David Hansemann

David Hansemann. Lithograph from 1848 based on a drawing by Lambert Hastenrath , Aachen, around 1847 ( Aachen City Archives ).

David Justus Ludwig Hansemann (born July 12, 1790 in Finkenwerder near Hamburg , † August 4, 1864 in Schlangenbad ) was a merchant and banker. Starting from the wool trade, he promoted the construction of railways and founded insurance companies and banks, including the Disconto-Gesellschaft, one of the most important German credit institutions in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hansemann was one of the most famous liberal politicians in the Prussian Rhine Province and initiated the Heppenheim conference , among other things . In 1848, as Minister of Finance, he was one of the leading politicians in the Prussian March government .

Family, education and advancement

First policy of the Aachen Fire Insurance Company, 1825

David Hansemann was the youngest of eleven children of the Protestant pastor Eberhard Ludwig Hansemann, his mother was his second wife, Amalie. Probably because the parents could not finance all sons' studies, he began a commercial apprenticeship in 1805 in Ferdinand and Johann Daniel Schwenger's business in Rheda . Ferdinand Schwenger became mayor of the place under French rule and used the young Hansemann as secretary, who thus got a first glimpse into politics and administrative activities. Five years later, Hansemann moved to the Rhineland and worked as a representative for cloth manufacturers in Monschau and Elberfeld (now part of Wuppertal ) until he founded his own company as a wool merchant in Aachen in 1817 with start-up capital borrowed from the family. He set up his wool office together with the cloth manufacturer Joseph van Gülpen in the Großer Klüppel house in Aldegundisstrasse, today's Ursulinerstrasse.

As a wool merchant, Hansemann achieved prosperity within a few years; by 1822 he had a fortune of 100,000 French francs . This rapid rise made it possible for him to marry Fanny Fremerey (1801–1876) in 1821, who came from a wealthy French Huguenot family based in Eupen who was also active in the wool trade . The couple had four daughters and two sons, including:

• Adolph (* July 27, 1826 - † December 9, 1903), banker, from 1872 by Hansemann ⚭ 1860 Ottilie von Kusserow (1840-1919)
• Gustav (* June 22, 1829; † 1902) from 1901 by Hansemann ⚭ 1855 Mathilde Vorländer (1827–1880) (parents of David Paul von Hansemann )
• Louise († January 10, 1909) ⚭ Jacob Marx-Hansemann (1812–1885), Bonn wholesaler, insurance director
• Sophie (1828–1892) ⚭ Hermann Vorländer, (1829–1915) senior teacher and factory owner in Eupen (parents of Daniel Vorländer )

In the following years Hansemann founded various companies in Aachen, including the non-profit Aachen Fire Insurance Company in 1824 . Half of the annual profit made by the insurance company was used for social purposes by the Aachen Association, which he founded in 1834, to promote hard work . Primarily kindergartens and schools, self-help organizations for the needy as well as the establishment of orphanages and social housing were supported by the association's own savings and premium funds. These institutions were among the first concrete implementations of bourgeois social reform ideas , but their effect was limited to the Aachen region. In Aachen in 1836 he belonged to the round table around the Aachen novelist Carl Borromäus Cünzer in the Imperial Crown.

Hansemann as a politician

Regional economic policy as a starting point

"Only when Prussia has achieved political freedom is Germany's independence guaranteed." - Hansemann around 1830.

In 1825 Hansemann became a member of the Aachen Commercial Court. Two years later he was accepted into the Chamber of Commerce, and in 1828 he became a member of the Aachen city council. He was strongly committed to railroad construction in the Rhineland, also through several memoranda, which brought him into contact with his later political companions Gustav Mevissen and Ludolf Camphausen at an early stage. In addition, he was a partner and from 1837 to 1844 Vice President of the Rheinische Eisenbahngesellschaft . After he was elected President of the Aachen Chamber of Commerce in 1836, despite his Protestant denomination, he played a key role in the route from Cologne to Antwerp , then also known as the "Iron Rhine", via Aachen.

In addition, he was involved in the establishment of other railway companies such as the route between Cologne and Minden . An expert opinion from Hansemann tipped the balance to run the route between Cologne and Dortmund via Düsseldorf, Duisburg and today's Ruhr area instead of through the Bergisches Land and Wuppertal . But the Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft , which was formed later to implement the second route, could also refer to him. Hansemann had considered this route to be economically more important, but preferred the other one for reasons of cost.

Hansemann, who otherwise almost always spoke out in favor of private-sector solutions, advocated the state-owned construction of railways , as their indirect economic benefit was enormous. If necessary, the state could pass on the operation of the railway to a company. However, since the Prussian state showed no interest in state railways in the 1830s, Hansemann also dealt with other possibilities in his writings and made suggestions for improving the operating models then common.

Despite his criticism of the corporate representations, he ran as deputy member of the Aachen provincial parliament in 1832 . His choice was not recognized because he did not meet the requirement of ten years of real estate in Aachen. A possible exemption was not granted either. When he ran again as a deputy member of the provincial parliament in 1839, he lost to the representative of Catholicism, Jakob Springsfeld. Hansemann, who privately adhered to a moderate deism with high moral standards, had already felt resistance in Catholic Aachen because of his Protestant denomination. Now, disappointed, he resigned as President of the Chamber of Commerce and also resigned from the Chamber, because he had the feeling that his fellow citizens did not show him the necessary trust. It was not until 1843, when he was finally elected to the state parliament, that he re-entered the Chamber of Commerce and was re-elected President.

Pioneer of Rhenish liberalism

From the 1830s onwards, Hansemann became increasingly involved in national politics. His main topics were, above all, economic development, the expansion of infrastructure, the fight against poverty and civil participation in the state. His memorandum on Prussia's situation and politics at the end of 1830 to Friedrich Wilhelm III. is considered one of the most important documents of Rhenish liberalism . At an early age he appeared as a self-confident critic of the feudal system and fought for the rights of the bourgeoisie and against what he saw as the traditional social structures. Hansemann justified the demand for greater co-determination of the bourgeoisie with the imbalance between political participation and the share in the financing of the state. With a view to the July Revolution , too , he called for comprehensive constitutional and socio-political reforms in order to counter the danger of revolutionary upheavals in good time. He considered revolutionary developments in Prussia to be likely, unless a "genuine constitutional system of government" emerged. Only a real share in state affairs could create a solid bond between the state and the bourgeoisie. Like the early liberals, Hansemann did not rely on equal participation of all classes, but instead advocated the primacy of the economic and educated bourgeoisie. The economic and educated bourgeoisie should form the “gravity of the state” . The citizens, like the landowners, have the “calling to rule”. Therefore Hansemann pleaded for a strong parliament, but also for a strong census suffrage.

Member of the United State Parliament , the Prussian and German National Assemblies, including Hansemann.

If the approaches he carried out in Aachen at the beginning were primarily morally, philanthropic and economically motivated, after 1830 he also warned against revolutionary movements if the social question was not addressed. He was encouraged in this by the Aachen riots of 1830, after he had allegedly seen the destruction of his in-laws' Eupen house by protesting weavers as early as 1821. In fact, it was not the Fremerey family home that was destroyed, but a new type of clipper on the same street.

As had already been expressed in the Aachen associations, he saw the best socio-political means in helping people to help themselves and educating the lower classes to work and thrift, as well as in general economic development. Unlike younger representatives of Rhenish liberalism, such as Mevissen, he was extremely skeptical of state social policy and saw the elimination of economic hardship as the task of the economy itself. His long-term goal was to let the dispossessed workers and small craftsmen merge with the bourgeoisie through property formation. The particular problem of dependent factory workers as a result of industrialization was not yet sufficiently recognized by him.

After Friedrich Wilhelm IV ascended to the throne in 1840, Hansemann shared the liberals' hope for reforms in their favor. In the same year Hansemann began to write a new memorandum on Prussia's situation and politics, which was expressly intended for the new king. In it he once again urged a reform of the existing civil service regiment, but above all an overall representation for the Prussian state instead of the state provincial parliaments. However, this writing was never completed and also not sent to the king, as it soon became clear that the new king would not carry out any far-reaching reforms either.

Constitutional discussion in the pre-march

First edition of the Deutsche Zeitung on July 1, 1847.

The venue for the Heppenheim conference ( “Zum halben Monde” inn in a steel engraving from 1840).

In 1843, the long-time Aachen deputy Johann Peter Joseph Monheim encouraged him to run again as his deputy in the provincial parliament, which was now successful. Monheim took up the mandate itself. It was not until 1845, when the election result was repeated, that Monheim cleared his place for Hansemann. In Parliament, Hansemann stood out above all for his self-confident, sometimes almost instructive demeanor, extremely good preparation and his skillful handling of the rules of procedure. Not only with a large number of his own proposals, but also with compromise proposals and additional proposals to those of others, he was often able to influence the negotiations in his favor. Rudolf Haym described him as a flexible "practical man" in contrast to the "stricter and nobler" Auerswald and the "finer and more intellectual" Camphausen and Beckerath .

In the state parliament, Hansemann advocated equal rights for the Jewish minority and the abolition of noble privileges. Above all, however, he made the formal request to create a German national assembly within the framework of the Zollverein . He saw the Prussian bureaucracy as hostile to business. For this reason, Hansemann assumed that the officials responsible were not suitable for an appropriate economic and financial policy that had to do justice to the commercial interests of all 28 million inhabitants. For this reason the participation of the people is necessary in addition to the civil servant regiment. However, his proposal was still moderate insofar as he did not advocate an election of the MPs, but suggested that the state parliaments or provincial parliaments should send representatives to parliament at the Zollverein.

In 1847 Hansemann became a member of the Prussian United State Parliament . According to the State Debt Act of 1820, this meeting had become necessary so that the Prussian state could issue a loan for the construction of the Prussian Eastern Railway , a railway from Berlin to Königsberg. Although the United State Parliament was deliberately conceived by the Prussian government only as an assembly of estates and not as a freely elected parliament, the meeting of the United State Parliament was eagerly awaited by liberal politicians from all over Germany. Southern German liberals like Adam von Itzstein expected Hansemann in particular that the resolutions of the United State Parliament would change the political situation in Germany.

In the United State Parliament, the Rhenish liberals around Hansemann and Mevissen became the spokesmen who demanded personal freedom rights, freedom of the press and the independence of judges. Likewise, the Liberals rejected the competence of the United Landtag for financial questions of the Prussian state, since a real national representation was necessary for this. The constitutional question was thus on the table at the national level. With a view to the original reason for the convocation, Hansemann said in the state parliament: “When it comes to questions of money, the cosiness comes to an end” - the saying quickly became a popular saying . Hansemann attacked Finance Minister Franz von Duesberg sharply because he had already taken on debts in previous years without the necessary approval of the estates. The minister could not sufficiently refute the criticism. The exposure of the government led to the demand from the politically interested public that the state's financial policy should be controlled by a parliamentary body.

Also in 1847 Hansemann played a key role in the networking of liberal politicians in the German Confederation . He supported the project of the Germany-wide liberal Deutsche Zeitung not only financially and by taking on a supervisory board mandate, but in particular through his contacts with other Rhenish politicians such as Hermann von Beckerath and Gustav Mevissen.

As part of a trip to Baden, where he met the southwest German liberals around Gervinus , he launched the idea that the liberal chamber members in the German states should coordinate with one another in order to put pressure on the conservatives with similar motions for civil rights and national unity To increase governments of the German Confederation. Together with Friedrich Daniel Bassermann and Karl Mathy , Hansemann then organized the Heppenheim conference on October 10, 1847, which was supposed to implement these goals. The political program adopted there, which provided for the unification of Germany through the expansion of the German Customs Union into a political institution with an executive and a customs parliament, was largely formulated by Hansemann.

This meant a certain change in the liberal catalog of demands, since the prevailing liberal idea at that time was a parliamentary representation at the German Confederation. Hansemann's argument in favor of promoting the Zollverein was based on the one hand on the harmonization of the laws within the Zollverein, which a central legislative body must entail, and on the other hand on the foreign policy pull that the Zollverein forms as a pan-German contracting party to trade policy. In addition, he expected an increase in the importance of the Zollverein to strengthen the political position of traders. The Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Insulted Hansemann in a letter to his London ambassador Bunsen as part of a "sect, which through Robespierres en herbes, like Hecker , Bassermann, Gagern , the Heppenheimer and Mannheimer demagogues, like our Reichenbach , Schlöffel, Hansemann u. the 13 Jews from Königsberg form a network that operates at almost telegraphic speed according to the received mots d'ordre. "

Politics during the revolution of 1848

Like many liberal politicians of the Vormärz, Hansemann saw the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 with mixed feelings. Fear of social unrest played an important role in this. These could also have a negative long-term impact on reform in the liberal sense. On February 27, with a view to the February Revolution in Paris, he said , "that a large part of the haves would not learn the lesson from the Paris events that one had to give in early, but rather surrender to absolutism."

Immediately after the start of the revolution, on March 5, 1848, Hansemann took part in the Heidelberg Assembly , a meeting of mostly south and west German liberals and democrats. This meeting was important because it initiated the convening of the preliminary parliament and ultimately the Frankfurt National Assembly with the establishment of a committee of seven . However, important decisions had already been made in many countries. The governments had already accepted the March demands and in the following period the monarchs began to replace the old conservative governments with so-called March ministries , which were mostly led by moderate liberals.

In Prussia, the Cologne private banker Ludolf Camphausen was appointed Prime Minister on March 29, 1848. Hansemann became finance minister in this cabinet . The common name Kabinett Camphausen-Hansemann makes it clear that Hansemann had an influential position in the government. This went far beyond his area of ​​expertise. He was the source of essential impulses for the draft constitution presented by the government. A central concern for him was the reform of the administrative apparatus. In the pre-March period he had already complained about "the state administration interfering in too many matters" .

Therefore, Hansemann was the actual driving force behind reform in the Camphausen cabinet, pushing for a large-scale exchange of top officials. He also made relatively far-reaching proposals for army reform. Hansemann not only had to reckon with the persistent resistance of the king and the officials, but Camphausen was also largely opposed to these plans. Hansemann was only able to implement changes in his own area of ​​responsibility. This included a reorganization of the banking system and the approval of loan offices.

Riots in front of the seat of the Auerswald-Hansemann government. Illustration from the Neuruppiner picture sheet, 1848.

Shortly after his appointment, Hansemann put through a loan-financed emergency program worth 25 million thalers by threatening to resign in order to prevent the collapse of the economy that had come to a standstill as a result of the revolution. This money was used in particular to improve the infrastructure, especially to expand further railway lines. In addition, Hansemann liberalized the legal provisions for mining. With additional funds from the state budget, Hansemann founded loan offices and provided guarantees to companies directly threatened by collapse. This also included the rescue of Abraham Schaaffhausen's private bank in Cologne, which was threatened with insolvency . It was supported by Hansemann by granting state guarantees and by allowing the bank to be organized as a stock corporation in the future. This made the credit institute the first private bank in this legal form and thus set an important precedent in German banking. The former private bank became the Schaaffhausen'sche Bankverein under the direction of Gustav Mevissen as State Commissioner.

Hansemann retained the post of finance minister even after Camphausen resigned on June 20, 1848. Hansemann himself was commissioned with the formation of a new cabinet and remained in his portfolio under Rudolf von Auerswald, who was to succeed Camphausen. Hansemann also largely determined the political line in the Auerswald-Hansemann cabinet. The cabinet submitted the government's draft constitution to the Prussian National Assembly . This was based on the Belgian constitution of 1831, which the Rhenish liberals had long regarded as a model. However, the adoption failed due to resistance from the National Assembly. As a result, the assembly convened its own constitutional committee, which ultimately drew up the so-called Charte Waldeck . The constitutional policy, which Hansemann helped shape, had already failed in mid-June 1848.

As finance minister, Hansemann prepared a general income tax to replace the class tax and the meal and slaughter tax . In order to improve the troubled state of public finances, he envisaged tax increases, which met with immediate resistance. With the proposal to abolish property tax exemptions, he finally turned the landowners and noblemen into enemies, especially since the cabinet also wanted to abolish a number of feudal privileges in its plans to reform the agrarian and municipal constitution. The conservative Hofkamarilla around Leopold von Gerlach and the Kreuzzeitung shot themselves at Hansemann and spread rumors and slander - for example that after his business loss he would have demanded his ministerial salary for a year in advance. An editorial “translated” the government program “from Hansemannic into German”: “We will continue to plunder the landlords in order to buy the sympathies of the lower strata of the population for ourselves and the revolution, with which we are identical see that the March Revolution is a profitable business if one only knows how to exploit it. "

On the other hand, the reform plans of the Democrats and the Left did not go far enough. On September 7, 1848, the National Assembly accepted the left's motion to implement the August “ motion stone ”. Hansemann had spoken against it in vain and, like his ministerial colleagues, saw the adoption of a withdrawal of confidence. On September 8, the Auerswald cabinet resigned. Hansemann later wrote in retrospect:

A ministry that on the one hand lacks parliamentary support and on the other is blackened as revolutionary does not have the [...] necessary authority.

Subsequently, he accepted the position offered to him by the Prussian King as President of the semi-state Prussian Bank .

Political activity after the ministerial period

Even after his resignation from the ministerial office, Hansemann initially remained politically active and commented on the constitutional question in several publications and in correspondence with government circles. His proposed amendments to the Prussian constitution earned him the reputation of now belonging to the Conservatives. Hanseman himself emphasized, however, that he had retained his demands from the Vormärz - such as the constitutional monarchy and the census suffrage - whereas many former like-minded people had moved to the left, i.e. to the democrats. Only on the German question did he change his mind: early on he saw the Erfurt Union as a failure and thus came into conflict with the right-wing liberal “ Gotha Party ” and considered only a Greater German solution to be possible for the foreseeable future .

To his disappointment, Hansemann was unable to win a seat in the election to the second chamber of the Prussian Landtag in 1849, which later became the House of Representatives . Instead, like Camphausen and Auerswald, he was elected to the first chamber, the later mansion , where he felt out of place, however:

“Me in the Chamber of Peers and Count Arnim-Boitzenburg in the People's Chamber !! Isn't that funny and quite indicative of the situation in 1849? "

Founder of the Disconto Society

David Hansemann, photograph from 1862 by court photographer Joseph Albert

Hansemann had already developed a number of ideas for reforming the banking sector earlier, but as head of the Prussian Bank was unable to implement them in the initially uncertain political situation. From 1850 onwards, reactionary forces inside and outside the bank tried to have him removed. Finally he lost his position as President of the Prussian Bank in April 1851 in the course of a comprehensive purge of the civil service and the public sector of liberals and democrats. The following year he was re-elected to the first chamber of the state parliament, but did not accept the mandate and withdrew from politics in view of the beginning reaction era.

Due to his exposure to political activities, his trading business had suffered considerably, and his woolen business had even gone bankrupt in 1848. The losses incurred were, however, only consistent for Hansemann: “[With the conviction that if I devoted time and mental effort entirely to business, my fortune would probably now double, I work a lot in general matters. [... I] consider wealth only as a means, not an end, which is independence, reassurance for the life span and the ability to give the children a good education and also to be able to make useful expenses - for me. "

Despite his age, Hansemann now turned to the activity as a banker and took a new path at the time. In his view, only public companies could meet the growing capital needs of industry. The A. Schaaffhausen'sche Bank Corporation , which he himself had granted the concession to as finance minister, was initially the only private corporation in the banking sector, first in 1853 and outside Prussia Mevissen could with the Darmstadt Bank the next start. Hansemann based himself on the model of the Union du Crédit, founded in Brussels in 1848, and tried as early as May 1849 to obtain approvals for a share-based cooperative bank. The express goal should be to make investment capital available to medium-sized and small traders and traders. The plan failed due to resistance from the Prussian trade minister and former private banker August von der Heydt as well as the other Berlin banks and the aristocratic lobby. In the same year, Hansemann found a legal loophole that enabled him to found the direction of the Disconto-Gesellschaft with headquarters in Berlin. A government loan applied for was refused. At first the Disconto-Gesellschaft was still a credit union with 1851 236 and 1853 1,583 members. As such, it was initially excluded from the railroad business and stock trading. Under Hansemann's leadership, the company was given a new legal form in 1856, which today corresponds to the partnership limited by shares . In addition to him, the liberal Karl Mathy from Baden, who had been working for the Schaafhausen'schen Bankverein since 1854 and whom Hansemann knew from many years of political cooperation, played a key role in drafting the new statute. Hansemann had already intended Mathys to be employed as head of the Prussian Bank, but dropped this plan due to the foreseeable resistance of the conservatives. In 1857 there was a dispute between the two, whereupon Mathy asked to be dismissed and moved to Gothaer Privatbank .

Since its reorganization, the Disconto-Gesellschaft played an important role in financing industry and transportation during the industrial revolution in Germany . She held a leading role in the so-called Prussian Consortium , which served to finance Prussian mobilization. In this context, the bank entered the issuing business in 1859. In addition, there was the deposit business, the area of ​​trade and discount credit and securities trading. The Disconto-Gesellschaft was a completely new type of bank as a stock-based universal bank, and the company developed into one of the leading German credit institutions, which was also able to cope with international competition. It became a model for similar banks. Hansemann was the owner of the bank together with his son Adolph from 1857 until his death.

Last years and death

David Hansemann statue by Heinz Hoffmeister (1888) in Aachen.

In the years 1861 and 1862 Hansemann was President of the German Trade Convention. This lobby organization expressed itself not only on economic, but also on general political issues. Hansemann argued in this position in terms of a Greater German solution to the German question. In the meantime, however, he represented a minority opinion and had to hand over the office to Hermann von Beckerath, who was oriented towards small German . At the turbulent conference in October 1862 on the subject of the Prussian trade treaty with France, Hansemann had terminated his long-standing friendship at the lectern. After his position was narrowly inferior in the vote, Hansemann also rejected his election to the Permanent Committee and waived any further activity for the trading day.

In old age David Hansemann had himself portrayed by Ludwig Knaus . The portrait adorned his Silesian estate in Dalkau. In 1936 it was part of the exhibition Great Germans in Portraits of their Time in the Kronprinzenpalais. Before 1933 the factory was in Aachen and was copied several times by Joseph Mataré , brother of Ewald Mataré . The original was considered lost in 1958. A copy was in the Suermondt Museum in Aachen. Josef Kranzhoff also made a copy, but only after a photograph from the Lolo Handke picture archive in Bad Berneck.

Hansemann died in 1864 while taking a spa stay in Schlangenbad in the Taunus . It is located in the Hansemann family grave in the old St. Matthew Cemetery in Berlin-Schöneberg . The burial site is one of the honor graves of the state of Berlin . His son Adolph von Hansemann became one of the richest and most important entrepreneurs in the German Empire .

After lengthy, denominational disputes, the Cologne Kölntorplatz in Aachen was renamed Hansemannplatz in 1884 and left to the labor association and the fire insurance company to design. On September 30, 1888, a David Hansemann monument erected by the sculptor Heinz Hoffmeister was inaugurated there, and it has been preserved to this day.

In 1901 a boys' middle school was founded in Aachen , which bore his name. The current name of this secondary school is David Hansemann School .

Portraits of Hansemann were used several times for banknotes in the 20th century, for example for emergency money from the Aachen Chamber of Commerce from 1923 or the 50 Reichsmark banknote from 1933 .

In 1954, on the 90th anniversary of Hansemann's death in Düsseldorf, the David-Hansemann-Haus was inaugurated as a training and further education facility for the Rheinisch-Westfälische Bank AG (later Deutsche Bank AG), which was used until the 1990s.

Works

Hansemann family burial site.

• About Prussia's situation and politics at the end of 1830. 1830, printed as a manuscript, Aachen 1845.
• Prussia and France. Economically and politically with special consideration of the Rhine Province. From a Rhine Prussian. Brüggemann, Leipzig 1833.
• Treatise on the presumed frequency of the railway projected from Cologne to the Belgian border at Eupen with direct contact with the cities of Aachen and Burtscheid. Beaufort, Aachen 1835.
• The railways and their shareholders in their relationship to the state . Leipzig / Halle 1837. Digitized
• Memorandum on the relationship between the state and the Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft. Berlin 1843.
• About the execution of the Prussian railway system. Duncker, Berlin 1843.
• The political questions of the day with regard to the Rhenish Landtag. Aachen / Leipzig, 1846
• The German constitutional question. Sauerlander, Frankfurt 1848.
• The Prussian and German constitution. With consideration for my political work. Berlin 1850.
• About the introduction of the German Commercial Code. Lecture given at the meeting of the German Trading Conference in Heidelberg on May 17, 1861. Ms. Schulze, Berlin 1861.

Literature chronologically

• Jacob Springsfeld: Kaufmann's appraisal of the work "Prussia and France by David Hansemann" refuted and appraised, both in terms of the state economy and in relation to the Prussian. Provinces on the Rhine. Karl Franz Köhler, Leipzig 1834. Digitized
• Felix Bamberg :  Hansemann, David . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, pp. 529-535.
• Marcelli Janecki : Handbook of the Prussian Nobility . tape 1 . ES Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1892, p. 189 f . ( ULB Düsseldorf [accessed on May 5, 2016]).
• Alexander Bergengrün : David Hansemann . I. Guttentag, Berlin 1901 ( archive.org [accessed on May 5, 2016]).
• Walther Däbritz : David Hansemann and Adolph von Hansemann. Scherpe, Krefeld 1954.
• Bernhard Poll (Ed.): David Hansemann. 1790–1864 - 1964. In memory of a politician and businessman. Wilhelm Metz, Aachen 1964.
• Erich Angermann :  Hansemann, David Justus Ludwig. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1966, ISBN 3-428-00188-5 , pp. 626-629 ( digitized version ).
• Elli Mohrmann: David Hansemann. In: Working group Prehistory and History of the Revolution of 1848/49 (Ed.): Men of the Revolution of 1848. Verlag das Europäische Buch, Westberlin 1970, ISBN 3-920303-46-6 , pp. 389-415, 417-440.
• Jürgen Hofmann: The Camphausen Ministry - Hansemann. On the politics of the Prussian bourgeoisie in the revolution of 1848/49 (= Academy of Sciences of the GDR. Writings of the Central Institute for History. Volume 66, ISSN  0138-3566 ). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1981.
• Hans-Ulrich Wehler : German history of society. Volume 2: From the reform era to the industrial and political "German double revolution". 1815-1845 / 49. 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-406-32262-X .
• Heinz Malangré : David Hansemann. 1790-1864. Mover and Preserver. Life picture and time picture. Einhard-Verlag, Aachen 1991, ISBN 3-920284-54-2 .
• Hans-Ulrich Wehler: German history of society. Volume 3: From the “German Double Revolution” to the beginning of the First World War 1849–1914. CH Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-32263-8 .
• Roland Hoede: The Heppenheimer Assembly of October 10, 1847. W. Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-7829-0471-0 .
• Rudolf Boch : David Hansemann: The child of industry. In: Sabine Freitag (Ed.): The Forty-Eight. Life pictures from the German revolution 1848/49. CH Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-42770-7 , pp. 171-184.
• Wolfgang J. Mommsen : 1848. The unwanted revolution. The revolutionary movements in Europe 1830–1849. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-10-050606-5 .
• Thomas Nipperdey : German history. 1800–1866: bourgeoisie and a strong state. CH Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44038-X .
• Ulrich S. Soénius : Ludolf Camphausen and David Hansemann. Rhenish entrepreneurs, politicians, citizens. In: Karlheinz Gierden (Ed.): The Rhineland - Cradle of Europe? A search for traces from Agrippina to Adenauer. Lübbe Ehrenwirth, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-431-03859-0 , pp. 235-257.
• Paul Thomes: Entrepreneur and Corporate Citizen - on the 150th anniversary of David Hansemann's death (1790–1864). In: Paul Thomes, Peter M. Quadflieg (ed.): Entrepreneurs in the Aachen region - between the Maas and the Rhine. Aschendorff Verlag, Münster 2015, ISBN 978-3-402-13107-7 , pp. 96–111.

Web links

Commons : David Hansemann  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wikisource: David Hansemann  - Sources and full texts

• Literature by and about David Hansemann in the catalog of the German National Library
• Leaflets and other printed matter from 1848/49 by and about Hansemann in the pamphlet collection of the University Library in Frankfurt am Main (scans with bibliographic comments)
• on the website of the Historical Society of Deutsche Bank
• 225th birthday of David Hansemann ( memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Liberal deadline for the archive of liberalism of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Semigothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch ari (st) okrati-Jewish marriages, 1912. First year, IV. Department - Adelskasse, p. 366 ( digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de ).
2. ^ Boch, p. 174, Nipperdey: Bürgerwelt. P. 245.
3. ↑ Paul Kuetgens Ed .: Carl Borromäus Cünzer Folie des Dames. Illustr. Bert Heller. Aachen, 1932, p. 11.
4. ↑ Hoede, p. 79 and Boch, p. 174.
5. ^ Karl Ottmann: Hansemann as a railway politician. In: Poll. Pp. 65-79.
6. ↑ Bergengrün, p. 41.
7. ↑ first printed in 1845 in Aachen. Reprinted by Joseph Hansen: Rhenish letters and files on the history of the political movement 1830–1850. Vol. I, Essen 1919, pp. 11-81.
8. ^ Wehler: history of society. P. 199 ff., Nipperdey: Bürgerwelt. P. 387.
9. ↑ On Prussia's situation and politics (in Hansen, p. 21), cited above. after Mommsen: Revolution. P. 11 f.
10. ↑ Description of the pictures: Carl Mittermaier , David Hansemann, Maximilian von Schwerin-Putzar , Rudolf von Auerswald , Benedikt Waldeck , Friedrich Römer , Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann , Ludolf Camphausen , Hermann von Beckerath , Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch , Carl Theodor Welcker .
11. ↑ Boch, p. 179.
12. ^ Grenzgeschichte DG - Autonomous University in the German-speaking Community . In: Grenzgeschichte.eu .
13. ^ Gerhard Adelmann, Wolfgang Zorn: David Hansemann as a social politician. In: Poll. Pp. 27-44.
14. ^ Mommsen: Revolution. P. 70 f. The memorandum is printed by Joseph Hansen: Rhenish letters and files for the history of the political movement 1830–1850 , pp. 197–268.
15. ↑ Bergengrün, p. 369 ff .; Rudolf Haym is quoted: Speeches and speakers of the first Prussian united state parliament. 1847.
16. ↑ Boch, p. 177 f., Mommsen: Revolution. P. 75.
17. ↑ Hoede, p. 41.
18. ↑ Bergengrün, p. 383 f.
19. ^ Mommsen: Revolution. P. 84 f.
20. ↑ Ulrike von Hirschhausen : Liberalism and Nation. The Deutsche Zeitung 1847–1850. (= Contributions to the history of parliamentarism and political parties, vol. 115), Droste Verlag: Düsseldorf 1998, ISBN 3-7700-5215-3 , p. 30 f.
21. ^ See Karl Mathy : Assembly of chamber members from various German states; [...] . In: German newspaper . Heidelberg 1847, 17 (October 15), p. 1. Online version (without heading etc.) also at germanhistorydocs .
22. ^ Friedrich Daniel Bassermann: Memories . Edited by Ernst von Bassermann-Jordan and Friedrich von Bassermann-Jordan. Frankfurter Verlags-Anstalt, Frankfurt 1926, p. 13.
23. ^ Mommsen: Revolution. P. 96.
24. ^ Bassermann: Memories. P. 13 ff.
25. ^ Letter from Friedrich Wilhelm IV. To Christian Carl von Bunsen, dated Charlottenburg, December 8, 1847, cited above. according to Hoede, p. 113.
26. ^ Konrad Repgen: March Movement and May Elections of the revolutionary year 1848 in the Rhineland . Bonn 1955, quoted in after Mommsen: Revolution. P. 109.
27. ^ Mommsen: Revolution. P. 114.
28. ↑ from the unfinished memorandum on Prussia's situation and politics, August / September 1840, quoted from I. Geiss (Hrsg.): Chronik des 19. Jahrhundert. Chronik-Verlag 1996, ISBN 3-86047-131-7 , p. 317.
29. ↑ Klaus Herdepe: Die Prussische Verfassungsfrage 1848. Neuried 2002, ISBN 3-936117-22-5 , p. 101; Mommsen: Revolution. P. 127.
30. ↑ Boch, p. 181 f.
31. ↑ Boch, p. 182; Reprint of the king's cabinet order in Bergengrün, p. 490.
32. ^ Mommsen: Revolution. P. 206.
33. ↑ Bergengrün, pp. 507-530, quoted on p. 526.
34. ^ Hansemann: The Prussian and German constitution. With consideration for my political work. P. 121, cit. after Bergengrün, p. 554 f.
35. ↑ Bergengrün, p. 591.
36. ↑ Bergengrün, p. 631 ff.
37. ↑ Bergengrün, p. 595. The quote is from a letter to Rudolf Haym dated February 10, 1849.
38. ^ Wehler: History of Society, Vol. 3, p. 203; Boch p. 183; Bergengrün, pp. 653-661.
39. ↑ Boch, p. 184.
40. ^ Letter from Hansemann to Karl Deahna in Vienna, April 8, 1839, cited above. after Bergengrün, p. 219.
41. ↑ Wehler: History of Society, Vol. 3, p. 87.
42. ^ Wehler: History of Society, Vol. 3, p. 286; Bergengrün, p. 730 ff.
43. ↑ Bodo von Koppen: David Hansemann in the picture. , P. 198, fig. 7, p. 199. in: ZAGV ( magazine of the Aachener Geschichtsverein , edited by Bernhard Poll, Verlag des Aachener Geschichtsverein , Aachen 1958, vol. 70.)
44. ^ David Hansemann School . In: david-hansemann-schule.de .
45. ↑ Fifty years ago: The David Hansemann House in Düsseldorf. In: Historical Society of Deutsche Bank (Ed.): Bank and History. Historical review. No. 5, end of July 2004, p. 5 f. (PDF) .
46. ^ Full text on Prussia and France on the website of the University of Cologne.
47. ^ A contemporary review: Yearbooks for Scientific Criticism, 1834, p. 499 .
48. ↑ Full text of the treatise on the presumed frequency ... on the website of the University of Cologne.
49. ^ Scan to The railways and their shareholders in their relationship to the state on Google Books.
50. ↑ Full text of the memorandum on the relationship between the state and the Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft on the website of the University of Cologne.
51. ↑ Full text on About the execution of the Prussian railway system on the website of the University of Cologne.
52. ↑ Scan of The Political Issues of the Day with Consideration for the Rhenish Parliament on Google Books.
53. ^ Scan from About the introduction of the German Commercial Code on the website of the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, Frankfurt am Main.

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