Ádám Batthyány

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Ádám Batthyány (portrait circa 1650)

Ádám Count Batthyány von Németújvár [ ˈaːdaːm ˈbɒcːaːɲi ] (* February 14,  1609 - March 15,  1659 ) was a Hungarian nobleman and general . In the family tree of the Hungarian magnates Batthyány he is listed as "Adam I." The Batthyánys, who are still alive today, are considered to be “the progenitor of the family in the narrower sense”.

Batthyány lived at the time of the Thirty Years War and ruled areas that extended over parts of today's states of Hungary and Slovenia as well as southern Burgenland . South of Balaton he defended the border of the Habsburgs ruled Royal Hungary against the Ottomans and operating in its territory the recatholicization the purposes of the Counter-Reformation .

Life

Childhood and youth

Educator and sponsor Ádám Batthyánys: Palatine Nikolaus Esterházy

Ádám Batthyány was born on February 14, 1609, the second son of Francis II Batthyány (1577–1625) and Eva Poppel- Lobkowitz (approx. 1585–1640). His father, who had already been raised to the rank of count in 1603, lived with his wife in Güssing . The couple had a total of three sons and three daughters. Ádám's sisters were Maria Magdalena († 1664), whose first marriage was to Count Ladislaus Csáky, as well as Elisabeth, wife of Count Georg Erdődys , and Barbara, married to the younger Count of Forgács. The older brother Balthasar (* 1607 or 1608) died at the age of 14 and the younger brother Gabriel (* 1623) at the age of 11 months.

Little is known of Ádám Batthyány's childhood. Ádám was brought up in the Calvinist faith of his father. Under the influence of Nikolaus Esterházy , Ádám's brother-in-law Ladislaus Csáky and the Jesuits , especially the Archbishop of Esztergom Péter Pázmány , he began to study the teachings of Catholicism . Batthyány had a lifelong friendship with Pázmány, as can be seen from their extensive correspondence. Despite the different creeds, Ádám's father Franz, who was a Calvinist, was on friendly terms with the Catholic Archbishop Pázmány. In a letter dated June 28, 1625, Pázmány asked Franz Batthyány, "He should have his children instructed in the true religion."

In 1629 Ádám Batthyány converted from the Reformed to the Catholic faith in the Jesuit church at the court in Vienna . The mother refused the conversion of her son, and Ádám tried to hide it from her.

For the conversion of Ádám Batthyánys, the chaplain of Pinkafeld Franz Illes wrote down the following popular legend in 1868 :

“As a pious Catholic lady, the count's wife kept a Franciscan priest at her court , while her Reformed husband had two clergymen of his creed. Since they often polemicized at the table, [...] Ádám determined a day on which the disputed beliefs should be discussed in detail and solemnly. […] The zealous Franciscan priest proved the truth of the Catholic Church with ravishing eloquence against the deviating beliefs […] Whereupon the noble-thinking count, enlightened from above, publicly confessed the truth of Catholic teaching. "

Start of the political and military career

Aurora Formentini, Ádám Batthyány's first wife

Through the mediation of the Hungarian palatine Nikolaus Esterházy , the young Batthyány came to the court of the evangelical nobleman Paul Nádasdy . He spent the period from around 1630 to 1632 at the emperor's court in Vienna. To the emperors Ferdinand II. And Ferdinand III. von Habsburg and the Hungarian [] Batthyány also had good contacts in later life. In 1630 he was raised to the status of Hungarian counts and Roman counts . Emperor Ferdinand II appointed him on June 30 of the same year as the “real imperial chamberlain” (cubicularii, qui tales de facto sunt) . He therefore performed his service in the personal rooms of the emperor and was present at audiences . He held this paid office until 1635. During this time he traveled with the imperial court to the Regensburg Electoral Congress (July to November 1630).

Batthyány made his first experiences as a soldier during a campaign against Heiducken István Bethlens the Younger (son István Bethlens ), who did not want to recognize the sovereignty of the Habsburg emperor over the Hungarian counties . The corps under Nikolaus Esterházy, to which Batthyány belonged, suffered a defeat. On March 16, 1631, the Heiducken Bethlens took the Esterházy troop's hill near Rakamaz . The soldiers, horses and servants of Batthyany fell into the hands of the heathen. Batthyany's soldiers were released on April 13, 1631.

First engagement and first marriage

The elder son of Batthyánys: Christoph
Batthyany's first daughter: Maria Eleonora

Batthyany's first fiancée was Katharina Illesházy. However, the two did not get married. On the one hand, the fiancée's close blood relationship stood in the way of marriage: Batthyány's paternal grandmother and Illesházy's great-grandmother were sisters. On the other hand, a wedding between the Catholic Batthyány and the Protestant Katharina could only have taken place with a dispensation from the Curia . However, the Curia made the conversion of the betrothed to Catholicism a condition for its granting. Her father, Gaspar Illesházy, did not agree with this, so the engagement was broken off again. Katharina Illesházy married Count Péter Bethlen von Iktari in 1632.

After the betrothal, Batthyány met the baroness Aurora Katharina Formentini in Vienna . She was born in Gorizia in 1610 , of Catholic faith and lady- in- waiting in Vienna. Batthyány married her on February 4, 1632 in the Vienna Hofburg in the presence of Emperor Ferdinand II and Empress Eleonora . Batthyany's mother refused the wedding. The marriage is described as harmonious, Aurora Formentini as strictly Catholic and very pious.

Batthyány had eight children with Aurora: Christoph, Paul, Eleonora and Barbara; four others did not reach adulthood. After an engagement to Christina Nádasdy, Christoph married Annamaria Palocsai in 1661. Paul married Katharina Illesházy, a daughter of the brother of the former fiancé Batthyánys. The two sons studied in Ödenburg and Graz . The first daughter was given the name of Empress Maria Eleonora as a sign of devotion. In 1650 Eleonora married Ladislaus , son of the Palatine Nikolaus Esterházy, who died in 1645. Barbara married Peter Széchy around 1650 .

Counter-reformation

Batthyány played an important role in the course of the Counter Reformation . In 1569 his grandfather, Balthasar Batthyány, drove out the Catholic Augustinians living in Güssing during the Reformation and gave the Güssing Church to Protestant pastors . After Ádám Batthyány had become a Catholic in 1629, he tried to return his subordinates to the Catholic Church on the principle of cuius regio, eius religio ("whose territory, whose religion"). In 1632 he called the Catholic Jesuits to hold missions in almost all of his parishes . He had the provost of Steinamanger remove the church keys from Güssing and excluded the Protestants from the church along with the Güssing superintendent Johann Palfy von Kanizsay . In 1633 Johann Kanizsay reported these events to the Calvinian Synod in Köveskut, which dealt with the topic and ensured that Kanizsay could stay in Güssing for the time being. After a letter from Ádám Batthyány to one of his administrators, in which Batthyány threatened ("I do not want to tolerate the preacher Johann in Güssing, neither anywhere else on my property. Because if I meet him there it will be bad for him"), Kanizsay left on December 14, 1633 finally Güssing.

On February 9, 1634 Batthyány gave the order that within 15 days all Protestant pastors should either convert to the Catholic faith or had to leave his possessions. The Güssing predicants left Güssing immediately. In other localities, Batthyany's approach aroused sometimes fierce opposition and initially only a few Protestants returned to the Catholic Church. Of visitation reports shows that in many places continued to impact evangelical preacher. Through the mediation of the Bishop of Raab , the residents of Körmends asked Batthyány in the spring of 1634 to leave the Protestant pastor in their community. It is not known whether Batthyány complied with the Körmender's request. The evangelical preachers stayed in Königsdorf until at least 1668. They were only expelled by Adam's son Christoph. Batthyánys officials threatened the residents of the localities of Zahling and Deutsch Kaltenbrunn with a fine of 300 guilders each if they did not dismiss their preachers. In Deutsch Kaltenbrunn, a Protestant pastor was reinstated after Batthyany's death. The Protestant preachers also stayed in Heiligenkreuz and in the parish of St. Emmerich, which today belongs to Kőszeg .

The evangelical superintendent Georg Musay named 32 villages from which Batthyány removed the pastors. The Lutheran preachers sought protection from Batthyany's mother at Tabor Castle in Neuhaus, which was also granted to them. In Güssing, the ancestral seat of the Batthyánys, Ádám had the Catholic church and the still existing Catholic Franciscan monastery built at his expense in 1648 . In 1654 he began building the Catholic parish church in Rechnitz , which was still unfinished when he died in 1659 and was not completed until 1679 by Ádám's grandson Ádám II.

Securing the Habsburg eastern border

Ádám I. Batthyány: Captain General for the areas in Hungary on this side of the Danube

In 1633 Batthyány was appointed imperial council, lieutenant colonel and colonel of the Transdanubian district and the border opposite Kanizsa . In this role he had to secure the entire border south of Lake Balaton . 1640 Graf Batthyány became the Steward appointed and the captain general of the areas in Hungary this side of the Danube. He had to pay for part of the equipment and for the salaries of his army. Batthyány were also awarded the titles of Chief Clerk of Hungary and General Captain of Lower Hungary . His contemporary and friend, the poet Nikolaus Zrinski , called him “a pillar of the fatherland”.

The conclusion of the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, which was extended by 22 years in 1648, was followed by decades of relative peace, during which there was at least no direct confrontation of large armies of the Habsburgs and Ottomans . Not least because of this, the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) brought no fighting in the Batthyánys domain. However, local Ottoman commanders made repeated incursions into Royal Hungary, which was ruled by the Habsburgs, with the aim of stealing booty . The Ottomans did not regard these forays as a violation of the provisions of the peace treaty and Batthyány was therefore involved in ongoing small wars with troops of the Ottoman Empire, despite the official state of peace.

One of the main pillars of his army were the sedentary peasant heathen of the Körmend rule, whom he exempted from feudal duties and who were only obliged to serve in the military. Some of Batthyany's soldiers were stationed at his castles. Another part of the army were mercenaries . The villages in the area were obliged to offer them quarters and, in some cases, to provide for their food. The villagers repeatedly complained to Batthyány about the burden of this obligation.

As a commander, he took part in numerous battles. In February 1641, roaming Turks kidnapped about 200 Christians and took away some sacks of cut-off Christian heads. Batthyány pursued the Turks with his soldiers, had some 100 Turks killed and took prisoners. Due to a complaint by the Hungarian estates in 1642, which saw their national borders threatened, the Reichstag sent Batthyány and Erdődy with their armies to the border areas in 1643. In order to protect his hinterland against insurgents under the Prince of Transylvania Georg I. Rákóczi , he withdrew in the same year. In 1646 Turkish troops killed 120 hussars Batthyanys and dragged many of his soldiers into captivity. In the same year Batthyány and Nikolaus Zrinski beat the pasha of the former Hungarian border town Kanizsa , which had been in Ottoman hands since 1600. To protect Eisenburg County from the invasions of the Turks, Emperor Ferdinand III sent. Batthyány and other Hungarian nobles with their units to Sárvár . In August 1649 the Turks burned down a village near Topelchin and took about 800 Christians prisoner. In October 1649, 300 Christian soldiers died near Neuhaus by the Ottomans. Thereupon Batthány and a few other magnates were asked by the emperor to deploy a total of 1000 men against the Turks. In 1651, thousands of Turks attacked Kiskomárom . After losing 800 men, they had to withdraw again. Counts Batthyány, Buchheim and Zrinski removed the damage caused in Kiskomárom and undertook a campaign of revenge. They attacked Kanizsa, which was occupied by the Turks, destroyed the stilts , threw grenades that ignited several hundred houses and barns, and drove away all of the city's cattle. In 1652 the Ottomans invaded the Batthyan area in Zala County , where they cremated five villages and abducted 137 soldiers and over 100 civilians.

In 1654 Batthyány and his hussars again defeated the Pasha von Kanizsa in a fight near Stuhlweissenburg . During this battle, he suffered a stroke. In 1657 the troops of Batthyanys and Francis III moved. Nádasdys in an area south of Lake Balaton, which was occupied by the Ottomans, killed 100 Turks there, took 100 prisoners and drove away 4,000 head of cattle.

In 1657 Batthány complained to the court war council in Vienna of the need and hunger of his soldiers and the population due to the constant war trades in the border areas and asked for monthly pay for his soldiers and for war equipment. It is not known whether Ádám Batthyány received support from the War Council in this particular case. In any case, over the years the Court War Council warned him several times to refrain from hostilities against the Turks. At the same time, however, the Batthyány War Council also called for a watchful eye to be kept on the Turks and for soldiers to be sent to Bohemia and Moravia to support the imperial troops in the Thirty Years' War against the Swedes .

Second marriage, death and afterlife

Pinkafeld Castle , Ádám Batthyány's summer residence and Barbara Corbelli's widow's residence

Batthyány's first wife Aurora died on April 5, 1653 in Rechnitz at the age of 43 . After her death, Batthyány married the Austrian baroness Barbara Corbelli on August 15, 1655 in Rechnitz . With Barbara he had the daughter Anna Julianna, who later entered the Poor Clare Monastery in Pressburg .

In the last years of his life, Batthyány was increasingly concerned with questions of faith. On March 15, 1659 Batthyány died in Güssing and was buried there in the crypt he had built. The family crypt of the Batthyánys is the second largest family crypt in Austria after the Capuchin crypt of the Habsburgs.

After Batthyany's death, his second wife, Barbara, received the rule and Pinkafeld Castle as a widow's residence . Ádám's two sons, Christoph and Paul, accused the widow of leading a dissolute life. So they took over the rule of Pinkafeld a year after the death of their husband and had their stepmother captured. She was only released again after the intervention of a high noblewoman. In 1670 Barbara married Nikolaus von Königsberg and died shortly afterwards.

Ádám Batthyány can be described as the last of his family who united almost the entire Batthyány property in one person. Batthyány decreed in his will the division of dominions between his two sons Christoph and Paul. A number of other divisions followed throughout history. Christopher, the elder son Ádám Batthyány, was the progenitor of those Batthyány-line in which the title of prince and Familienfideikommisse family were inherited. The younger son Paul founded the various counts Batthyány lines (Scharfensteiner, Pinkafelder and Sigmund line).

Manorial rule and court keeping

Main residence of Güssing Castle at the time of Ádam Batthyánys
Güssing Castle 2005

After the father's death (1625), the mother first took over the property. In 1627 Batthyány took over the inheritance of his father and took over the castle rule Güssing and the possessions in Körmend . Schlaining and Rechnitz were added in 1636, and in 1640 his mother's Neuhaus property . In 1644 he bought Bernstein from Freiherr Königsberg along with some communities such as B. Pinkafeld . Since these goods had belonged to Austria since the time of the Jagiellonians , Batthyány was accepted into the Lower Austrian gentry in 1645, which secured his property rights. The change of ownership of Bernstein to Batthyány was in the interests of the House of Habsburg, which thus knew the area in the hands of a loyal and Catholic partisan, and in the interests of the national Magyar camp, which saw the return of a former Hungarian rule. The rule of Güssing alone comprised around 70 villages at that time.

Batthyánys possessions were located in what is known as the Royal Hungary area of ​​the Habsburg Monarchy . They stretched in the west of Eisenburg County from the Eisenburger Hügelland to the border with Styria . They covered most of what is now southern Burgenland. Exceptions were some communities around Rotenturm and Eberau , which were owned by Count Erdődy . In addition, Batthyány areas belonged to today's Hungary and Slavonia ( St. Gotthard , St. Groth ). Batthyány issued chancellery regulations for his domain . He confirmed the guild regulations of the newly established guilds in the dominions of Körmend, Güssing, Rechnitz, Pinkafeld and Schlaining, and in some cases provided the guilds with confirmation from the king. He placed the guilds under his protection and guardianship.

In Podler , Podgoria , Althodis and Weiden , Batthány settled Croats who had previously fought as mercenaries with the imperial troops against the Turks and the anti-Habsburg rebels of Gábor Bethlen . In the course of the Bethlen uprising in 1620, a number of villages belonging to the Güssing rule were destroyed and therefore Ádám Batthyány needed the Croats as settlers and experienced warriors. He granted them tax exemption for three years, during which they had to build houses, and he made sure that only Croatians were allowed to settle in these villages. Even today, members of the Burgenland Croat group are a significant part of the population in these communities .

Batthyány's main residence was Güssing Castle , the family seat of the Batthyány family. He also regularly lived in Rechnitz Castle, Schlaining Castle and the fort in Pinkafeld . Temporary residences were some forts and mansions such as in Stegersbach and Zackersdorf. As the client, Batthyány had Körmend Castle rebuilt, Schlaining Castle extended by a floor, and Rechnitz Castle as well as roads and bridges built. On Burg Bernstein he led the Knights' Hall from 1645 to 1650 the conversion. One of the builders for his palaces and castles was the imperial court architect Filiberto Lucchese .

Batthyany's court consisted of more than 1,000 people. Noble boys and girls from Austria, Hungary, Poland and Croatia were educated at the Güssinger Hof. Therefore, educators, philosophers, riding and fencing teachers, musicians and artists were employed here. The young aristocrats were taught, among other things, the use of weapons, command of the army and, above all, social interaction. In addition, there was a permanent military station at Güssing Castle. According to an identification document pertaining to the prisoners of war from 1641 to 1650, Count Batthyány held 156, mostly noble Turks, in Güssing, Bernstein and Rechnitz. Batthyány had theaters set up at the Rechnitz and Körmend castles, to which he appointed Italian actors. He employed violin players, cymbal beaters , bagpipers, drum beaters and tárogató players as well as trumpeters, who were particularly respected at the time. Many of the musicians were Roma or captured Turks. In 1658 Batthyány's court chapel consisted of 16 people.

Bust of Batthyánys in the Lapidarium of the Zrinski Castle in Čakovec , Croatia

The subjects had to sell the majority of the agricultural products at monopoly prices to the manor. The products were consumed on the farm and sold in manorial inns. For the greater part of the year Batthyány had the sole right to serve wine on his property. More than half of his cash income came from selling wine. Some of Batthyány's goods were in what is now the southern Burgenland wine-growing region . As he confessed in his confessional mirror, he drank a lot. Katharina Illesházy's mother, Batthany's first fiancé, and Bishop Pázmány wrote letters to Batthány to warn him to drink moderately. Taxes were collected from civil servants and city ​​judges , who were often willing to use violence, so that Ádam Batthány often had to protect his subjects, as with the instruction "... one should not violently incriminate the citizens from above ...". But Batthány also occasionally used force: "... that they willingly give nothing <...> we riders have to send out so that they can collect the money." To finance his construction activities and the wars, Batthyány also regularly took money from his subjects and pledged some of his Villages such as B. Limbach im Burgenland 1631, Neusiedl near Güssing 1631, Gerersdorf near Güssing 1639, Oberradling 1644, Bocksdorf 1645, Inzenhof 1645 and Neustift near Güssing 1648.

The plague in many of his villages like in Güssing 1621 and Körmend 1644-1646 as well as bad harvests in the years 1645-1648 and ongoing wars caused hunger and poverty and the decrease of the population of the rule Güssing by a fifth in the years 1643-1666 For the landlord Batthyány, this time meant the loss of taxes and robot services .

Book collection

Already Ádám Batthyány's grandfather Balthasar Batthyány (1543–1590) owned an extensive library that contained several thousand volumes of Catholic and Protestant literature. It was expanded by Ádám Batthyány's parents. Ádám Batthyány himself expanded the library by around 400 volumes, according to estimates based on the existing directories. As a result of a letter from the Güssing Franciscans, who complained about the "outdated" condition of their book inventory, he left about 1,300 books to the Franciscan Order.

The Batthyanys library was located in Güssing Castle. The library contained Latin , German and Hungarian works in almost equal numbers . It also contained books in Italian and Czech , as well as a few bilingual volumes (mostly dictionaries). In terms of content, the holdings primarily comprised biblical works, prayer books, historical works, illustrated books, architecture books, medical books and law books. Well-known works from Batthyány's library are for example the Theatrum Europaeum , the Atlas Blaeu and an edition of the Koran in Hungarian. At the time of the Second World War , the book collection was housed at Körmend Castle. The destruction of the palace during this war also affected a large part of the library. Today, Batthyány's book collection that has survived consists of only a few copies.

Batthyány also wrote his own works, including a prayer book ( Lelki kard , German: sword of the soul), which he published in 1654 and which was later reissued. The prayer book is lost and only known from correspondence and contemporary mentions. Some of his works were published after his death. The only things known today are his diary, his confession mirror and excerpts from his correspondence. Batthyány kept a diary from 1642 to 1657. His confessional mirror was based on a prayer book by Péter Pázmány. The count registered venial sins in it such as “again not prayed today; insulted the priests; spoken ugly words; thought of useless things. "Most frequently, however, the subject of drunkenness and drunkenness appears in his confessional mirror, for example in the entry:" That day I was again very drunk. "

He also initiated and supported the Hungarian translation and printing of Seneca Christianus (Hungarian: "Keresztény Seneca", Vienna 1654) of his court preacher Sámuel Kéry. With the publication of this work he became the first disseminator of the Stoa in Hungary. Altogether he had several hundred books printed and bound at his own expense.

literature

  • András Koltai: Adam Batthyány and his library. Office d. Burgenland. State government, Dept. 7 - Culture, Wiss. u. Archive, main lecture Landesarchiv u. State Library, Eisenstadt 2002, ISBN 3-901517-33-2 .
  • Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I of Batthyany. Dissertation. Vienna 1961.
  • Peter Jandrisevits : Certificates and documents about Burgenland and the surrounding area. Edited by the Burgenland State Archives , Eisenstadt 1932–1936.
  • August Ernst: History of Burgenland. Verlag für Geschichte u. Politics, Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-7028-0311-4 .
  • Katalin Péter: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age. (German history of aristocratic childhood in Hungary in early modern times), Central European University Press, New York 2001, ISBN 963-9116-77-7 (English).
  • Béla Iványi: Pázmány Péter, kiadatlan levélei. (German Pázmány Péter, unpublished letters), Körmend 1943 (Hungarian).

Web links

Commons : Ádám Batthyány  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Batthyány family 17th century. on the website of the Batthyány family (accessed March 20, 2010).
  2. ↑ castle archive Güssing, charging XXVII, Fasc. 1, No. 15.
  3. ^ A b Peter Jandrisevits : Certificates and documents about Burgenland and the surrounding area. Volume 5, published by the Burgenland State Archives , Eisenstadt 1932–1936, p. 213.
  4. ↑ Galla Ferenc: Harminckilenc kiadatlan Pázmány levél. (Ger. 39 unedited letters from Pázmánys), Ed. Galla Ferenc, Vác 1936, in Hungarian, letters No. 1 and No. 2.
  5. ↑ Galla Ferenc: Harminckilenc kiadatlan Pázmány levél. (Ger. 39 unedited letters from Pázmánys), Ed. Galla Ferenc, Vác 1936, in Hungarian, letter No. 4.
  6. ↑ István Fazekas: The Recatholization [Conversion!] Adam Batthyánys in the year 1629 . in: Reformation and Counter-Reformation in the Pannonian region - Scientific work from Burgenland . Edited by Gustav Reingrabner - Gerald Schlag, Eisenstadt 1999, pp. 26-29.
  7. ^ Béla Iványi: Pázmány Péter, kiadatlan levélei . (German Pázmány Péter, unpublished letters), Körmend 1943, in Hungarian, p. 7.
  8. ^ Franz Illes: Ádám Batthyány , Magyar Sion, Esztergom 1868, in Hungarian, p. 924.
  9. ↑ László Rákóczi: naplója (German diary), ed. Ildikó Horn, Magveto Press, Budapest 1990, in Hungarian, p. 365.
  10. ↑ Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I von Batthyany , dissertation at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1961, p. 96 ff.
  11. ^ Payr: History of the Protestant Church District Beyond the Danube , Volume 1, p. 197.
  12. ↑ Peter Jandrisevits: Certificates and documents about Burgenland and the surrounding area , 1932.1936, 4th volume, p. 210 ff.
  13. ↑ Arnold Magyar: Güssing: a contribution to the cultural and religious history of southern Burgenland up to the Counter Reformation , Franziskanerkloster Graz, Graz 1976, p. 67.
  14. ^ Letter from Bishop Stephan Sennyey to Ádám Batthány , Güssing Castle Archives, Ark XIV, Fasc. 1, No. 4.
  15. ↑ Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I von Batthyany , dissertation at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1961, p. 74 ff.
  16. ^ Friedrich Selle: Book of Fate of the Protestant Church in Austria , Furche-Verlag, Berlin 1928, p. 326.
  17. ↑ Michael Hetfleisch: The Batthyany and the people on their possessions in today's southern Burgenland in the 17th century , dissertation at the University of Graz , Graz 1947, p. 50 f.
  18. ^ The Catholic parish church in Rechnitz. on the website of the parish in Rechnitz (accessed on September 27, 2010).
  19. ↑ Description of image Batthyány, Adam Graf. of the online picture archive of the Austrian National Library (accessed on May 4, 2010).
  20. ↑ Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I of Batthyany. Dissertation at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1961, p. 117.
  21. ↑ Klaus-Peter Matschke: The cross and the half moon. The history of the Turkish wars. Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf-Zurich 2004, ISBN 3-538-07178-0 , pp. 321–329.
  22. ↑ Vera Zimányi: The peasant class of the Güssing rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. [Ed.] Burgenland Research, Burgenland State Archives, Eisenstadt 1962, p. 33 ff.
  23. ↑ Eisenburger county protocol 1632–1687. P. 605.
  24. ^ Martin Meyer: Ortelius Redivivus et Continuatus or description of the Hungarian war indignities. Frankfurt am Main / Nuremberg 1665, p. 57 ff.
  25. ^ Vienna War Archives. Expedit protocol fol. 100-500.
  26. ↑ Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I of Batthyany. Dissertation at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1961, p. 88 ff.
  27. ↑ Federal Monuments Office - State Conservatories (PDF; 1.0 MB) on the website of the Federal Monuments Office (accessed on March 6, 2010)
  28. ↑ The Batthyány family crypt in Güssing on the website of the Batthyány family - with a photo of the sarcophagus Ádám Batthyánys (accessed on March 6, 2010).
  29. ^ Josef Karl Homma : History of the city of Pinkafeld. Self-published by the municipality of Pinkafeld, Pinkafeld 1987, p. 8.
  30. ^ Josef Karl Homma: On the history of the rulership of southern Burgenland. in Burgenland research, published by the Provincial Archives and Provincial Museum Burgenland. Verlag Ferdinand Berger, Horn-Wien 1947, p. 16 f.
  31. ^ Josef Karl Homma: Pinkafeld. Festschrift on the occasion of the city elevation ceremony on September 26, 1937. Oberwart 1937, p. 14.
  32. ^ András Koltai: Adam Batthyány and his library (= libraries in Güssing in the 16th and 17th centuries. Volume 1). Burgenland State Archives and State Library, Eisenstadt 2002, ISBN 3-901517-33-2 , p. 14.
  33. ↑ a b c August Ernst: History of Burgenland. Verlag für Geschichte u. Politics, Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-7028-0311-4 , p. 144 f.
  34. ↑ Vera Zimányi: The peasant class of the Güssing rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Burgenland State Archives (ed.): Burgenland Research. Eisenstadt 1962, p. 80 f.
  35. ↑ Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I of Batthyany. Dissertation at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1961, p. 57 ff.
  36. ↑ Minutes from 1648 in the log book of the Güssing community archive.
  37. ↑ Burg Bernstein story. on the Bernstein Castle website (accessed September 27, 2010).
  38. ↑ Entry about Luchese Filiberto on Artisti Italiani in Austria , a project of the University of Innsbruck , accessed on September 9, 2012.
  39. ↑ Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I of Batthyany. Dissertation at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1961, p. 100.
  40. ↑ Varga János: Keeping and trafficking in prisoners on the Batthyány property in the 16th – 17th centuries. Century. In: Burgenländisches Landesarchiv (Ed.): Burgenländische Heimatblätter . Eisenstadt 1995, p. 145 f, PDF on ZOBODAT
  41. ↑ Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I of Batthyany. Dissertation at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1961, p. 134 ff.
  42. ↑ Galla Ferenc: Harminckilenc kiadatlan Pázmány levél. (Ger. 39 unedited letters from Pázmánys), Ed. Galla Ferenc, Vác 1936, in Hungarian, letter No. 6.
  43. ↑ Correspondence with the administrator on July 2, 1656 in Vera Zimányi: The peasant class of the Güssing rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Burgenland State Archives (ed.): Burgenland Research. Eisenstadt 1962, p. 66.
  44. ↑ Bibiana Kametler: Count Adam I of Batthyany. Dissertation at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1961, p. 193 ff.
  45. ↑ Vera Zimányi: The peasant class of the Güssing rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Burgenland State Archives (ed.): Burgenland Research. Eisenstadt 1962, p. 113 f.
  46. ↑ Güssinger history in annual figures ( memento from March 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) on the guessing.net website (accessed on September 10, 2010)
  47. ^ Table of the population of the Güssing rule 1643–1691 in Vera Zimányi: The peasant class of the Güssing rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Burgenland State Archives (ed.): Burgenland Research. Eisenstadt 1962, p. 53.
  48. ↑ Vera Zimányi: The peasant class of the Güssing rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Burgenland State Archives (ed.): Burgenland Research. Eisenstadt 1962, p. 96 ff.
  49. ^ Reading material in West Hungary II. In: Burgenland research. Special issue XV, published by the Burgenländisches Landesarchiv, Köszeg, Rust, Eisenstadt, Forchtenstein 1996, p. 16.
  50. ^ A b András Koltai: Adam Batthyány and his library. Burgenland State Archives and State Library, Eisenstadt 2002, ISBN 3-901517-33-2 .
  51. ^ Adam Batthyány and his library (summary in German) on the electronic Hungarian library mek.niif.hu in Hungarian, accessed on September 10, 2010.
  52. ↑ Kriegleder, Seidler: German language and culture, literature and press in West Hungary / Burgenland. Edition lumière bremen, Bremen 2004, p. 100.
  53. ^ András Koltai: Adam Batthyány and his library. Burgenland State Archives and State Library, Eisenstadt 2002, ISBN 3-901517-33-2 , p. 65.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 28, 2010 .
personal data
SURNAME Batthyány, Ádám
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Batthyány of Németújvár, Count Ádám
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hungarian magnate, member of the Batthyány magnate family
DATE OF BIRTH February 14, 1609
DATE OF DEATH March 15, 1659