History of the city of Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

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Castle with a tower

The history of the city of Bad Homburg vor der Höhe , until 1912 Homburg vor der Höhe, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages .

prehistory

The Homburg Bay was settled in Roman and Franconian times. In Roman times a connecting road ran between the Saalburg fort and Nida through the later Homburg area. The Saalburg fort belonged to the protective systems of the Upper German-Raetian Limes , which also touches the city area. By today's district Gonzenheim between led Taunus and Wetterau running Wine Route .

Surname

The name of the city, Homburg , is derived from Hohenberg Castle . The settlement around the Hohenberg in the southwest, today the area of ​​the upper old town, and the twice as large clustered village "Tal" Dietigheim in the northwest formed the core of the twin town. The two parts of the city were separated by an internal wall and were connected by the "Güldene Pforte".

The addition to the name in front of the height is probably first documented in 1399 . "The height" is the traditional name of the Taunus , the current name of which only became established in the 18th century.

middle Ages

At the end of the 12th century, Gottfried I von Eppstein acquired the rights to Homburg and the Comitia for the support of Wortwin von Homburg . Its first documentary mention comes from around 1178; there an Ortwino de Hohenberch appears as a witness for Eberhard I. von Dornberg . It is believed that he was the builder of Homburg Castle, gave it his name and was able to sell it as his allod to the von Eppstein family. The castle was occupied by castle men , who partly received the castle as a fief (knight family Brendel von Hoenberg (Homburg) as servants). In 1487 Count Gottfried IX sold von Eppstein Castle, town and office to Count Philipp von Hanau.

origin

In the early and high Middle Ages, the later Homburg was part of the Niddagau . Local historiography traditionally assumed that the documented history of the city of Bad Homburg vor der Höhe began with a mention of the year 782 in the Lorsch Codex , when part of the Dietigheim church was donated to the monastery. There a "Villa Tidenheim" is called and equated with the valley settlement called "Dietigheim". This was also expressed in street names. However, archaeological excavations at the Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main in 2002 did not reveal any evidence of a settlement in the old town between the turn of the ages and the 13th century AD.

Territorial Affiliation

Until 1013 the area of ​​today's Bad Homburg was an imperial estate, then the Count Palatine of the Rhine feudal lord of Homburg. Homburg was given as a fiefdom to the Lords of Hohenberg-Steden until around 1200, to the Counts of Katzenelnbogen between 1294 and 1330 and to the Counts of Eppstein , 1433–86 Eppstein-Münzenberg from 1361 to 1433 . In 1486, Gottfried X. von Eppstein, with the consent of the Hessian Landgrave, sold the castle and town of Homburg including the associated villages Seulberg , Oberstedten , Niederstedten , Dornholzhausen and Köppern , the Obermärkerschaft , the Court of Ober-Erlenbach and other rights for 19,000 guilders to Count Philipp I. (the younger ones) from Hanau-Münzenberg , who was enfeoffed by the Landgrave of Hesse.

The Hanau counts did not keep the office long. In 1504 Hesse and Hanau faced each other as opponents in the Landshut War of Succession , Hesse on the Bavarian side, Hanau on the Palatinate side. Landgrave Wilhelm II confiscated the office of Homburg. At the Diet of Worms in 1521 a settlement was reached through the mediation of Emperor Charles V : In return for payment of 12,000 guilders, the Counts of Hanau waived their claims regarding Homburg. 1539–59 Homburg was again at Hanau-Münzenberg, this time pledged and 1559–68 at Reifenberg .

Castle

In 1962, during archaeological excavations under the deer aisle wing of Bad Homburg Castle, two layers of fire were discovered, which, according to the interpretation of the excavator Günther Binding, indicated two tower castles built one after the other, but each burned down . Another excavation by the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main in April 2006 revealed three early phases of settlement:

  • In the lowest detected culture layer directly above the natural consisting of greenschists ground traces were post of a building to light whose C 14 determination fit a dating to 1180th
  • The following phase shows that this building was demolished or burned down after a short period of use. The site was leveled very quickly and a truss technology building was erected on it. It lasted around a hundred years, then also went down in a fire and was in the
  • third phase replaced by stone and mortar structures. In all likelihood, it is the castle of Brendel von Homburg, which was also documented in writing from the 14th century .

Another excavation carried out by the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments in Hesse in the Orangeriegasse bordering today's palace in November 2010 yielded ceramics from the 12th / 13th centuries. Century. This corresponds in time to the documentary evidence of the castle built around 1180 by Ortwin von Hohenberch (or: Wortwin, as he is called in Eppstein's lists of fiefdoms). Ortwin thus contributed to the security line Frankfurt - Gelnhausen - Büdingen - Ortenberg - Munzenberg - Friedberg - Hohenberch (Bad Homburg vor der Höhe), which Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa built around the Wetterau.

The castle was allod . Ortwin also held two fiefs from the Count Palatine , which Werner von Braunshorn had owned before him . He sold one or both fiefs (the source is not clear here) together with the castle after 1197 to Gottfried I von Eppstein . This results from a place in the Eppstein fiefdoms, in which the connection of the sale is described. He occupied the castle with castle men, some of whom also received it as a fief, such as the knights Brendel von Hoenberg (Homburg).

The writer of the Eppstein list of fiefs also reports on the previous owner of one of the two fiefs mentioned: Friedrich von Hausen . This extraordinary mention, combined with emphasis in the original, suggests that Friedrich von Hausen is the minstrel and friend of Friedrich Barbarossa, who died in 1190 on the Third Crusade .

city

Coat of arms of the city of Bad Homburg in front of the height

The findings of the excavation in 2010 suggest that a settlement was built at the same time as the castle, to which today's city goes back. At the same time, the mention of Ortwin von Hohenberch in the Eberbacher series of witnesses from around 1180 is the first concrete documentary evidence for Homburg.

There were two churches in Bad Homburg: the St. George's Church and the Church of Our Lady in front of the Untertor, the town church in the upper old town. The patronage belonged to the provost of Ilbenstadt . Homburg was in the Archdiocese of Mainz . The middle church authority was the archdeaconate of the provost of St. Peter in Mainz , deanery Eschborn .

Homburg probably obtained town and market rights around 1330 , although the exact form of the award is unknown; a corresponding certificate is not available. At that time, the lords of the castle were the Brendels. The city was enclosed by an unfinished circular wall through which the upper and lower gate led. Since the 15th century there have been two weekly markets that are still held regularly today. From the 14th to the 19th century agriculture was the main occupation of the citizens.

In 1335 ten Jewish families lived in Homburg vor der Höhe.

A city ​​council for the old town was first mentioned in 1436 . In the 16th century it consisted of 12 aldermen of the court, who were called the Aldermen's Council, Large or "Elder Council" and formed the administrative body, as well as 6 council members, who were called "Small" or "Younger Council" and supplemented the Elder Council . The two mayors were elected from both councils. They did the accounting. The mayor , appointed by the rulers, presided over the council and was under the supervision of the cellar or bailiff .

Historical forms of names

  • Tidenheim (769-782)
  • Dietigheim (817)
  • Ditincheim (782, 12th century)
  • Tittingesheim (1013)
  • Hohenberg (13th century)
  • Hohenberch (13th century)
  • Hoenberg (13th century)
  • Hoenberch (13th century)
  • Hohinberg (13th century)
  • Hohinberch (13th century)
  • Hoinberg (13th century)
  • Hoinberch (13th century)
  • Hoemburg (1268)
  • Diedeckem (1440)
  • Dydeckheym (1467)
  • Homberg (14th - 16th century)
  • Homburg (14th - 16th century)
  • Diedigheim (1538)
  • Diedicomb (1593)

Early modern age

Valentin Wagner : View of Homburg from the north 1633.
Bad Homburg - Excerpt from the Topographia Hassiae by Matthäus Merian , 1655
Bruch's city map from 1787

The Reformation was introduced as early as 1527 . The city became Lutheran .

When the Hessian state was divided after the death of Landgrave Philip I in 1567, the castle, office and city of Homburg fell to the Counts of Diez for ten years , to Landgrave Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels in 1577 and to Hesse-Darmstadt in 1583 . In a further division within Hessen-Darmstadt, the branch line Hessen-Homburg with Friedrich I. was founded in 1622 .

In 1529 a Jewish community was settled in the Judengasse in Neustadt. By 1750 the number of Jewish families rose to ten. In 1684 and 1734 Jewish ordinances were issued.

In the middle of the 16th century there was a Latin school and a girls' school.

Between 1603 and 1656 at least 61 women and 14 men from Homburg and the towns of Seulberg, Köppern, Gonzenheim and Oberstedten, which were then part of the Homburg district, were executed on the Platzenberg during witch hunts. The most prominent victim was Ottilia Preussing . In 2012, the city of Bad Homburg announced a rehabilitation of the victims of the local witch trials and put up a memorial plaque on the old town hall tower in July 2017.

Friedrich II. (1633–1708) became famous as the "Prince of Homburg". He had the Brendel Castle converted into a palace, the basic features of which have been preserved to this day. He also had a mint built in 1692 and at the same time searched for gold on the slopes of the Taunus, the name of the Taunusberg gold mine and the mine of the same name refer to this. However, the mint was soon closed again, as Hessen-Darmstadt successfully contested a minting right on the Hessen-Homburg sideline. Were minted ducats , double bus and Gulden .

There were two fairs in 1611 and six since the 18th century. Since 1851 there has only been the Christmas market.

Since the Middle Ages - in addition to the arable bourgeoisie - trade and industry were located in Homburg, with the production of wool and cloth playing an important role and being organized in guilds . More were added from the 17th century. The establishment of the residence, the building of the Louisenstadt and the influx of Huguenots made crafts, trade and commerce flourish. Hats, leather and cloths were made. From 1660 to 1664 and from 1680 to 1740 salt and from 1679 to 1684 glass were produced in a landgrave monopoly .

Reformed Huguenots and German Reformed people have been able to settle in Homburg since 1686. Your community was united from 1686 to 1733 with that of Friedrichsdorf and 1716–1765 with that of Dornholzhausen . In 1724 the Reformed congregation was able to inaugurate its own church, the Jakobskirche.

In 1703 the residents of Neustadt were also granted citizenship and were allowed to be elected to the council from then on. For the affairs of the Neustadt two heads were elected with a term of three years. In 1774 the Small Council was dissolved and the City Council with 12 councilors was formed from the Great Council. In addition, there were three MPs from Old Town and three from Neustadt, each with an advisory voice and the right to object. Mayor and city treasurer has also been appointed by the landgrave authorities for an indefinite period since 1744.

In the second half of the 18th century, fruit growing was significantly promoted under the influence of physiocratic economics .

A Jewish community had existed in Homburg vor der Höhe since the late Middle Ages. In 1639 eleven Jews are counted. The number of Jews increased significantly in the further course. In 1803 there were 105 families and around 1925 the Jewish community consisted of around 400 people (i.e. 2.5% of the then around 16,000 inhabitants). A first synagogue was consecrated in 1732. This was used until 1866, the year the new synagogue was built - the architect was Christian Holler . In the middle of the 19th century, 10% of the Homburg population professed to be Jewish. The Jewish community ceased after the destruction of the synagogue on Kristallnacht in 1938 and the deportation of the last Jews Bad Homburg in 1942 to exist. There are currently around 300 Jews living in Bad Homburg, mainly from the former Soviet Union, as well as another 300 Jewish citizens in the area around Bad Homburg.

19th century

Territorial assignment

In 1815 the Landgraviate of Hessen-Homburg was confirmed in its existence as a small state at the Congress of Vienna due to the merits of the Landgrave's sons in the fight against Napoleon , and Meisenheim am Glan enlarged it. Another factor in this decision was that Princess Marianne von Hessen-Homburg and Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Karl , a brother of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. was married.

Since 1820 the citizens could choose the councilors themselves. The councilors only had an advisory role. In 1832, the council consisted of a city school council, four city councilors, four councilors, a city calculator chosen by them and a head of each of the six city districts. In 1848 the Jews were given civic equality. According to the statutory ordinance of September 1, 1849, the council consisted of a mayor, two aldermen and twelve councilors who were freely elected by the (male) citizens. This revolutionary achievement was soon reversed in the following era of reaction , and from 1852 the mayor and the alderman were appointed by the landgrave and his government.

In 1866, after the death of the last Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, Homburg fell to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt . In the same year the Grand Duchy was on the loser's side in the Austro-Prussian War . In the peace treaty of September 3, 1866 , it had to cede Homburg to Prussia , among other things . From 1867 to 1971 Homburg was the seat of the district administration of the Obertaunuskreis . In Prussian times it belonged to the province of Hessen-Nassau .

Culture and health spa

City map from 1857

Since 1814, Roman Catholic services have been held in Homburg again . In 1831 the Lutheran, the Reformed, the Roman Catholic and the Israelite elementary school were combined into a "general citizen school".

The spa operation began with the (re) discovery of the Elisabethenbrunnen in 1834 by the Homburg doctor Dr. Eduard Christian Trapp , to whom we owe the development to the spa. The first Kursaal building and the first casino in Homburg were built in 1841/42 by the twin brothers François Blanc (* 1806 † 1877) and Louis Blanc (* 1806, † 1852), who later also took over the Monte Carlo casino . That is why the Bad Homburg casino is also known as the mother of Monte Carlo . Homburg vor der Höhe thus became an internationally famous bath and was particularly valued by the Russian nobility. In 1854, the Landgräflich Hessische concessioned Landesbank was founded in Homburg as a central bank in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Homburg.

The foreign guests were also due to two exotic churches: the English Church was consecrated in 1868 and the Russian Chapel in 1899 .

As a widow, Empress Friedrich lived in Bad Homburg Castle until the completion of her widow's residence , Schloss Friedrichshof in Kronberg , in 1894. A frequent guest was her brother, the English Crown Prince and later King Edward VII , who introduced the Homburg hat and the "envelope-free society trousers". He was in Homburg for a fasting cure 32 times . After 1894, Kaiser Wilhelm II used Homburg Castle as a summer residence.

The Golf Club Bad Homburg Golf Club 1899 eV , located in the Dornholzhausen district of Bad Homburg in the Röderwiesen today, is the oldest golf club in Germany. It began in the Bad Homburg Kurpark, where the old clubhouse and parts of the old golf course that are still playable are located. It has been called the Royal Homburger Golf Club 1899 since 2013 and is one of the 63 royal golf clubs in the world.

The Roman Catholic Church of St. Mary was consecrated in 1895 , and the Church of the Redeemer in 1908 in the presence of the imperial couple.

The Gordon Bennet Race in 1904 put Homburg vor der Höhe at the center of the sports world.

Economy and Transport

Fürstenbahnhof

In 1860 the city was connected to Frankfurt by the Homburg Railway and in 1895 to Usingen. The latter opened a line to Friedberg from Friedrichsdorf in 1901 , which - after building a connecting curve at Höchst - completed the Bad Nauheim – Wiesbaden railway in 1911. In 1907 the two terminal stations in Homburg vor der Höhe that had existed to date were replaced by a joint through station. Particularly noteworthy about this facility is the Fürstenbahnhof .

After the First World War , the textile, leather, machine ( Horex -Columbuswerk, PIV drive) and food industry (TAG) emerged. The Peters Pneu Renova was Europe's largest companies for tire retreading.

Fire extinguishing

The city's voluntary fire brigade was founded on June 15, 1859 in the “Zur Rose” inn. On October 16, 1868, the first supra-local fire brigade conference in the Hesse-Nassau area took place in Homburg, where an application was made to found a fire brigade association for the Wiesbaden region or for the Hesse-Nassau province . The Franco-German War of 1870/71 initially interrupted further negotiations, so that the Nassau Fire Brigade Association was not founded until July 27, 1872 in Wiesbaden.

20th century

One trillion marks: Bad Homburg emergency money from November 22, 1923
Interior view of the synagogue with a view of the Torah shrine

During the November pogrom of 1938, the new synagogue of 1864 was set on fire and burned down completely; later a pioneer unit of the Wehrmacht blew up the ruins. The Jewish community center with the school at Elisabethenstrasse 8 was spared; A little later it was repurposed as the HJ and BDM home. In 1956 the community education group took over the house (later community college ). SA troops looted some Jewish shops. The Jewish men were arrested and deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp .

During the Second World War , the city was the target of air raids by Allied planes. The heaviest attack took place on March 8, 1945, when Allied units emptied their residual load over the small town on the return flight. A narrow bomb-drop lane ran through the city center for about a kilometer. The Kurhaus Bad Homburg , the girls' high school, the barracks (today the tax office), the old town hall, the district court (today the city library) and many residential and commercial buildings were destroyed or badly damaged. The militarily useless bombing attack claimed 33 civilian lives. On March 30, 1945, American troops entered the city without a fight.

While the spa business declined sharply for years as a result of the two world wars, the importance of the city as the seat of authorities and administration increased. This was initially the residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the US Armed Forces and later military governor of the US zone of occupation , General Lucius D. Clay . High Commissioner John Jay McCloy , who has been in office since 1949, also lived here. In 1946 Bad Homburg became the seat of the Administrative Office for Finance , a bizonal authority of the military government . As a result, on July 23, 1947, the Economic Council of the Bizone set up the special office for money and credit in preparation for the currency reform , of which Ludwig Erhard became the head . After the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Federal Debt Administration (renamed Federal Securities Administration from 2002, part of the German Finance Agency since August 1, 2006 ), the Securities Adjustment Office and the Federal Compensation Office remained in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe . In the federal state of Hesse , Bad Homburg belonged to the Wiesbaden administrative district until 1968 , since then to the Darmstadt administrative district and has been the district town of the Hochtaunuskreis since January 1, 1972.

In the 20th century Bad Homburg became a preferred residence for the Frankfurt upper class .

At the end of the 1960s, there were violent disputes over the preservation of the old town. Their building fabric was in a desolate condition. Three quarters of the apartments did not have their own bathroom. Since 1965 a demolition with subsequent rebuilding was planned. The skyscraper at Untertor should be a first step in this direction. The protest of the Save the Old Town interest group was directed against these plans . After the protests had received a lot of approval in a local assembly in 1969, the planning was changed. Instead of new buildings, the goal was to renovate. Bad Homburg won an urban planning award in 1978 for the renovation program. In the 1980s, the old town was funded by the federal government's urban development program with 34.2 million DM.

Population development

  • 1542: approx. 250 inhabitants
  • 1599: 00.138 payers
  • 1713: 01,255 inhabitants
  • 1750: 00.572 families
  • 1817: 03,382 inhabitants
  • 1830: 04,044 inhabitants
  • 1852: 05,316 inhabitants
  • 1865: 07,141 inhabitants (plus 225 military personnel)
  • 1875: 08,237 inhabitants
  • 1890: 08,863 inhabitants
  • 1900: 09,574 inhabitants
  • 1910: 14,300 inhabitants (from here with Kirdorf)
  • 1925: 16,325 inhabitants
  • 1933: 16,840 inhabitants
  • 1939: 21,622 inhabitants
  • 1946: 24,714 inhabitants
  • 1950: 32,714 inhabitants
  • 1961: 37,340 inhabitants
  • 1970: 41,598 inhabitants
  • 1981: 51,198 inhabitants

literature

  • Angelika Baeumerth: 1200 years Bad Homburg vd Höhe. The citizens of Bad Homburg vd Höhe at the 1200th anniversary in 1982 . Bad Homburg 1982.
  • Günther Binding: Observations and excavations in Bad Homburg vd Höhe Castle in 1962. In: Communications from the Association for History and Regional Studies in Bad Homburg vd Höhe. 32, 1974.
  • Barbara Dölemeyer among other things: History of the city of Bad Homburg in front of the height. Volume 5: Departure-Tradition-Growth 1948–1990. Frankfurt am Main 2007.
  • Heinz Grosche: History of the city of Bad Homburg in front of the height . Volume 3 u. 4, Frankfurt 1986 ff.
  • Heinz Grosche, Klaus Rhode: History of the city of Bad Homburg before the height . Special volume: History of the Jews in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe 1866–1945 . Bad Homburg 1991.
  • Joachim Henning, Michael Korwisi: Foreword: From local town archeology to medieval European urban history. In: Joachim Henning (Ed.): Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium . 2 volumes. Volume 1, Berlin / New York 2007, pp. V – VIII.
  • Erich Keyser (Hrsg.): Hessisches Städtebuch (= German city book. Handbook of urban history 4). January 1957.
  • Gerhard Kleinfeldt, Hans Weirich: The medieval church organization in the Upper Hesse-Nassau area. (= Writings of the institute for historical regional studies of Hesse and Nassau. 16). 1937. (Reprint: 1984)
  • Rudolf Knappe: Medieval castles in Hesse: 800 castles, castle ruins and castle sites. 3. Edition. Wartberg publishing house. Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, ISBN 3-86134-228-6 .
  • District committee of the Obertaunuskreis (ed.): 100 years of Obertaunuskreis . 1967.
  • Astrid Krüger: The importance of Wortwin von Steden / Hohenberg for the history of Homburg Castle and its surroundings. In: Nassau Annals. 119, 2008, pp. 75-84.
  • Rüdiger Kurth: An "Elvis" of the Middle Ages. The knight, the minstrel and Hohenberch Castle. In: Yearbook Hochtaunuskreis 2009. 2008, pp. 186–189.
  • Rüdiger Kurth: Maybe he met Emperor Barbarossa. (W) Ortwin von Hohenberch and his castle. In: Yearbook of the Hochtaunuskreis 2006. 2005, pp. 94–98.
  • Friedrich Lotz: History of the city of Bad Homburg before the height. 2 volumes. 2nd Edition. Frankfurt 1977.
  • Ferdinand Luthmer: The architectural and art monuments of the eastern Taunus. Frankfurt district - Höchst district - Obertaunus district - Usingen district . 1905.
  • Magistrate of the city of Bad Homburg vd Höhe: 1200 years of Bad Homburg. 782-1982 . Bad Homburg 1982.

Web links

Commons : Cultural heritage monuments in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Notes and individual references

  1. Stadtarchiv Bad Homburg (ed.): Repertory of the documents of the Landgraviate of Hesse Homburg . Department 310, entry 59.
  2. Wenck (1789), p. 111 f., Document LXXX (around 1178).
  3. a b Uta Löwenstein: County Hanau. In: Knights, Counts and Princes - secular dominions in the Hessian area approx. 900–1806. (= Handbook of Hessian History 3; = Publications of the Historical Commission for Hesse 63). Marburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-942225-17-5 , p. 211.
  4. P. Nieß: The main features of the Hohenstaufen castle policy in our area . In: Heimat im Bild . Week 45, November 1975.
  5. The first important but not named Palatine Count near Rhine in connection with the source was Konrad der Staufer (* 1136, † 1195), half-brother of Friedrich Barbarossa.
  6. ^ Friedrich Lotz: History of the city of Bad Homburg before the height . 2nd Edition. 2 volumes. Frankfurt 1977, p. 37 .
  7. The Bad Homburg city archivist Astrid Krüger interpreted in an essay published in the Nassauischen Annalen 2008 the specified passage in the Eppstein fiefdoms to the effect that Werner von Braunshorn was actually the owner of the castle. An indirect reply to this, written by the Bad Homburg archaeologist Rüdiger Kurth, was published by him in the 2009 yearbook of the Hochtaunuskreis. The above text is essentially based on the information in the city history of Friedrich Lotz (see literature).
  8. Shards instead of city walls . In: Frankfurter Neue Presse . November 26, 2010 ( HTML [accessed December 7, 2016]).
  9. ^ Bad Homburg (Ed.): Overview - Public institutions . Weekly markets. ( bad-homburg.de [accessed on June 13, 2012]).
  10. Codex Laureshamensis , No. 3405.
  11. Names of the victims of the witch trials / witch persecution Bad Homburg (PDF; 141 kB), accessed on May 9, 2016.
  12. Martina Propson-Hauck: Homburger witches rehabilitated . In: Frankfurter Rundschau online . February 24, 2012 ( HTML [accessed June 13, 2012]).
  13. City press release of July 14, 2017, HTML
  14. ^ Bad Homburg vor der Höhe (district town, Hochtaunuskreis): Jewish history - synagogues on alemannia-judaica.de
  15. ^ Alfred Biallas: The destruction of the Bad Homburg synagogue. A dark point in Elisabethenstrasse has disappeared . In: Alt-Homburg . tape 32 , no. 4 , 1989, pp. 8-11 .
  16. http://www.fr.de/rhein-main/alle-gemeinden/hochtaunus/bad-homburg-neue-synagoge-wird-eingeweiht-a-1615697
  17. The Queen agrees to the “Royal Homburg Golf Club”. In: FAZ . April 9, 2013, p. 43.
  18. ^ Franz-Josef Sehr : The foundation of the Nassau fire brigade association . In: Yearbook for the Limburg-Weilburg district 2012 . The district committee of the district of Limburg-Weilburg, Limburg-Weilburg 2011, ISBN 3-927006-48-3 , p. 65-67 .
  19. ^ Alemannia Judaica Synagogue Bad Homburg, accessed December 22, 2014.
  20. Wolfgang Zimmermann: I remember. On March 8, around 2:45 p.m., the earth shook . In: Hochtaunuskreis (Ed.): Yearbook of the Hochtaunuskreis 2006 . 2006, p. 66-72 .
  21. Walter Söhnlein, Gerta Walsh: Clear the way! Railways in the Taunus 1860-1910 - 2010 . Frankfurt 2010, ISBN 978-3-7973-1223-5 , pp. 83 .
  22. Johannes Latsch: "Human, homely, attractive" - ​​30 years of the Prognos report in Bad Homburg - urban planning between theory, citizens' will and reality. In: From the city archive - lectures on Bad Homburg's history. Volume 13, 2002/03.