Human Development Index

2018: HDI world map (published in December 2019)

≥0.900

0.850-0.899

0.800-0.849

0.750-0.799

0.700-0.749

0.650-0.699

0.600-0.649

0.550-0.599

0.500-0.549

0.450-0.499

0.400-0.449

≤0.399

no data

2015–2016: HDI world map ( quartiles , published March 2017)

Very high

high

medium

low

no data

The Human Development Index ( English Human Development Index , abbreviated HDI ) of the United Nations is an indicator of prosperity for States . The HDI is since 1990 in the annual report on human development (English Human Development Report ) of the United Nations Development Program published (UNDP).

The HDI not only takes into account the gross national income per capita, but also life expectancy and the duration of training based on the number of school years a 25-year-old has completed and the expected duration of a child's education at school age. The HDI was essentially developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq , who worked closely with the Indian economist Amartya Sen and the British economist and politician Meghnad Desai .

As additional UNDP annually publishes the inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index ). This supplementary index is a measure of human development that includes inequality in education, health and income.

Calculation method since 2010 ( NHDI )

As of the Human Development Report 2010, the three dimensions are calculated as follows:

Life expectancy index: ${\ displaystyle {\ text {LEI}} = {\ dfrac {{\ text {LE}} - 20} {85 {,} 0-20}}}$
Education index: ${\ displaystyle {\ text {BI}} = {\ dfrac {{\ text {DSDI}} + {\ text {VSDI}}} {2}}}$

2.1. Average school attendance index: ${\ displaystyle {\ text {DSDI}} = {\ dfrac {{\ text {DSD}} - 0} {15 {,} 0-0}}}$

2.2. Expected school attendance index: ${\ displaystyle {\ text {VSDI}} = {\ dfrac {{\ text {VSD}} - 0} {18 {,} 0-0}}}$
Income index : ${\ displaystyle {\ text {EI}} = {\ dfrac {\ ln ({\ text {BNEpk}}) - \ ln (100)} {\ ln (75000) - \ ln (100)}}}$

Finally, the HDI is calculated as a geometric mean from the three dimensions: ${\ displaystyle {\ text {HDI}} = {\ sqrt [{3}] {{\ text {LEI}} \ cdot {\ text {BI}} \ cdot {\ text {EI}}}}.}$

The minimum and maximum values (target values) are used to normalize the sub-indices in the value range [0; 1].

Minimum and maximum values for the 2014 report
indicator		minimum	observed maximum (limited to)
LE	Life expectancy at birth	20.0	85.0
DSD	Average length of school attendance (number of years that a person aged 25 or older has attended school)	0	15.0
VSD	Estimated length of school attendance (number of years a 5-year-old child can expect to go to school)	0	18.0
BNEpk	Gross national income per capita ( adjusted for purchasing power in US $)	100	75,000

To distinguish it from the original method, the index determined by this method is sometimes also called the New Human Development Index (NHDI).

Calculation method from 2009 to 2010

HDI trend between 1980 and 2011

Arabic states

Europe and Central Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

East Asia and the Pacific

South asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

The life expectancy factor is regarded as an indicator of health welfare, nutrition and hygiene ; the education is level, as well as the income of acquired knowledge and participation in public and political life for a reasonable standard of living .

There are three main indices, whereby the formation is split into three sub-indices:

Sub-index	lower limit value (min)	upper limit value (max)
A 0- life expectancy at birth	20 years (fixed value)	83.4 years ( Japan , 2011)
B1 - School education completed (mean in number of years)	0	13.1 ( Czech Republic , 2005)
B2 - expected total training (mean in number of years)	0	18.0 (fixed value)
B3 - Combined Education Index	0	0.978 ( New Zealand , 2010)
C 0- Gross National Income (GNI) per inhabitant in PPP US dollars	100 (fixed value)	107,721 ( Qatar , 2011)

The limit values are the minima / maxima that have ever been reached by a country.

The indices I for A , B1 and B2 are now calculated

{\ displaystyle I _ {\ text {partial index}} = {\ dfrac {{\ text {value}} - {\ text {partial index}} _ {\ text {min}}} {{\ text {partial index}} _ { \ text {max}} - {\ text {partial index}} _ {\ text {min}}}}}

The education index B is calculated to

{\ displaystyle B = {\ frac {\ sqrt {I_ {B1} \ cdot I_ {B2}}} {B3 _ {\ text {max}}}}}

The income index Z is calculated to

{\ displaystyle Z = {\ frac {\ ln (C) - \ ln (C _ {\ text {min}})} {\ ln (C _ {\ text {max}}) - \ ln (C _ {\ text { min}})}}}

The HDI is calculated from this

{\ displaystyle {\ text {HDI}} = {\ sqrt [{3}] {I_ {A} \ cdot B \ cdot Z}}}

This means that the HDI assumes values between zero and one. According to the HDI value, UNDP has divided the countries into four development categories since 2009:

HDI ≥ 0.800: countries with very high human development
HDI ≥ 0.700: countries with high human development
HDI ≥ 0.550: Countries with average human development
HDI <0.549: Countries with little human development

Calculation method before 2009

Sub-index	lower limit	upper limit	Share in the sub-index
A 0- life expectancy at birth	25 years	85 years	100%
B1 - adult literacy rate	0%	100%	66.67%
B2 - gross school enrollment rate	0%	100%	33.33%
C 0- Real purchasing power per inhabitant	US $ 100	$ 40,000	100%

The calculation method before 2009 differs significantly from the current one. In the old HDI, the literacy rate of adults was also counted with two thirds of the weighting for sub-index B and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment rate with one third of the weighting.

However, since schools and teaching qualifications in developing countries cannot be equated with those in industrialized countries, the index was re-created in favor of pure school duration and expected training time.

history

Amartya Sen

Mahbub ul Haq

According to Amartya Sen, the basic motivation for the development of the Human Development Index in 1990 was the lack of informative value of previous measuring instruments (e.g. assessment of development according to gross domestic product ). The HDI should enable the level of development to be measured, which is more in line with people's needs and takes into account as many aspects of development as a relatively simple index can. Mahbub ul Haq (one of the inventors of the HDI) argued that development should increase people's possibilities. The development goals therefore also include values such as nutrition, health, education, leisure and opportunities for people to have a say.

In the introduction to the first Human Development Report from 1990, the aim was to:

“People are the real wealth of a nation. The basic objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. This may appear to be a simple truth. But it is often forgotten in the immediate concern with the accumulation of commodities and financial wealth. "

“People are the real wealth of a country. The basic goal of development is to create an environment in which people can enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. This may seem like a simple truth, but it is often forgotten behind concerns about the accumulation of material goods and financial wealth. "

criticism

The informative value of the HDI is controversial. The point of contention is, for example, the weighting of the aspects of human development, with different assessments prevailing as to which aspects are to be included and how high these should be assessed.

The HDI uses mean values for a country and therefore cannot directly map inequalities within the country. The structure of the HDI has been changed several times in the past few years (for example in the treatment of income or the modification of upper and lower limits). This also results in limited comparability of the data over the years.

The HDI is criticized for reasons of redundancy , since the indicators recorded in the HDI correlate very strongly with the gross national income per capita and are therefore recorded by it.

The conservative economist Bryan Caplan criticizes the HDI for several reasons: everyday important material goods are undervalued and education is overrated. In addition, full marks can only be achieved for the educational parameter if the entire population consists of schoolchildren or students. Caplan also sees the problem that the scale undervalues gross national income. Since they are already at the upper end of the scale, rich countries have little further development in this area. It is similar with life expectancy. In addition, the HDI makes Scandinavia the top of human achievements (compare Swedish model ), which makes it practically a measure of how "Scandinavian" a country is. But Caplan has doubts that there is no room for improvement there.

The HDI is also criticized for not taking ecological factors into account. According to the World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF), countries with a very high level of human development currently have a particularly large ecological footprint . The organization assumes that currently not a single country fulfills the conditions of a reasonable standard of living and an earth-friendly ecological footprint. Since an intact ecosystem can be seen as the basis for human well-being and a high life expectancy, the WWF believes that the ecological footprint should be taken into account as a factor in the HDI.

Human Development Index 2018 - Ranking

The HDI 2018 ranking was published on December 9, 2019 and is based on data for 2018.

Very high human development

Rank 2018	Change to 2017	Country or territory	HDI 2018	Change to 2017
1		Norway Norway	0.954	0.001
2		Switzerland Switzerland	0.946	0.003
3		Ireland Ireland	0.942	0.003
4th		Germany Germany	0.939	0.001
4th	(2)	Hong Kong Hong Kong	0.939	0.003
6th	(1)	Australia Australia	0.938	0.001
6th	(1)	Iceland Iceland	0.938	0.003
8th	(1)	Sweden Sweden	0.937	0.001
9		Singapore Singapore	0.935	0.001
10		Netherlands Netherlands	0.933	0.001
11		Denmark Denmark	0.930	0.001
12		Finland Finland	0.925	0.001
13		Canada Canada	0.922	0.001
14th		New Zealand New Zealand	0.921	0.001
15th		United Kingdom United Kingdom	0.920	0.001
15th		United States United States	0.920	0.001
17th		Belgium Belgium	0.919	0.002
18th		Liechtenstein Liechtenstein	0.917	0.001
19th		Japan Japan	0.915	0.002
20th		Austria Austria	0.914	0.002
- ^2nd		Macau Macau	0.909	0.001
21st		Luxembourg Luxembourg	0.909	0.001
- ^2nd		Taiwan Taiwan	0.907	0.002
22nd		Israel Israel	0.906	0.002
22nd		Korea South South Korea	0.906	0.002
24		Slovenia Slovenia	0.902	0.003
25th		Spain Spain	0.893	0.002
26th	(1)	Czech Republic Czech Republic	0.891	0.003
26th		France France	0.891	0.001
28		Malta Malta	0.885	0.002
29		Italy Italy	0.883	0.002
30th		Estonia Estonia	0.882	0.003
31		Cyprus Republic Cyprus	0.873	0.002
32		Greece Greece	0.872	0.001
32	(1)	Poland Poland	0.872	0.004
34		Lithuania Lithuania	0.869	0.003
35		United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates	0.866	0.002
36	(2)	Andorra Andorra	0.857	0.005
36		Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia	0.857	0.001
36	(1)	Slovakia Slovakia	0.857	0.003
39		Latvia Latvia	0.854	0.004
40		Portugal Portugal	0.850	0.002
41	(1)	Qatar Qatar	0.848
42		Chile Chile	0.847	0.002
43		Brunei Brunei	0.845	0.002
43	(1)	Hungary Hungary	0.845	0.004
- ^2nd		Puerto Rico Puerto Rico	0.845	0.001
45		Bahrain Bahrain	0.838	0.001
46		Croatia Croatia	0.837	0.002
47		Oman Oman	0.834	0.001
48		Argentina Argentina	0.830	0.002
49		Russia Russia	0.824	0.002
50		Belarus Belarus	0.817	0.002
50	(1)	Kazakhstan Kazakhstan	0.817	0.004
52	(1)	Bulgaria Bulgaria	0.816	0.003
52	(1)	Montenegro Montenegro	0.816	0.003
52	(1)	Romania Romania	0.816	0.003
55	(1)	Palau Palau	0.814	0.003
56	(5)	Barbados Barbados	0.813
57		Kuwait Kuwait	0.808	0.001
57	(1)	Uruguay Uruguay	0.808	0.001
59		Turkey Turkey	0.806	0.001
60		Bahamas Bahamas	0.805	0.001
61		Malaysia Malaysia	0.804	0.002
62		Seychelles Seychelles	0.801	0.001

¹ Andorra and Liechtenstein were recorded for the first time in the HDI 2010.

²The Republic of China in Taiwan is not a member of the UN due to the Taiwan conflict and is therefore not included in the Human Development Report. However, the national statistical authority calculates its own value for the HDI using the same methods. Puerto Rico, Hong Kong and Macao are also not independent states, but are listed here for comparison purposes.

High human development

Rank 2018	Change to 2017	Country or territory	HDI 2018	Change to 2017
63	(2)	Serbia Serbia	0.799	0.005
63		Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago	0.799
65	(2)	Iran Iran	0.797	0.001
66		Mauritius Mauritius	0.796	0.003
67	(1)	Panama Panama	0.795	0.002
68		Costa Rica Costa Rica	0.794	0.002
69		Albania Albania	0.791	0.002
70		Georgia Georgia	0.786	0.003
71	(1)	Sri Lanka Sri Lanka	0.780	0.004
72	(1)	Cuba Cuba	0.778	0.001
73	(1)	Saint Kitts Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis	0.777	0.003
74	(1)	Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda	0.776	0.002
75		Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.769	0.002
76		Mexico Mexico	0.767	0.002
77		Thailand Thailand	0.765	0.003
78		Grenada Grenada	0.763	0.003
79	(1)	Brazil Brazil	0.761	0.001
79	(1)	Colombia Colombia	0.761	0.001
81		Armenia Armenia	0.760	0.002
82	(1)	Algeria Algeria	0.759	0.001
82	(1)	North Macedonia North Macedonia	0.759	0.001
82	(3)	Peru Peru	0.759	0.003
85	(1)	China People's Republic People's Republic of China	0.758	0.005
85	(1)	Ecuador Ecuador	0.758	0.001
87		Azerbaijan Azerbaijan	0.754	0.002
88		Ukraine Ukraine	0.750	0.003
89	(1)	Dominican Republic Dominican Republic	0.745	0.004
89		Saint Lucia St. Lucia	0.745	0.001
- ³		Kosovo Kosovo	0.742
91		Tunisia Tunisia	0.739	0.001
92		Mongolia Mongolia	0.735	0.006
-	-	world	0.731	0.002
93		Lebanon Lebanon	0.730	0.002
94	(3)	Botswana Botswana	0.728	0.004
94	(1)	Saint Vincent Grenadines St. Vincent and the Grenadines	0.728	0.002
96		Jamaica Jamaica	0.726	0.001
96	(4)	Venezuela Venezuela	0.726	0.009
98		Dominica Dominica	0.724	0.001
98	(4)	Fiji Fiji	0.724	0.003
98	(1)	Paraguay Paraguay	0.724	0.002
98	(1)	Suriname Suriname	0.724	0.002
102	(3)	Jordan Jordan	0.723	0.001
103		Belize Belize	0.720	0.001
104	(1)	Maldives Maldives	0.719	0.003
105	(1)	Tonga Tonga	0.717
106		Philippines Philippines	0.712	0.003
107	(1)	Moldova Republic Moldova	0.711	0.002
108		Turkmenistan Turkmenistan	0.710	0.002
108	(1)	Uzbekistan Uzbekistan	0.710	0.003
110	(1)	Libya Libya	0.708	0.004
111		Indonesia Indonesia	0.707	0.003
111	(1)	Samoa Samoa	0.707	0.001
113	(2)	South Africa South Africa	0.705	0.001
114		Bolivia Bolivia	0.703	0.003
115	(1)	Gabon Gabon	0.702	0.002
116		Egypt Egypt	0.700	0.004

³The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN and is therefore not included in the Human Development Report. The United Nations Development Program nevertheless uses the same methods to calculate a value for the HDI, but publishes it separately.

Average human development

Rank 2018	Change to 2017	Country or territory	HDI 2018	Change to 2017
117	(1)	Marshall Islands Marshall Islands	0.698	0.002
118		Vietnam Vietnam	0.693	0.003
119		Palastina autonomous areas Palestine	0.690	0.001
120		Iraq Iraq	0.689	0.005
121		Morocco Morocco	0.676	0.001
122		Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan	0.674	0.003
123		Guyana Guyana	0.670	0.002
124		El Salvador El Salvador	0.667	0.002
125	(1)	Tajikistan Tajikistan	0.656	0.005
126	(2)	Cape Verde Cape Verde	0.651	0.004
126	(1)	Guatemala Guatemala	0.651	0.002
126	(1)	Nicaragua Nicaragua	0.651	0.002
129	(1)	India India	0.647	0.007
130	(1)	Namibia Namibia	0.645	0.002
131		East Timor East Timor	0.626	0.002
132	(1)	Honduras Honduras	0.623	0.002
132		Kiribati Kiribati	0.623
134		Bhutan Bhutan	0.617	0.002
135	(1)	Bangladesh Bangladesh	0.614	0.005
135		Micronesia, Federated States Micronesia	0.614	0.002
137	(2)	Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome and Principe	0.609	0.006
138	(2)	Congo Republic Republic of the Congo	0.608	0.001
138	(1)	Swaziland Swaziland	0.608	0.005
140		Laos Laos	0.604	0.002
141		Vanuatu Vanuatu	0.597	0.002
142		Ghana Ghana	0.596	0.005
143	(1)	Zambia Zambia	0.591	0.002
144	(1)	Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea	0.588	0.002
145	(1)	Myanmar Myanmar	0.584	0.007
146	(1)	Cambodia Cambodia	0.581	0.003
147	(1)	Kenya Kenya	0.579	0.005
147	(1)	Nepal Nepal	0.579	0.005
149	(2)	Angola Angola	0.574	0.002
150		Cameroon Cameroon	0.563	0.003
150	(3)	Zimbabwe Zimbabwe	0.563	0.010
152	(1)	Pakistan Pakistan	0.560	0.002
153	(1)	Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	0.557	0.002

Low human development

Rank 2018	Change to 2017	Country or territory	HDI 2018	Change to 2017
154		Syria Syria	0.549	0.005
155	(1)	Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea	0.543
156		Comoros Comoros	0.538	0.001
157	(1)	Rwanda Rwanda	0.536	0.007
158	(1)	Nigeria Nigeria	0.534	0.001
159	(1)	Tanzania Tanzania	0.528	0.004
159	(1)	Uganda Uganda	0.528	0.004
161	(2)	Mauritania Mauritania	0.527	0.003
162		Madagascar Madagascar	0.521	0.003
163		Benin Benin	0.520	0.003
164		Lesotho Lesotho	0.518	0.004
165		Ivory Coast Ivory Coast	0.516	0.004
166		Senegal Senegal	0.514	0.004
167		Togo Togo	0.513	0.003
168		Sudan Sudan	0.507
169		Haiti Haiti	0.503	0.002
170		Afghanistan Afghanistan	0.496	0.003
171		Djibouti Djibouti	0.495	0.003
172		Malawi Malawi	0.485	0.003
173		Ethiopia Ethiopia	0.470	0.004
174	(3)	Gambia Gambia	0.466	0.007
174	(2)	Guinea-a Guinea	0.466	0.003
176	(3)	Liberia Liberia	0.465	0.001
177	(2)	Yemen Yemen	0.463
178	(1)	Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau	0.461	0.001
179		Congo Democratic Republic Democratic Republic of Congo	0.459	0.003
180		Mozambique Mozambique	0.446	0.004
181		Sierra Leone Sierra Leone	0.438	0.003
182	(1)	Burkina Faso Burkina Faso	0.434	0.005
182		Eritrea Eritrea	0.434	0.003
184		Mali Mali	0.427	0.001
185		Burundi Burundi	0.423	0.002
186		South Sudan South Sudan	0.413	0.001
187		Chad Chad	0.401
188		Central African Republic Central African Republic	0.381	0.005
189		Niger Niger	0.377	0.004
-		Somalia Somalia	0.356	0.006

Countries not included in the HDI

Countries for which no or no suitable data were available at the time of compilation were not taken into account. This affects the following states and areas:

Monaco
Nauru
North Korea - The country is isolated in terms of foreign policy, so almost no data is published internationally.
San Marino
Taiwan - The Republic of China in Taiwan is not a member of the UN due to the Taiwan conflict and is therefore not included in the Human Development Report. However, the national statistical authority calculates its own value for the HDI using the same methods.
Tuvalu
Vatican City - The Vatican is not a member of the UN and does not have its own education system.
Western Sahara - Claimed and mostly occupied by Morocco.

The most developed countries since 1975

A look back at the annual rankings in the Human Development Index shows that Norway has been number one for several years; in previous years Canada, Iceland, Switzerland and Australia also came first:

1975 - Switzerland (value 0.872)Switzerland

1980 - Switzerland (value 0.884)Switzerland

1985 - Canada (value 0.904)Canada

1990 - Australia (value 0.866)Australia

1991 - Australia (value 0.867)Australia

1992 - Australia (value 0.871)Australia

1993 - Australia (value 0.874)Australia

1994 - Norway (value 0.884)Norway

1995 - Australia (value 0.885)Australia

1996 - Australia / Norway (both value 0.888)Australia Norway

1997 - Norway (value 0.895)Norway

1998 - Norway (value 0.906)Norway

1999 - Norway (value 0.911)Norway

2000 - Norway (value 0.917)Norway

2001 - Norway (value 0.916)Norway

2002 - Norway (value 0.918)Norway

2003 - Norway (value 0.924)Norway

2004 - Norway (value 0.929)Norway

2005 - Norway (value 0.931)Norway

2006 - Norway (value 0.934)Norway

2007 - Iceland (value 0.937)Iceland

2008 - Iceland (value 0.937)Iceland

2009 - Norway (value 0.939)Norway

2010 - Norway (value 0.939)Norway

2011 - Norway (value 0.941)Norway

2012 - Norway (value 0.942)Norway

2013 - Norway (value 0.945)Norway

2014 - Norway (value 0.948)Norway

2015 - Norway (value 0.949)Norway

2016 - Norway (value 0.951)Norway

2017 - Norway (value 0.953)Norway

2018 - Norway (value 0.954)Norway

Note: The method of calculating the index has changed since 1990.

Development of the countries according to HDI since 1990

The following list gives an overview of the development of the Human Development Index in various countries since 1990. All values are determined using today's calculation method.

Country or territory	HDI Score 1990	HDI score 2000	HDI score 2010	HDI score 2017	Change 1990–2017
Norway Norway	0.850	0.917	0.942	0.953	0.103
Switzerland Switzerland	0.832	0.889	0.932	0.944	0.112
Australia Australia	0.866	0.898	0.923	0.939	0.073
Ireland Ireland	0.763	0.857	0.909	0.938	0.175
Germany Germany	0.801	0.868	0.921	0.936	0.135
Iceland Iceland	0.802	0.860	0.891	0.935	0.133
Sweden Sweden	0.816	0.897	0.905	0.933	0.117
Hong Kong Hong Kong	0.781	0.827	0.901	0.933	0.152
Singapore Singapore	0.718	0.819	0.909	0.932	0.214
Netherlands Netherlands	0.829	0.876	0.910	0.931	0.101
Denmark Denmark	0.799	0.863	0.910	0.929	0.130
Canada Canada	0.849	0.867	0.902	0.926	0.077
United States United States	0.860	0.885	0.914	0.924	0.064
United Kingdom United Kingdom	0.775	0.867	0.905	0.922	0.147
Finland Finland	0.784	0.858	0.903	0.920	0.136
New Zealand New Zealand	0.818	0.869	0.899	0.917	0.099
Belgium Belgium	0.806	0.873	0.903	0.916	0.110
Japan Japan	0.816	0.855	0.885	0.909	0.093
Austria Austria	0.795	0.838	0.895	0.908	0.113
Israel Israel	0.792	0.853	0.887	0.903	0.111
Korea South South Korea	0.728	0.817	0.884	0.903	0.175
France France	0.779	0.849	0.882	0.901	0.122
Spain Spain	0.754	0.825	0.865	0.891	0.137
Czech Republic Czech Republic	0.730	0.796	0.862	0.888	0.158
Italy Italy	0.769	0.830	0.870	0.880	0.111
Greece Greece	0.753	0.796	0.856	0.870	0.117
Poland Poland	0.712	0.785	0.835	0.865	0.153
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates	0.727	0.798	0.836	0.863	0.136
Qatar Qatar	0.754	0.809	0.827	0.856	0.102
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia	0.697	0.743	0.808	0.853	0.156
Portugal Portugal	0.711	0.785	0.822	0.847	0.136
Chile Chile	0.701	0.759	0.808	0.843	0.142
Hungary Hungary	0.704	0.769	0.823	0.838	0.134
Argentina Argentina	0.704	0.771	0.813	0.825	0.121
Russia Russia	0.734	0.720	0.780	0.816	0.082
Bulgaria Bulgaria	0.694	0.712	0.779	0.813	0.119
Romania Romania	0.701	0.709	0.797	0.811	0.110
Uruguay Uruguay	0.692	0.742	0.773	0.804	0.112
Kuwait Kuwait	0.713	0.786	0.792	0.803	0.090
Malaysia Malaysia	0.643	0.725	0.772	0.802	0.159
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan	0.690	0.685	0.765	0.800	0.110
Iran Iran	0.577	0.670	0.755	0.798	0.221
Costa Rica Costa Rica	0.656	0.711	0.754	0.794	0.138
Turkey Turkey	0.579	0.655	0.734	0.791	0.212
Panama Panama	0.659	0.719	0.758	0.789	0.130
Serbia Serbia	0.718	0.711	0.759	0.787	0.069
Albania Albania	0.645	0.669	0.741	0.785	0.140
Cuba Cuba	0.676	0.686	0.779	0.777	0.101
Mexico Mexico	0.650	0.702	0.743	0.774	0.124
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka	0.625	0.685	0.745	0.770	0.145
Venezuela Venezuela	0.634	0.672	0.759	0.761	0.127
Brazil Brazil	0.611	0.684	0.727	0.759	0.148
Armenia Armenia	0.631	0.647	0.728	0.755	0.124
Thailand Thailand	0.574	0.649	0.724	0.755	0.181
Algeria Algeria	0.577	0.644	0.729	0.754	0.177
China People's Republic People's Republic of China	0.502	0.594	0.706	0.752	0.250
Ecuador Ecuador	0.643	0.670	0.715	0.752	0.109
Ukraine Ukraine	0.705	0.671	0.733	0.751	0.046
Peru Peru	0.611	0.678	0.717	0.750	0.139
Colombia Colombia	0.592	0.653	0.719	0.747	0.155
Mongolia Mongolia	0.579	0.589	0.697	0.741	0.162
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic	0.598	0.657	0.702	0.736	0.138
Jordan Jordan	0.617	0.702	0.728	0.735	0.118
Tunisia Tunisia	0.569	0.653	0.716	0.735	0.166
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan	k. A.	0.595	0.666	0.710	-
Libya Libya	0.677	0.727	0.755	0.706	0.029
Philippines Philippines	0.586	0.624	0.665	0.699	0.113
South Africa South Africa	0.618	0.630	0.649	0.699	0.081
Egypt Egypt	0.546	0.611	0.665	0.696	0.150
Indonesia Indonesia	0.528	0.606	0.661	0.694	0.166
Vietnam Vietnam	0.475	0.579	0.654	0.694	0.219
Bolivia Bolivia	0.536	0.608	0.649	0.693	0.157
Iraq Iraq	0.572	0.607	0.649	0.685	0.113
Morocco Morocco	0.458	0.530	0.616	0.667	0.209
Guatemala Guatemala	0.478	0.546	0.611	0.650	0.172
India India	0.427	0.493	0.581	0.640	0.213
Bangladesh Bangladesh	0.387	0.468	0.545	0.608	0.221
Ghana Ghana	0.455	0.484	0.554	0.592	0.137
Kenya Kenya	0.468	0.451	0.543	0.590	0.122
Zambia Zambia	0.401	0.432	0.544	0.588	0.187
Cambodia Cambodia	0.364	0.420	0.537	0.582	0.218
Angola Angola	k. A.	0.387	0.520	0.581	-
Myanmar Myanmar	0.358	0.431	0.530	0.578	0.220
Nepal Nepal	0.378	0.446	0.529	0.574	0.196
Pakistan Pakistan	0.404	0.450	0.526	0.562	0.158
Cameroon Cameroon	0.440	0.431	0.506	0.556	0.116
Tanzania Tanzania	0.370	0.395	0.493	0.538	0.168
Syria Syria	0.556	0.590	0.644	0.536	0.020
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe	0.491	0.440	0.467	0.535	0.044
Nigeria Nigeria	k. A.	k. A.	0.484	0.532	-
Rwanda Rwanda	0.250	0.335	0.485	0.524	0.274
Uganda Uganda	0.311	0.398	0.486	0.516	0.205
Senegal Senegal	0.367	0.380	0.456	0.505	0.138
Sudan Sudan	0.331	0.402	0.470	0.502	0.171
Afghanistan Afghanistan	0.301	0.346	0.463	0.498	0.197
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast	0.388	0.394	0.442	0.492	0.104
Ethiopia Ethiopia	k. A.	0.283	0.412	0.463	-
Yemen Yemen	0.399	0.443	0.498	0.452	0.053
Congo Democratic Republic Democratic Republic of Congo	0.356	0.333	0.407	0.457	0.101
Mozambique Mozambique	0.209	0.298	0.403	0.437	0.228
Niger Niger	0.210	0.255	0.318	0.354	0.144

Subnational regions according to HDI

UNDP reports

United Nations Development Program (UNDP):

2019: Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. New York December 2019, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 147–160: Chapter 4: Gender inequalities beyond averages: Between social norms and power imbalances, and pp. 312–315: Table 5: Gender Development Index (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 pages on undp.org ).
- Technical notes. December 2019 (English; supplement to the Human Development Report 2019; PDF: 287 kB, 16 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
2018: Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update. UNDP, New York 2018 (English; PDF: 1.4 MB, 123 pages at hdr.undp.org ).
Download page: Human Development Reports 1990–2019.

German Society for the United Nations (translations and summaries):

2019: Human Development Report 2019. January 15, 2020 ( download page ).
2018: Human Development: Facts and Figures 2018 - Statistical Update on the Human Development Report. Berlin, December 14, 2018, pp. 7–10: Gender inequality - reducing the gap in order to enable half of the world's population to participate more, and pp. 39–39: Table 4: Index of gender-specific development ( summary as PDF : 421 kB; download page ).
2016: Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for All. Berlin, March 21, 2017 ( download page ).
2015: Report on human development 2015. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8305-3618-5 ( PDF: 9.3 MB, 328 pages at hdr.undp.org ).

literature

2009: Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong, Maximilian Auffhammer: Human Development Index: Are Developing Countries Misclassified? Working paper. January 2009 (English; PDF: 463 kB, 36 pages on ageconsearch.umn.edu ).
2007: Elizabeth A. Stanton: The Human Development Index: A History. In: Working Paper Series. No. 127. Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amhers, February 2007 (English; Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University; PDF: 431 kB, 37 pages at peri.umass.edu ).

Web links

Commons : Human Development Index - collection of images, videos and audio files

United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - Human Development Reports (English):
- HDI: Human Development Index (HDI) (table 1990-2018).
- HDI: Table 2. Human Development Index Trends (1990–2017) ( Memento from September 12, 2019 in the Internet Archive ).
- IHDI: Table 3: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (2017) ( Memento from November 12, 2019 in the Internet Archive ).

Eckhart Ribbeck: Human Development Index (HDI). Federal Agency for Civic Education (bpb), September 17, 2008, accessed on December 12, 2019.

References and comments

↑ United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2015 . Ed .: German Society for the United Nations e. V. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin, p. 3 ( undp.org [PDF; 9.3 MB ; accessed on November 1, 2016]).
↑ HDR_2013_EN_TechNotes (PDF) Page 2.
^ Human Development Report 2011. Technical note 1. Calculating the Human Development Index. (PDF; 5.9 MB) United Nations Development Program , pp. 168–173 , accessed on December 19, 2010 (English).
^ The Human Development concept , UNDP website, accessed October 8, 2009
^ Frank Ackerman : Human well-being and economic goals, Island Press , 1997, p. 389
^ Mark McGillivray: The human development index: yet another redundant composite development indicator? In: World Development. Volume 19, No. 10, October 1991, pp. 1461-1468 (English; doi: 10.1016 / 0305-750X (91) 90088-Y ).
↑ TN Srinivasan: Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel? In: American Economic Review. Volume 84, No. 2, May 1994, pp. 238-243 (English; info ).
^ Miles B. Cahill: Is the Human Development Index redundant? In: Eastern Economic Journal. Volume 31, No. 1, 2005, pp. 1-5 (English; College of the Holy Cross ; PDF: 65 kB, 5 pages on college.holycross.edu).
^ Bryan Caplan: Against the Human Development Index. In: Library of Economics and Liberty. Comment. May 22, 2009, accessed February 25, 2019.
↑ Ambuj D. Sagara, Adil Najam: The human development index: a critical review. In: Ecological Economics . Volume 25, No. 3, June 1998, pp. 249-264 (English; doi: 10.1016 / S0921-8009 (97) 00168-7 ).
↑ World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF): Abstract: Living Planet Report 2014. WWF, in collaboration with Global Footprint Network , Water Footprint Network, ZSL Living Conservation , September 2014, p. 20 (English; PDF: 4.5 MB, 52 pages on wwf.de).
↑ United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Overview: Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. UNDP, New York December 2019, pp. 22–25: Human development indices table (English; PFD: 1.7 MB, 40 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
Ibid: full version, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 300-303: Table Human Development Index and its components (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
Online table: Human Development Data (1990-2018) (status: October 22, 2019), accessed on December 25, 2019 (English).
↑ See also: List of Swiss regions according to the human development index .
↑ What is the human development index (HDI)? How is relevant data queried? , National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan), accessed March 1, 2015.
↑ Lin Shu-yuan, Maubo Chang: [1] . Latest statistics (Chinese).
^ ^A ^b Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab. Retrieved December 20, 2019 .
↑ About Kosovo , United Nations Development Program , accessed on May 21, 2015.
↑ Kosovo Human Development Report 2014 . United Nations Development Program , p. 85, accessed on May 21, 2015 (English) PDF; 5.1 MB
↑ What is the human development index (HDI)? How is relevant data queried? , National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan), accessed March 1, 2015.
↑ Lin Shu-yuan, Maubo Chang: Taiwan ranks 21st in world human development index . In: Focus Taiwan News Channel. Central News Agency, September 18, 2014, accessed March 1, 2015.
↑ Human Development Data (1990-2015) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved July 7, 2017 .
↑ Human Development Data (1990-2015) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved July 7, 2017 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2015 . Ed .: German Society for the United Nations e. V. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin ( undp.org [PDF; 9.3 MB ; accessed on November 30, 2016]). Page 250.
↑ Human Development Data (1990-2017) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved June 30, 2017 .
↑ Human Development Index 1990-2015

[1] United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2015 . Ed .: German Society for the United Nations e. V. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin, p. 3 ( undp.org [PDF; 9.3 MB ; accessed on November 1, 2016]).

[tech_notes-2] HDR_2013_EN_TechNotes (PDF) Page 2.

[HDR2011calc-3] Human Development Report 2011. Technical note 1. Calculating the Human Development Index. (PDF; 5.9 MB) United Nations Development Program , pp. 168–173 , accessed on December 19, 2010 (English).

[4] The Human Development concept , UNDP website, accessed October 8, 2009

[5] Frank Ackerman : Human well-being and economic goals, Island Press , 1997, p. 389

[6] Mark McGillivray: The human development index: yet another redundant composite development indicator? In: World Development. Volume 19, No. 10, October 1991, pp. 1461-1468 (English; doi: 10.1016 / 0305-750X (91) 90088-Y ).

[7] TN Srinivasan: Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel? In: American Economic Review. Volume 84, No. 2, May 1994, pp. 238-243 (English; info ).

[8] Miles B. Cahill: Is the Human Development Index redundant? In: Eastern Economic Journal. Volume 31, No. 1, 2005, pp. 1-5 (English; College of the Holy Cross ; PDF: 65 kB, 5 pages on college.holycross.edu).

[9] Bryan Caplan: Against the Human Development Index. In: Library of Economics and Liberty. Comment. May 22, 2009, accessed February 25, 2019.

[10] Ambuj D. Sagara, Adil Najam: The human development index: a critical review. In: Ecological Economics . Volume 25, No. 3, June 1998, pp. 249-264 (English; doi: 10.1016 / S0921-8009 (97) 00168-7 ).

[11] World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF): Abstract: Living Planet Report 2014. WWF, in collaboration with Global Footprint Network , Water Footprint Network, ZSL Living Conservation , September 2014, p. 20 (English; PDF: 4.5 MB, 52 pages on wwf.de).

[UNDP_2019-12:300-12] United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Overview: Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. UNDP, New York December 2019, pp. 22–25: Human development indices table (English; PFD: 1.7 MB, 40 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
Ibid: full version, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 300-303: Table Human Development Index and its components (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
Online table: Human Development Data (1990-2018) (status: October 22, 2019), accessed on December 25, 2019 (English).

[13] See also: List of Swiss regions according to the human development index .

[14] What is the human development index (HDI)? How is relevant data queried? , National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan), accessed March 1, 2015.

[15] Lin Shu-yuan, Maubo Chang: [1] . Latest statistics (Chinese).

[:0-16] A ^b Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab. Retrieved December 20, 2019 .

[17] About Kosovo , United Nations Development Program , accessed on May 21, 2015.

[18] Kosovo Human Development Report 2014 . United Nations Development Program , p. 85, accessed on May 21, 2015 (English) PDF; 5.1 MB

[19] What is the human development index (HDI)? How is relevant data queried? , National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan), accessed March 1, 2015.

[20] Lin Shu-yuan, Maubo Chang: Taiwan ranks 21st in world human development index . In: Focus Taiwan News Channel. Central News Agency, September 18, 2014, accessed March 1, 2015.

[21] Human Development Data (1990-2015) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved July 7, 2017 .

[22] Human Development Data (1990-2015) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved July 7, 2017 .

[HDI-Reihe2014-23] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2015 . Ed .: German Society for the United Nations e. V. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin ( undp.org [PDF; 9.3 MB ; accessed on November 30, 2016]). Page 250.

[24] Human Development Data (1990-2017) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved June 30, 2017 .

[25] Human Development Index 1990-2015