Armenian Diaspora in Europe

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The Armenian Diaspora in Europe is part of the Armenian Diaspora worldwide outside the historical core areas of Armenia , mostly in the Armenian Highlands or Eastern Anatolia . Most Armenians immigrated to many European countries in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially Russia, France, Great Britain and many other countries. There is also v. a. An Armenian diaspora in Eastern and Southeastern European countries since the Middle Ages, some of which still exists today, originally mostly urban merchants, long-distance traders and craftsmen.

The earliest large Armenian diaspora group on European soil were members of the Paulikian sect , which the Byzantine Emperor Basil I had deported to Thrace in large numbers in the 9th century , but which probably did not last into the late Middle Ages . In the late Middle Ages under Ottoman rule , smaller Armenian minorities settled in the cities of the eastern Balkans, e. B. Edirne , Plovdiv , Burgas , Ruse or Saloniki .

Armenian settlement west of the Crimea before 1700 between Eastern Galicia - Podolia and Northern Bulgaria

After the destruction of the Armenian empires of the Bagratuni and Ardsruni in Eastern Anatolia after 1000, a large number of Armenians emigrated to the Crimea in what was then the Byzantine province of Cherson , where, later under the Venetian , Genoese and finally under the rule of the Crimean Khanate, they became a numerous and important population group formed, which was mainly active in long-distance trade between Eastern Europe and the Middle East and in handicrafts. From here, many Armenian merchants and artisans settled in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period in eastern and south-eastern European cities, such as Poland-Lithuania , with today's Ukraine and in the Romanian Danube principalities and Transylvania .

The Armenian inhabitants of Eastern Europe gradually adapted linguistically to the surrounding population, but remained distinguishable from the surrounding area due to their affiliation to the Armenian Apostolic Church , and later partly to the Armenian Catholic Church . Since 18./19. In the 19th century, their share of the population fell sharply, partly due to emigration to the east, partly due to marriages with the surrounding area and a change of denomination.

Since the 19th century, Russia and France have become priority countries for the Armenian diaspora in Europe due to immigration from Eastern Anatolia, Cilicia , Syria and the state of Armenia .

Religious oppression and proselytizing

Monastery of San Lazzaro degli Armeni, the center of the Mechitarists near Venice

The Armenians were able to maintain their linguistic and religious identity, depending on the conditions in their new home countries. In Central Europe , the assimilation pressure of the Catholic rulers was particularly great in the 17th century. Since the 13th century, Rome tried to convince parts of Armenian Christianity to convert or to join the Church with the Holy See and was partially successful. After the Council of Trent (1545–1563), these efforts were intensified in the course of the Counter Reformation , also with the help of the Jesuit Order . With the formation of the Armenian Catholic churches in Poland-Lithuania , which were subordinate to the Pope, but which continued to foster the Armenian rite and the Armenian church language , then in the Kingdom of Hungary , whose membership was mandatory for Armenians in both kingdoms, these efforts had their first successes. In addition to a cultural and linguistic rapprochement with the mostly Catholic majority population in Poland-Lithuania and Hungary, the Catholic mission was also one of the reasons for a gradual decline in the Armenian minority. While church weddings between non-Catholics and Catholics were almost impossible before the introduction of civil marriage in the 19th century , Armenian-Catholic-Roman-Catholic or Armenian-Catholic- Ukrainian-Catholic marriages were not a problem and became more common since the 17th century, their descendants each other often no longer identified as Armenians.

One of the most important Armenian Catholic personalities was Mechitar von Sebasteia (1676–1749), who converted to Catholicism as a member of the clergy of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople and founded the Catholic Congregation of Mechitarists in 1717 on the island of San Lazzaro in Venice . A linguist himself, Mechitar and his monks became a decisive factor in the research and establishment of the modern Armenian language (in addition to the ancient Armenian church language ) and culture. The mechitarists also developed into the driving force behind the Armenian Catholic mission among the Armenians in the Middle East, which was initially opposed by the traditional Armenian Apostolic Church.

In addition to the Armenian Catholic Church, the influence of British, American, German, etc. a. evangelical missionaries also an Armenian Evangelical Church , whose percentage of followers among the Armenians in Southeast and Eastern Europe was lower than among the Armenians in the Middle East.

In the Eastern Christian-Orthodox countries there were no comparable efforts to join forces and missions, although here too the Armenian Church clearly differed from the Orthodox churches through its christological dogma of monophysitism / miaphysitism . For example, in were the Russian Empire , although other Orthodox churches such as the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Romanian Orthodox Church in Bessarabia the Russian Orthodox Church connected, the special position of the Armenian Apostolic Church, however, was maintained without missionary efforts.

Armenia maritima (Crimea)

Probably the oldest of several surviving medieval Armenian churches in Feodosia (Kaffa) in the Crimea: Sub Sarkis (St. Sergios, around 1330)

The first center of the Armenian diaspora on European soil in the late Middle Ages became the Crimea , in whose cities Armenians can be identified since the 11th century. The Crimea became a thriving trading zone as the end point of the caravan routes through the empire of the Golden Horde , especially when the Genoese took control of the ports in the south from 1267 . The Armenians rendered them indispensable services as trade agents, trading partners and soldiers. Their number grew through further immigration from Armenia itself and the south of Russia , where the Mongols had brought Armenians, and amounted to several tens of thousands in the 14th and 15th centuries. In some western sources, the south of Crimea was therefore referred to as Armenia Maritima or Armenia Magna (in historical allusion to Magna Graecia , which was located across the sea in ancient times ).

The Crimea was established as a separate Armenian diocese in the middle of the 14th century; the city of Kaffa alone had 44 Armenian churches and 46,000 believers. The expulsion of the Genoese by the Ottomans and the Crimean Tatars allied with them in 1475 briefly ended this boom in trade. Many Armenians went to Constantinople , Bulgaria or Poland-Lithuania , where, however, Armenians can already be proven, especially as urban long-distance traders and craftsmen.

Percentage of the Armenian minority in the counties and cities of Crimea in the 1926 census

In the Crimean khanate the flourishing of the trading centers in the Crimea was renewed and Armenian merchants played an important role in the long-distance trade of the Crimean khanate , alongside Muslim-Crimean Tatar, Greek and Jewish ( Crimean and Karaite ) traders . The city of Kaffa ( Krimtat. Kefe, today Feodosia ) remained a predominantly Armenian trading town until the 18th century. After the Crimean Khanate became a subjugated vassal state of Russia in the Peace of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774, there were unrest and attacks between the Crimean Muslim and Crimean Christian population, whereupon Catherine the Great in 1778 most of the Christian Crimean Armenians and Crimean Greeks (almost all of them in the Everyday life in the Crimean Tatar language, but recognizable by their church affiliations and names) to the region around Azov and Rostov-on-Don , for example to Nakhchivan-on-Don .

Small minorities stayed in Crimea afterwards. In the censuses in the Crimea in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, the Armenian population fluctuated at an average of around 1–3%. Only the Stalinist deportations by nationality meant the end of the Armenian presence in the Crimea, as did the entire old population from the time of the Crimean Khanate (the majority of Crimean Jews fell victim to the Shoah ). Shortly after the deportation of all Crimean Tatars by the NKVD from 11/18. May 1944 were from May 29th / 2nd June also deported the Armenian and Greek minorities from the Crimea (due to their Crimean Tatar colloquial language and their traditionally close contacts with the Crimean Tatars), as well as the Bulgarians and Italians settled in the Crimea in the 19th century (as members of ethnic groups who were simultaneously in enemy states of the World War provided the state people). Because the deportees from Crimea were never fully rehabilitated in Soviet times, the majority of the Crimean Tatars, some Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians and also some Crimean Germans who were deported in August 1941, only returned to the Crimea after the end of the Soviet Union. Because of the resistance of the residents assigned to their apartments and houses, most of them now live together in newly built settlements.

Armenians in Poland and southern Russia / Ukraine ( Lehastan )

Armenian Cathedral of Lviv , built 1356–63, Armenian Catholic 1689–1945, since 2001 Armenian Apostolic again

Armenians had immigrated to the territory of the Russian principalities since the 11th century . After the Mongol conquest in 1240, communities were formed in the western areas of Galicia , Volhynia and Podolia (in Armenian sources these areas are called "Lehastan"), which in 1340 by Casimir III. were annexed to the Kingdom of Poland . Casimir III Like the Jews, granted the Armenians the right to practice their faith and to receive their own courts.

Houses Armenian merchants in the UNESCO World Heritage belonging Renaissance -Planstadt Zamość .

Further immigration, especially from the Crimea after 1475, allowed the Armenian communities to grow in numerous cities in what is now western Ukraine. Its center was Leopolis / Lemberg , the seat of an Armenian bishop since 1364 and the most important place of court for the Armenians. At the beginning of the 17th century, 2500 Armenians lived in the city. The leading stratum were the rich merchants who played a significant role in trade between the Eastern European empires Poland-Lithuania , Russia and Hungary on the one hand, mostly via the Crimean Khanate and the Romanian Balkan countries of Moldova , Wallachia and Transylvania to the Ottoman Empire and Persia on the other side played. These merchants and long-distance traders played a leading role in the late medieval and early modern settlement of Armenians in the eastern and south-eastern European countries west of the Crimea. They were followed by Armenian craftsmen and other, mostly urban, population groups.

From the Armenian-Christian community in Poland-Lithuania from 13. – 17. In the 19th century numerous documents, chronicles and other writings in traditional Armenian script have been preserved, but the everyday language in which they were written was not the Armenian language, but the traditional Turkic language of Crimea, initially Kipchak , later called Crimean Tatar , interspersed with Armenian loanwords, which is why the language form is also called Armeno-Kipchak or Armeno-Crimean Tatar. This shows that the Crimean menians had adopted the Kipchak-Crimean Tatar colloquial language as early as the early Crimean khanate of the late Middle Ages through relationships with their Crimean Tatar neighbors and that they retained it as an internal language in Poland for a long time. Only in the 17th / 18th In the 19th century they went over to Polish colloquial language. Armenians also rendered important services to the Polish kingdom in the military defense of the country. Several thousand Armenians moved in 1683 in the army of Jan III. Sobieski to relieve the city from the Ottomans to Vienna .

The baroque interior architecture of the Armenian Catholic Cathedral of Ivano-Frankivsk (built 1743–63) shows the Catholic influence on the Armenian Catholic Church

Galicia became a center of early Armenian book printing and literature . The Jesuits founded a seminary in Lviv in the 17th century to promote Armenian studies and literature. Associated with this was increasing pressure to assimilate the Polish secular and ecclesiastical authorities on the Armenians, as on all non-Catholic denominations, which led to numerous conversions. In 1596 the Orthodox had to join the Union of Brest , in 1689 the Armenian Bishop of Lemberg recognized the sovereignty of the Pope while maintaining the Armenian rite and the ancient Armenian church language . This created the earliest regional forerunner of the Armenian Catholic Church , which, like all churches united with Rome, developed cultural rapprochement with Roman Catholic traditions. Linguistic polonization followed the church union . Because of the rejection of the union with Rome and because of the dwindling economic and political prosperity of the Polish-Lithuanian state, many Armenians emigrated to Russia, Constantinople, Persia or Wallachia . The end of the Armenian rite in the east of Lehastan brought Russian rule in 1820 after the annexation of Podolia as part of the Polish partitions . In Lviv itself and Galicia, the Armenian Catholic life of faith could be continued under Austrian rule, the diocese comprised around 3000 Armenian Catholic Christians in the Polish language in 1880, who were therefore often called "Armeno-Poland" in Austria-Hungary . To a limited extent, this community survived the renewed Polish rule, the Second World War and the Soviet rule and in 1970 still consisted of 1500 members, but most of the community members were resettled to Wroclaw after the World War, like almost all Polish-speaking residents of Lviv . Today in western Ukraine there is again a small Armenian apostolic community with the Lviv Cathedral, built in the 14th century, as its center. In Poland today there are Armenian Catholic churches in Gliwice , Warsaw and Gdansk , and Armenian-Polish cultural associations ( Ormiańskie Towarzystwo Kulturalne ) in addition to these three locations in Opole , Wroclaw, Krakow and Poznań .

In today's Ukraine a small, mostly Armenian apostolic minority lives again today, who immigrated mainly during the Soviet period. According to the 2001 census, their share is below 0.5% in all regions and even below 0.1% in the west.

Armenians in the Romanian Danube principalities

Principalities of Moldavia (blue) and Wallachia (light brown) and the areas of Bukovina and Little Wallachia (hatched), ceded in the 18th century, with the oldest Armenian settlements around 1402 (blue), others up to 1475 (purple) and Armenian settlements up to 1700 (light brown) , the diocese in Suceava ( Khachkar symbol) and Armenian apostolic merchant guilds and caravanserais
The Zamca monastery on the southern edge of Suceava was the seat of the Armenian bishops of Moldova in the early modern period

Since the 14th century, Armenians have found a home in the Principality of Moldova (today Moldova and eastern regions of Romania ). In 1350 they built a first church in Botoșani , and in 1395 a second in Jassy (Iași). In 1401 Prince Alexander the Good allowed them to establish a diocese in Suceava . While the communities were strengthened by immigrants from the Crimea after 1475, membership decreased due to Ottoman deportations, Polish attacks and escape from religious persecution by the princes of the 16th and 17th centuries. They lasted until 1790 when about 4,000 Armenians emigrated to Russia.

After 1475 Armenians immigrated mainly to Wallachia (southern regions of Romania) and in 1620 they built the first church in Bucharest . As in other regions, they played a central role in trade and since the 19th century they actively participated in the intellectual, artistic and political life of the emerging Romanian state. In contrast to the Catholic countries of Poland-Lithuania and Hungary under the Habsburgs , the Armenian minority in the Orthodox Danube principalities of Moldova and Wallachia was not exposed to any pressure to form an ecclesiastical union with Rome, but remained Armenian-apostolic, but also increasingly used the Romanian language in everyday life .

The "repatriation" of Armenians from Eastern Europe to the Armenian Soviet Republic , promoted by Stalin between 1946 and 1948, weakened the communities. This immigration to the Armenian Soviet Republic was stopped again after the resettlement of 100,000 Armenians from the diaspora. Another wave of emigration followed in the 1950s and 1960s to Western Europe and the Middle East . In 1956 there were still 6,400 Armenians, in 1992 only 2000, mainly in Bucharest , Constanța and Tulcea .

In the countries of the Stephanskrone (Transylvania / Hungary)

Partly Armenian settlements in Transylvania after the 1850 census

Since the high Middle Ages, Armenians have found their way to Transylvania , where an Armenian bishop even resided in the 14th century. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Armenians fled mainly from the Vltava via the Carpathian Mountains . In 1680 the religiously tolerant, evangelical prince of Transylvania granted them certain privileges and trade concessions and in 1696 after the expulsion of the Ottomans, the new Habsburg masters granted them special rights. The Armenians were allowed to maintain their own courts, especially in their main settlements Gherla (northeast of Klausenburg / Cluj), Elizabethspol ( Dumbrăveni , in the 17th - 19th centuries also called "Armenopol" or "Armenian town", northeast of Hermannstadt / Sibiu), and in Gheorgheni (in northeastern Transylvania). A map from probably the first half of the 19th century shows several places in Transylvania as being mainly Armenian. Their total number was probably 20,000.

Here, too, after Transylvania took over the Hungarian rule of the Catholic Habsburgs at the end of the 17th century, they were urged to convert to the Catholic faith and after the annexation of Galicia to Austria, the Armenian Catholic Bishop of Lemberg was entrusted with jurisdiction over the Armenians in Transylvania. In 1848 some Armenian communities took an active part in the revolution of Hungary against the Habsburgs. Three generals of Armenian descent were among the military leaders of the uprising, and two were executed in 1849. The Armenian cities then had to make high payments and lost their privileges. The church administration was placed under a non-Armenian bishop. In Transylvania , which is part of Hungary , the now mostly Hungarian-speaking Armenian Christians were counted among the ethnic Hungarians in the course of the Magyarization policy and the majority soon counted themselves among them. In the following decades their number decreased, but there are still Armenian Catholic communities in Transylvania.

Armenians in Austria

Armenian merchants built their trade network as far as Vienna and settled in the Danube metropolis from the 17th century. Of the numerous Armenians who were in the army of King John III of Poland . Sobieski took part in the relief battle against the Ottomans in 1683, some stayed in the city and Emperor Leopold I granted them some privileges.

Armenian-Catholic Mechitarist Convention in Vienna

The Armenian community in Vienna received new impulses with the settlement of a congregation of Catholic Mechitarists in 1810/1811, which had split off from the mother convent in Venice in 1773. After a fire in 1835, the church and the convent in Vienna's seventh district were rebuilt. The Vienna Fathers produced a number of linguists and historians, including Father Arsen Aydenian (1824–1902), who in 1866 published a basic grammar of modern Armenian. The convention attracted numerous students from the Armenian communities in Eastern Europe and the Middle East and, from 1887, maintained a specialist organ with the magazine Handes Amsorya ("Monthly Review"), which lasted until the 1980s and has recently been published again from Armenia .

In the middle of the 19th century there were around 16,000 Armenians in the Austrian monarchy.

Armenian Apostolic Church of St. Hripsime in Vienna

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, emigrants from the Ottoman Empire strengthened the Viennese community, so that the construction of their own church was considered. In 1966 the Armenian Apostolic Church was accepted into the World Council of Churches , and since 1972 it has been a legally recognized congregation. On April 21, 1968 the inauguration of the church in Kolonitzgasse 11 in the third district of Vienna, which is under the patronage of the Armenian archmartyr St. Hripsime (4th century), took place . Catholicos Wasgen I , who himself came from the Romanian diaspora, is the head of the Armenian Church based in Etschmiadzin in Armenia. In 1980 he established a new diocese for Central Europe based in Vienna. The Armenian Apostolic Church, whose congregation in Austria numbers 3,000, maintains relationships with the Roman Catholic Church and the other denominations and is a member of the “ Pro Oriente ” foundation . Vienna therefore also became a central place for the preparation of the reconciliation between Rome and the ancient oriental , Miaphysite churches.

The internationally successful Armenian opera singer Hasmik Papian lives in Vienna. The artist, who was born in Yerevan , appears regularly at the Vienna State Opera , as well as at many other renowned opera houses around the world, such as the Scala in Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York or the Opéra Bastille in Paris.

According to the Archdiocese of Vienna, around 7,000 Armenians live in Austria, around 3,000 of them in Vienna.

Armenians in Germany

According to the Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Germany, the number of Armenians in the Federal Republic of Germany is between 50,000 and 60,000. The largest community can be found in Cologne .

Armenians in Switzerland

Armenians in France

Demonstration to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide on April 24, 2015 in Lyon .

With the exception of Russia, France was the main destination for Armenian refugees and emigrants, especially the port cities of Marseille and Valence and of course the metropolis of Paris . With 500–600,000 Armenian inhabitants, France today has the fourth largest Armenian population after Armenia, Russia and the USA. Most Armenians fled immediately after the First World War to the country than France between the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 Cilicia occupied stopped and southern parts of Anatolia, but had to evacuate again, or later migrated from the League of Nations Mandate for Syria and Lebanon to France a.

For the Gregorian Armenians - the members of the traditional Armenian Gregorian Church or Armenian Apostolic Church - in France, Catholicos Karekin II. Nersissian established a unified Armenian Diocese of France in December 2006 with the Armenian Cathedral in Paris as the center and 24 parishes throughout the country . On June 22, 2007, Bishop Norvan Zakarian , previously Vicar Bishop in Lyon, was elected the first primate of the new diocese and was confirmed the next day by the Catholic in Etschmiadzin .

Armenians in Russia

Chatschkar (Kreuzstein) Surb Chatsch (Heiligkreuz), one of the oldest Armenian Khachkars from the 6th century from Ani , since 1385 in Surb-Chatsch Monastery / Crimea, since 1778 in New Nakhchivan / Rostov.

Parallel to the settlement in the Ukrainian and Eastern Polish cities, Armenian merchants have also been demonstrable since the 11th, especially since the 13th century, in more distant central Russian cities and the cities of the Empire of the Volga-Bulgarians and later the Golden Horde , albeit in significantly fewer numbers. Most of them had the legal status of gosty (Russian "guests"), so they were only temporarily present long-distance traders and merchants, rarely permanent residents or craftsmen.

Another long-established group of Armenian Christians in the area of ​​today's Russia were the Armenians in the North Caucasus , who have been a minority in the trade bases of the Black Sea coast and on the North Caucasian trade route from Persia via Derbent (in this city since the 4th century) since the 15th century ) lived permanently in Tana ( Azov ) and the Crimea. These Armenians were formerly called "Cherkessogai", from Russian Черкесогаи ( Cherkessogai ) from Armenian չերքեզահայեր ( Tscherk'esahajer ), which means "Cherkessia Armenians", whereby Cherkessia was often a term for the entire North Caucasus until the beginning of the 19th century.

The Armenian Apostolic Church of St. Catherine (built 1771–76) in Saint Petersburg , on Nevsky Prospect .

Since Russia under Catherine the Great began its policy of expansion to the Black and Mediterranean at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and in the Peace of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774 secured the status of a protective power for Christians in the Ottoman Empire, the influx of Armenian immigrants and refugees to Russia has gradually increased . The earliest group were the above-mentioned mostly Crimean Tatar-speaking Krimarmenier, who were resettled in large numbers in the region around Azov and Rostov-on-Don in 1778 . In 1796, several thousand Armenian - speaking Armenians followed a withdrawal of the Russian army from the Shirvan Khanate in the North Caucasus and were settled in Astrakhan and the surrounding area and in the village of Edissia, east of Kurskaya .

In the 19th and 20th centuries, significantly more Armenians immigrated to Russia. Most of the Armenians from the Ottoman Empire and less often from Persia were settled in the South Caucasus , especially in today's Armenia , southern Georgia and western Azerbaijan , which increased the Armenian population (depending on the previous population share and its increase, however, regionally very different). In what is now the Russian foothills of the North Caucasus and more often on the Russian Black Sea coast, especially at the end of the Caucasus War from 1861 after the deportation of many Circassians , Abkhazians and other Caucasians to the Ottoman Empire, settlement commissions as part of the settlement policy of the Tsarist Empire in the Caucasus allocated land to Armenians alongside other settlers who were mainly settled in new Armenian villages. Further waves of immigration followed after the genocide in 1915/16 (but not so numerous here due to the Russian civil war ), during the period of Soviet industrialization, which was more far-reaching in central Russia than in the South Caucasus, and finally after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which was even deeper Crises in the Armenian economy when the Russian economy led to immigration to Russia.

Percentages of the Armenian minority in the Russian regions

Russia is now the country with the largest Armenian population, after Armenia itself. In the last census in Russia in 2010, 1,182,388 residents said they were Armenians (only six still called themselves Cherkessogians), but only 660,935 gave Armenian as their mother tongue on. Urban population groups who have been living in Russia for a long time in particular have switched to the colloquial Russian language, but still see themselves as Armenians because of their origins or Armenian church membership. Most of the Armenians who have recently immigrated and who live in Armenian villages often still speak Armenian. The focal points of the Armenian population in Russia are the federal districts of the North Caucasus and Southern Russia, followed by the federal districts of Volga and Central Russia, with a focus on Moscow and St. Petersburg. The largest Armenian population in 2010 was in the Krasnodar region on the North Caucasian-Russian Black Sea coast (281,680 = 5.5% of the region's population ), followed by the eastern Stavropol region (161,324 = 5.9%), the Rostov Oblast (110,727 = 2.6 %) and the city of Moscow (106,466 = 1%). In addition, some other South Russian, North Caucasian and Central Russian regions, oblasts and republics have a low Armenian population of 0.5% to approx. 3%.

Other countries

Individual evidence

  1. Results of the censuses in Crimea 1793–1989 by ethnicity and district and city (Russian)
  2. on the national deportations under Stalinism cf. z. B. Gerhard Simon : Nationalism and Nationality Policy in the Soviet Union: From Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society. Pp. 217-232.
  3. List of Stalinist deportations in "Demoskop Weekly" (Russian)
  4. Detailed report by the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities: Integration of formerly deported people in Crimea, Ukraine, is focus of OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities' latest report of 16 August 2013.
  5. ^ Omeljan Pritsak : Das Kiptschakische in Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta , Vol. 1, Wiesbaden 1959, pp. 74 ff; E. Schütz: An Armeno-Kipchak Chronicle on the Polish-Turkish Wars in 1620-1621. Budapest 1998.
  6. See this map based on the data from the 2001 census .
  7. ^ An attempt at a language map of the Austrian monarchy. Publishing house by Gustav Ernich, accessed on February 11, 2018 (German).
  8. Ethnographic map of the Austrian monarchy. Retrieved October 22, 2018 .
  9. ^ The two Armenian churches in Austria . Archdiocese of Vienna . June 19, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016
  10. General information Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Germany. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  11. Short article from the newspaper "La Provence".
  12. Results of the 2010 Census of Russia , Excel table 5, lines 38 and 39.
  13. Results of the 2010 Russian Census , Excel table 6, line 24.
  14. ^ Results of the 2010 Census of Russia , Excel table 7, line 357.
  15. ^ Results of the 2010 Russian Census , Excel table 7, line 530.
  16. ^ Results of the 2010 Russian Census , Excel table 7, line 417.
  17. ^ Results of the 2010 Russian Census , Excel table 7, line 172.
  18. ^ Results of the 2010 Census of Russia , Excel table 7, different lines.