year=1966 |isbn=0-88279-211-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Gary |authorlink=Gary Allen |title=None Dare Call It Conspiracy |publisher=G S G & Associates, Incorporated |year=1971 isbn=0-945001-29-0}}
*{{cite book |first=G. Edward |last=Griffin |authorlink=G. Edward Griffin |year=1975 |title=The Life and Words of Robert Welch, Founder of the John Birch Society |isbn=0-912986-07-7 |publisher=[[American Media (publisher)|American Media]] |location=[[Thousand Oaks, California]] |oclc=1530499}}
*{{cite book |first=John F. |last=McManus |title=The Insiders |publisher=John Birch Society |location=[[Belmont, Massachusetts]] |year=1983 |oclc=16912302}}
*{{cite news |first=John F. |last=McManus |title=Taking on the Giant: How Dare Pat Buchanan Defy the Establishment! |work=The New American |date=1992-04-20 |page=5}}

====Criticizing the John Birch Society====
* "Birch Society Investigated," ''Idaho Statesman'', October 9, 1964.
* Berlet, Chip. (1989). "Trashing the Birchers: Secrets of the Paranoid Right." ''Boston Phoenix'', July 20, pp. 10, 23.
* Broyles, J. Allen. (1964). ''The John Birch Society: Anatomy of a Protest''. Boston: Beacon Press.
* De Koster, Lester. (1967). ''The Citizen and the John Birch Society''. A Reformed Journal monograph. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans.
* Epstein, Benjamin R., and Arnold Forster. (1966). ''The Radical Right: Report on the John Birch Society and Its Allies''. New York: Vintage Books.
* Grove, Gene. (1961). ''Inside the John Birch Society''. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett.
* Grupp, Fred W., Jr. (1969). "The Political Perspectives of Birch Society Members." In Robert A. Schoenberger (Ed.), ''The American Right''
* Hardisty, Jean V. (1999). ''Mobilizing Resentment: Conservative Resurgence from the John Birch Society to the Promise Keepers''. Boston: Beacon.
*Janson, Donald & Eismann, Bernard. (1963). "The John Birch Society" pages 25–54 from ''The Far Right'', New York: McGraw-Hill.
* Johnson, George. (1983). ''Architects of Fear: Conspiracy Theories and Paranoia in American Politics''. Los Angeles: Tarcher/Houghton Mifflin.
* Kraft, Charles Jeffrey. (1992). ''A Preliminary Socio-Economic and State Demographic Profile of the John Birch Society''. Cambridge, MA: Political Research Associates.
* Moore, William V. (1981). ''The John Birch Society: A Southern Profile''. Paper, annual meeting, Southern Political Science Association, Memphis, TN.
* Ronald Sullivan, "Foes of Rising Birch Society Organize in Jersey,"'' New York Times'', April 20, 1966, pp. 1, 34.
* FBI files and documents pertaining to Birch Society: ^ http://ernie1241.googlepages.com/jbs-1

====Regarding heroin trade in Southeast Asia====
* McCoy, Alfred W. (2003). "The politics of heroin : CIA complicity in the global drug trade : Afghanistan, Southeast Asia, Central America, Colombia", Chicago : Lawrence Hill Books.
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.jbs.org John Birch Society website]
* [http://www.thenewamerican.com The New American], JBS biweekly publication
* "[http://www.publiceye.org/tooclose/jbs.html John Birch Society]," Political Research Associates
* [http://www.jbs.org/artman/uploads/careport.pdf Report of the California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities on the John Birch Society]
* Short excerpt of a film, circa 1965, of [[Robert W. Welch Jr.]], entitled "[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dg6ixwmcMcc What is the John Birch Society?]" explaining why he founded the John Birch Society and its aims


[[Category:John Birch Society|*]]
[[Category:Liverpool Hope University|*]]
[[Category:Conservative organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1844]]
[[Category:History of anti-communism in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-communism]]
[[Category:Koch family]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1958]]
[[Category:Appleton, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:far-right politics]]


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Revision as of 09:47, 11 October 2008

Liverpool Hope University
File:Hope.gif
MottoTaken from 1 Corinthians 13:13 - Koine Greek
(In Faith, Hope and Love)
Established1844; achieved University status 2005
ChancellorBaroness Cox
Vice-ChancellorProf Gerald J. Pillay
Students7,885[1]
Undergraduates6,190[1]
Postgraduates1,675[1]
Other students
20 FE[1]
Location
Liverpool
,
UK
CampusHope Park, Childwall & The Cornerstone, City Centre
ColoursWhite, Black, Red
                                     
Websitehttp://www.hope.ac.uk

Liverpool Hope University is a university in Liverpool, England. Two of its three founding colleges were established in 1844 and 1856, the third opening in the 1960s. It is the only ecumenical university in Europe.[2] Based on two campuses, the main campus is located in Childwall and the second campus, The Cornerstone, is located in Everton. The University has an employment rate of 97.3% within the first year of graduation[3] and attracts students from some 65 countries worldwide.

History

File:Hca.jpg
Hilda Constance Allen Building, Hope Park
New Halls of Residence, Hope Park

Two of the University's founding colleges, St. Katharine's (1844) and Notre Dame (1856) were established in the 19th century. These Colleges were in Warrington and Liverpool City Centre respectively. They were supplemented on Merseyside when a second Catholic teacher education College, Christ's College, on a site adjacent to St. Katharine's, admitted its first students in 1965.

In 1980 these three Colleges joined in an ecumenical federation under the holding title of Liverpool Institute of Higher Education (LIHE). Archbishop Derek Worlock and Bishop David Sheppard wrote of this as being "a sign of hope".

In 1995 a new Instrument and Articles of Government established a single, unified, ecumenical College, and a new name - Liverpool Hope - which better reflected its role and Mission. A company limited by guarantee and registered as a charity was formed.

Meanwhile, expansion followed in both the range of degrees and in student numbers. The status of a fully accredited institution of the University of Liverpool had been achieved in 1994. This gave full responsibility to the College for the quality and standards of its course provision and provided recognition of its academic standing.

In 1998, the Accreditation Agreement with the University of Liverpool was renewed for five years and extended to cover taught postgraduate awards. After extensive scrutiny by the Quality Assurance Agency in 2001 and 2002, Liverpool Hope University College gained taught degree awarding powers in August 2002. Consequently its undergraduates no longer receive University of Liverpool degrees on graduation.

The application to become a University - submitted in September 2004 - was successful and the Privy Council approved the title Liverpool Hope University in July 2005, granting Hope full University status under the leadership of Professor Pillay, who is now the University's Vice-Chancellor. On 25 January 2006, Baroness Cox, Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords, was installed as the University's Foundation Chancellor.

In the UK Good University Guide for 2008, Liverpool Hope University was ranked 113rd out of 113 institutions listed [4] though it does not appear at all in the rankings for 2009. [5].

Due to declining student numbers in certain faculties, in 2008 the university had to make redundant several academic and support staff. [6]

The University's Deaneries

Deanery of Arts and Humanities

Dean: Dr Terry Phillips

The Deanery of Arts and Humanities is split across the two campuses. Courses based at the main University campus, Hope Park,include: English Language, English Literature, History, Politics and Theology. Courses based at The Cornerstone include Design, Performing Arts, Music and Fine Art.

Deanery of Business and Computer Science

Dean: Dr John Brinkman

The Deanery of Business and Computer Science (BACS) contains the Hope Business School and the School of Computer Science. There are also specialist leadership and management programmes taught at BACS.


Deanery of Education

Dean: Professor Jon Nixon[7]

The Education Deanery is responsible for the education and graduate education of future teachers and lecturers.


Deanery of Science and Social Science

Dean: Dr Penny Haughan

The Deanery of Science and Social Science contain programmes including Psychology, Criminology, Sport, Geography and Health.


Sheppard-Worlock Library

The Sheppard-Worlock Library is open extended hours throughout the year. The Library took its name from Bishop David Sheppard and Archbishop Derek Worlock. SWL is based at the Hope Park campus. In addition to a wealth of publications, research material, extensive computing facilities and stationary sales, SWL locates the Gradwell Collection. The Sheppard-Worlock Library is also the venue for many commercial activities in the business and education communities.

Students' Union

Students at the University are represented by the Liverpool Hope Students' Union. Although there are several campus sites for the University, students are represented by the main Student Union facilities at Derwent House, in the main University campus.

Representation for all students is central and is conducted by executive officers elected annually. In most cases, these students will be on a sabbatical from their studies. The election process is normally contested in mid April, with successful candidates assuming office the following academic year.

Partnership with Sun Yat-Sen University

In May 2007, Liverpool Hope University announced a partnership with Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. The Liverpool Hope University and Sun Yat-Sen University partnership seeks research collaboration and the opportunity for students from both Universities to participate in a two year academic exchange programme. The University saw one of its student selected, from thousands, to participate in the DfES funded project.[8]

Notable alumni

Willy Russell[9] - His play Educating Rita was turned into a movie starring Michael Caine and Julie Walters, it was filmed at Trinity College, Dublin. Willy Russell is also a Visiting Professor of Popular Theatre at Hope.

Terry Molloy - Best known for his role as Davros in the long-running science fiction series Doctor Who.

Stel Pavlou.[10] Screenwriter for the film The 51st State and bestselling novelist.

Nicholas Hale Storyliner for Hollyoaks, actor and writer.

Cllr Mike Storey - Executive Board Member (Regeneration) and former Leader of Liverpool City Council, also currently a Headteacher at a large Liverpool Primary School.

Peter Kilfoyle - Member of Parliament for Liverpool Walton.

Diane Allahgreen - Athletic hurdles champion, Double European gold medallist, British Junior record for 100m hurdles. Diane reached top ranking for women at 100m hurdles in Britain in 1997.

Professor the Rt. Hon David Alton, Baron Alton of Liverpool[11] - Lord Alton trained and qualified as a teacher before pursuing a career in Parliament. He is a Life Peer of the House of Lords.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07" (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet). Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  2. ^ Hodges, Lucy (2007-06-28). "Liverpool Hope - Europe's only ecumenical university - is resisting the urge to expand". The Independent. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
  3. ^ University tops job statistics - Liverpool Echo.co.uk
  4. ^ http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/gug/gooduniversityguide.php
  5. ^ http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/tol_gug/gooduniversityguide.php
  6. ^ http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=401800&sectioncode=26
  7. ^ http://www.hope.ac.uk/frontpage-news/new-dean-of-education-announced.html
  8. ^ http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/liverpooldailypost/news/regionalnews/tm_method=full%26objectid=19057217%26siteid=50061-name_page.html
  9. ^ Willy Russell, Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch
  10. ^ Stel Pavlou
  11. ^ About, davidalton.com, accessed 2007-05-09

External links

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