House lice

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House lice
Sempervivum tectorum

Sempervivum tectorum

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Saxifragales (Saxifragales)
Family : Thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae)
Subfamily : Sempervivoideae
Tribe : Semperviveae
Genre : House lice
Scientific name
Sempervivum
L.

Houseleek ( Sempervivum ) is a genus in the thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae). The botanical name of the genus is derived from the Latin words semper for 'always' and vivus for 'living' and means something like 'always living'. The German common name houseleek has its origins in the Old High German term Wurz , which was then used for ' root ' or ' plant '.

Of the approximately 200 species described so far, between 40 and 63 species are recognized, depending on the author. There are also more than 7000 varieties in horticultural use.

features

Habitus

Hauswurzen grow as clumps (rosette pads) of perennial , evergreen , succulent plants. The plants are hapaxanth (or monocarp), that is, after flowering, the rosettes that have flowered die off. The size of the ball-shaped, closed, hemispherical or star-shaped rosettes is between 0.5 cm (partly in Sempervivum arachnoideum or Sempervivum globiferum subsp. Arenarium ) and 22 cm (partly in Sempervivum grandiflorum and Sempervivum tectorum hybrids and Auslese), but mainly at 3-6 cm. When the flowers form, the internodes of the stem axis stretch to form a long shoot . The inflorescences are between 3 cm ( Sempervivum minutum ) and 60 cm ( Sempervivum tectorum ), but usually protrude seven to twenty centimeters in height.

leaves

Section through a rosette from Sempervivum

Like many thick-leaf plants (Crassulaceae), houseleek species are succulents and are able to store water in their leaves. The usually very fleshy leaves are partly downy (pubescent) hairy on the sides or have marginal eyelashes. The hair can contain glandular hair. The leaf tips partially have tufts of hair. The shape of the leaves of the different species is diverse. They can, for example, be lanceolate, elliptical, oblong lanceolate, inverted lanceolate, ovoid, inverted ovoid, pointed, wedge-shaped or oblong spatulate. The tip can also be designed differently. Usually it is pointed or short-pointed. The pigmentation of the leaves is variable depending on the season, location and variety. There are leaves that are heavily enriched with anthocyanins , which are then reddish-brown or rarely purple. Various shades of color can occur, such as gray-olive green, gray-green, but also very pale tints ( pseudochlorotic ). In the latter case, the leaves are yellowish to yellowish green. The coloration is mainly dependent on exposure to the sun, but partly also genetically determined.

Flowers and inflorescences

Star-shaped flowers of Sempervivum grandiflorum , a representative of the Sempervivum section
Tubular to bell-shaped flowers of Sempervivum globiferum subsp. globiferum , a representative of the Jovibarba section

The mostly dense inflorescence consists of cymes with three, rarely two to four, wraps that are sometimes forked. The sitting or almost sitting, hermaphrodite single flowers are obdiplostemon . Their broad, slightly upright, lanceolate sepals are somewhat fused together at the base. The rose-colored, purple-colored or yellow to almost white petals that are spread out or erect at the time of flowering are not fused together at their base and are usually bare on the inside.

The rarely bare stamens are red, purple, blue or yellow to white, the stamens red or yellow and the deposed stylus is usually bent. The nectar flakes are more or less square and about 0.5 millimeters in size.

The rosettes bloom sparsely, the blooming period is between late May and late August. Their flowers first show a male stage ( proterandry ). After that, the stamens bend to the side and away from the carpels in the center of the flower. This makes self-pollination more difficult.

The pollen grains of the genus are prolate, that is, they are shaped like ellipsoids of revolution. The outer layer of the wall of the pollen grain, the exine of the sporoderm , has three elongated germinal folds, in each of which there is a round germinal pore ( tricolporate ). The pollen grains are 14 to 25 micrometers long and 12 to 21 micrometers wide. Those of the Jovibarba section are 13 percent larger than those of the Sempervivum section , contain no pollen cement and also differ in the structure of the pollen grain wall.

Fruits and seeds

The many-seeded, rarely bare fruits stand upright to almost upright and open along a ventral seam. The brown seeds it contains are ellipsoidal, egg-shaped or pear-shaped and ribbed.

The propagation of seeds carried by the wind ( Anemochorie ).

cytology

The basic number of chromosomes varies between and . About half of all species are polyploid , most of them tetraploid . Sempervivum minutum is hexaploid and another species is octoploid.

Distribution and locations

Autochthonous distribution of the genus Sempervivum L.

The genus Sempervivum occurs from Morocco to Iran . Its distribution area extends between these corner points through the Spanish Sierras, the Alps, Carpathians, the mountains of the Balkans, Turkey and Armenia. The genus can therefore be found mainly in the European mountains. With Sempervivum atlanticum from the Atlas Mountains and Sempervivum iranicum from the Elburs Mountains , their distribution extends like the tips of a sickle to Africa and Asia. A particularly large number of houseleek species can be found in the Caucasus, Northeast Anatolia, the Balkans and the Alps. They live mainly on sunny rocks and in stony areas of the montane, subalpine and alpine zones. Some have opened up more humane locations.

Alpine region

Rosette cushion of the mountain houseleek ( Sempervivum montanum subsp. Montanum )
Lime houseleek ( Sempervivum calcareum ), a species with many leaves that range from bluish-green to gray-olive green ( glauc , glaucescent). The leaf blades are oblong-ovate, the leaf tips pointed and reddish brown.
Blossom of a hybrid between mountain houseleek and cobweb houseleek ( Sempervivum arachnoideum × montanum , also Sempervivum × barbulatum )
Sempervivum arachnoideum
Sempervivum wulfenii
Sempervivum globiferum subsp. globiferum , Lochenstein, Germany, a representative of the Jovibarba section

In the Alps , one of the areas in which there is an accumulation of houseleek species, the most common species are the cobweb houseleek ( Sempervivum arachnoideum ), the mountain houseleek ( Sempervivum montanum ) and the roof houseleek ( Sempervivum tectorum ) . They bloom red. In addition to its autochthonous distribution, the roof houseleek can also be found on roofs and walls, mostly planted, sometimes overgrown or wild, sometimes very far from its natural distribution area. The common fringed house root ( Sempervivum globiferum ) has a large distribution area with two areas in the south-west Alps and with occurrences in the eastern Alps, but it occurs remarkably often in the peripheral areas of the Alps.

The Wulfen houseleek ( Sempervivum wulfenii ) is endemic to the Eastern Alps, the yellow-blooming large-flowered houseleek ( Sempervivum grandiflorum ) and the whitish-pale pink blooming lime houseleek ( Sempervivum calcareum ) are endemic to the Western Alps and have a much smaller distribution area. The distribution area of ​​the red blooming Dolomite houseleek is even smaller . The serpentine houseleek ( Sempervivum pittonii ) can only be found on two mountain slopes in Upper Styria near Kraubath an der Mur in Austria. It blooms yellow.

While the mountain houseleek, the wulfen houseleek and the large-flowered houseleek are adapted to the acidic soil environment, the lime houseleek and the dolomite houseleek are found on a calcareous substrate. The cobweb houseleek prefers acidic soil conditions, the roof houseleek has a broader amplitude. The serpentine houseleek specializes in serpentinite substrate. The subspecies of the common fringed houseleek are partly adapted to different soil conditions.

Asia Minor

Another area in which Sempervivum species occur more frequently is the mountainous region of Asia Minor . Sempervivum pisidicum is a distinct high mountain species . It occurs up to over 2500 m. Sempervivum armenum and Sempervivum minus , which can be found at altitudes above 2000 m, are also alpine species . Also Sempervivum gillianii likes to grow südexponiert on alpine meadows. Sempervivum brevipilum can be found on volcanic rock . Sempervivum davisii , a collective species that occurs in alpine as well as in wetter and lower altitudes, for example near river banks , has a wide distribution in the inner eastern Anatolia . Also Sempervivum ekimii and clans of Sempervivum davisii subsp. furseorum are found in more humid climates. Sempervivum staintonii is adapted to lower altitudes. Sempervivum herfriedianum is native to the eastern part of the Kaçkar Dağlar Mountains .

Caucasus and Transcaucasus

In the Caucasus , representatives of the genus are mainly found at altitudes from 1200 to 3000 m. There are both Sempervives with smooth leaf surfaces and those with hairy leaf surfaces on both sides. The house lice with bare leaf surfaces includes the red flowering species Sempervivum borissovae , Sempervivum caucasicum and Sempervivum gwersenii . Yellow-flowering species are Sempervivum glabrifolium and Sempervivum sosnowskyi .

Sempervivum altum , Sempervivum annae , Sempervivum dzhavachischvilii , Sempervivum ermanicum , Sempervivum charadzeae , Sempervivum ossetiense and Sempervivum pumilum have hairy leaf surfaces and red flowers . A yellow flowering species with hairy leaf surfaces is Sempervivum transcaucasicum , which also occurs in lower altitudes up to 550 m. Sempervivum charadzeae , a species with runners up to 35 cm long, occurs in submontane layers.

Balkan Peninsula

Another area with many types of houseleek is the Balkan Peninsula . From the Jovibarba section, there are mainly many forms of Sempervivum heuffelii in the area , but Sempervivum globiferum also occurs in the northern part of the Balkans, according to the literature.

From the Sempervivum section , the very variable Sempervivum marmoreum is often found there as a red-flowered species . Sempervivum kosaninii , which grows on limestone in Macedonia , is closely related to this species . The other species of the Balkans bloom yellow.

Sempervivum ruthenicum grows in the northern area of ​​the Balkans, but its main area of ​​distribution is in areas north of the Balkans and mostly occurs in low altitudes. Sempervivum leucanthum is found in Bulgaria and mountainous areas south of it. The distribution area of Sempervivum zeleborii goes from Bulgaria and western Romania south to northern Greece . The petals of Sempervivum ciliosum and Sempervivum leucanthum are exclusively yellow in color, while the other yellow flowering species are reddish in color at the base of the petals. The subspecies Sempervivum ciliosum subsp. octopodes only grows on the Pelister in southern Macedonia. Also Sempervivum thompsonianum is found only in a very limited area in southern Macedonia.

Systematics

External system

Sempervivum belongs to the tribe Semperviveae in the Sempervivoideae subfamily of the thick-leaf plants . Phylogenetic studies show a close relationship to the genus Petrosedum and some species of the subgenus Sedum subg. Gormania :


 Semperviveae 

Sempervivum


   

Sedum assyriacum


   

Sedum mooneyi


   

Petrosedum






phylogenesis

Most likely, Sempervivum stems from an old Petrosedum line that had an increased number of chromosomes in the cells. Petrosedum is not only regarded as a group of origin of the genus Sempervivum but also as a group of origins of the genera Aeonium , Aichryson and Monanthes .

According to Urs Eggli, the order of the saxifragales (saxifragales) has been constituted from the last global - Alpidic - mountain formation phase in the earth's history and its geological unfolding, i.e. since the last 135 million years. However, the thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae) is much younger and the genus Sempervivum is even younger . How old this genus is within the family is an unsolved question. Because of its relatively small distribution area and its relatively uniform morphology and plant chemistry, the opinion was also expressed that the genus Sempervivum could be addressed as a young group within the thick-leaf family. However, this is speculation. Since there are no fossils on this, no reliable data exist.

There are indications "that some of today's distribution patterns are influenced by refuges from the last Ice Age."

Obviously the genus is in a not yet stable phase of its evolution and all its members of the genus are very closely related to one another. Nevertheless, the individual taxa often show great variability. As a consequence, many subspecies, varieties and forms have been described. Sometimes they do not have any well-defined delimitations. A second consequence is that a large number of natural hybrids can be observed within the genus . These can often cross back again and so on - so that an almost endless variety and division can be determined.

Internal system

The first description of the genus Sempervivum was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Type species of the genus is Sempervivum tectorum . Synonyms of the genus are Sedum Adans. , Jovibarba (DC.) Opiz , Diopogon Jord. & Fourr. and × Jovivum G.D. Rowley .

The genus is divided into the sections Sempervivum and Jovibarba mainly due to differences in the flower morphology . In the Sempervivum section , the flowers are spread out in a star shape and have eight to 18 petals . In the species of the Jovibarba section , the flowers are bell-shaped to tubular and usually have six, rarely seven or five, petals.

Species
The genus Sempervivum includes the following species, subspecies and varieties:

  • Jovibarba section :
    • Sempervivum globiferum L.
      • Sempervivum globiferum subsp. allionii (Jord. & Fourr.) 't Hart & B.Bleij
      • Sempervivum globiferum subsp. arenarium (WDJKoch) 't Hart & B.Bleij
      • Sempervivum globiferum subsp. glabrescens (Sabr.) M. Werner
      • Sempervivum globiferum subsp. globiferum
      • Sempervivum globiferum subsp. hirtum (L.) 't Hart & B. Bleij
      • Sempervivum globiferum subsp. preissianum (Domin) M. Werner
      • Sempervivum globiferum subsp. lagarinianum (L.Gallo) R.Stephenson
    • Sempervivum heuffelii Schott

Hybrids
In addition, the following hybrids are validly described:

Popular custom and superstition

Illustration from a copy of Johannes Hartlieb's book of herbs , around 1470
Illustration of the "Groß Haußwurtz" ( Sempervivum tectorum ) in Leonhart Fuchs New Kreüterbuch from 1543.

The roof houseleek is an old medicinal, magic and ornamental plant. Numerous popular names in many European languages ​​testify to this, although most vernacular names appear in German . Some German trivial names - mostly for Sempervivum tectorum , sometimes also for Sempervivum globiferum - are for example roof herb, roof leek, roof bulb, Donnerbart, Donnerkopf, Donnerkraut, Donnerwurz, Dunnerknöpf, Gewitterkrut, Gottesbart, Grindkopf, Hausampfer, Jupiterbart, Donarsbart, Mason , Hornbill, warthog, ciderwort.

Charlemagne ordered in his country estate ordinance Capitulare de villis : " et illegally hortulanus habeat super domum suam Jovis barbam " (" and every gardener should have a 'Jupiter beard' on his roof "). Popular belief said that this plant could protect a house from lightning strikes. Jupiter and Donar were thought to be gods who had lightning under their control, and houseleek was supposed to keep lightning strikes and fire away. A possible explanation for this assumption could be that roofs that were planted with houseleek were no longer as dry as new roofs and therefore did not catch fire as easily. In addition, the houseleeks had the purpose of holding loose tile or thatched roofs together and protecting ridge and clay ceilings from being washed out.

When a thunderstorm was approaching, leaves were burned in the oven, which the superstitious people picked on St. John's Day. In some places, catkins and houseleek components that had been removed from the roof on St. John's Day were burned in storms . Houseleek was used as a magic plant in Switzerland well into the 20th century. They were planted on a board that was mounted on a pole. Individual plants that were hung in the chimney should protect against witches going into the chimney. Planted on stables, they should ensure that the animals are protected from epidemics. From the area of ​​Weißenburg / Bavaria it is known that the cows got three oak leaves (so that the leaves do not harm them), three leaves of the rue (so that herbs do not harm them) and three leaves of the houseleek (on that they would find their way back to their stable, on which houseleek was probably planted). The use of houseleek as a component of a combination of three medicinal herbs (some rûte , celandine and houseleek ), of which a preparation with three leaves each should be drunk three times to treat jaundice, is found around the 15th century under the influence of the Middle Ages Speculation of numbers in other texts too.

Houses on which houseleek grew should bring luck. In some places it was believed that it would bring bad luck if a houseleek rosette bloomed, that for example a resident of the house would die that year. In other areas, it is said that long flower stems indicate an important event is imminent for the family, white flowers herald a death, and red flowers a happy event. If you know that the old cultivar of Sempervivum tectorum flowers whitish-pale pink, this assignment may have sometimes made difficulties. In the Lower Bavarian Vilstal it was said that happiness goes away when you remove houseleek from the roof.

In Johannes Hartlieb's The Book of All Forbidden Art from 1465, a witch's ointment recipe is passed down, a flying ointment in which six plants were used. There it says that "on pintday barban Jouis", so "on Thursday Bart Jupiter" should be collected.

It was also said that the houseleek juice made the skin beautiful and removed freckles. Some even believed that a mixture of houseleek juice, gum, red arsenic and alum could be touched under its protection. Hildegard von Bingen noted that the consumption of houseleek stimulates desire in both men and women. For men unable to reproduce, however, she recommended houseleek pickled in goat's milk. If you are deaf, you should drip houseleek juice into your ear along with breast milk.

Uses and cultivars

Types and varieties of houseleek are often used on wall crowns and for greening roofs, mostly Sempervivum tectorum and its varieties and hybrids. There are many houseleek lovers and collectors. The main interest lies not only in the formation of the flowers, but also in the variety of rosette shapes and colors. Here you can observe different shapes of the leaves, such as round or pointed. There are now rosettes in a wide variety of shades such as red, yellow and orange, of course also green, but also almost black. Each of these colors changes over the course of the seasons, most intensely in spring and autumn, but the color also depends on the dry and nutrient-poor location. However, many varieties also have more or less pronounced hair, which mostly comes from the cobweb houseleek.

Carlotta
Blue knight
Silverine

The first breeding dates can be dated to around 1920. In the meantime, more than 7000 varieties have been bred. In 1927 the Georg Arends perennial nursery brought the Beta and Alpha varieties onto the market. Gamma followed two years later. New varieties are added every year, and many look very similar. For houseleek varieties: once without a variety name, always without a name. In Germany, lovers of the genus have come together in the “Sempervivum / Jovibarba” specialist group within the “ Society of Perennial Friends ” (GdS).

literature

  • Henk 't Hart, Bert Bleij, Ben Zonneveld: Sempervivum . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Crassulaceae (thick leaf family) . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3998-7 , pp. 347-3365.
  • Henk 't Hart, Urs Eggli: Evolution and Systematics of the Crassulaceae , Backhuis Publishers, Leiden 1995, ISBN 90-73348-46-3 .
  • Thomas Junghans: Houseleek - always alive on rock and stone . In: Pharmacy in our time . Volume 31, Number 1, 2002, pp. 112-115, ISSN  0048-3664 .
  • Fritz Köhlein: Outdoor succulents. Houseleek, Stonecrop & Co. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4603-7 .
  • Philipp Neeff, H. Kutzelnigg, GB Feige: Field studies of the genus Sempervivum sl in the Alps . In: Cacti and other succulents . Volume 54, Number 6, 2003, pp. 143-152.
  • Philipp Neeff: Distribution of the genus Sempervivum Linnaeus in the Alps . In: Cacti and other succulents . Volume 54, Number 7, 2003, pp. 191-194.
  • Philipp Neeff, H. Kutzelnigg, GB Feige: Sempervivum hybrids in the Alps . In: Cacti and other succulents . Volume 54, Number 8, 2003, pp. 202-206.
  • Philipp Neeff: Contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Sempervivum L. (Crassulaceae) with special consideration of the clans occurring in Asia Minor . Unpublished dissertation, University of Duisburg-Essen 2005 ( PDF ).
  • Philipp Neeff: Contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Sempervivum (Crassulaceae) with special consideration of the clans occurring in Asia Minor . In: Schumannia . Volume 5, 2008, pp. 5-98, ISSN  1437-2517 , ISBN 978-3-89995-485-2 .
  • Manuel Werner: Houseleek species in the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Henk 't Hart, Bert Bleij, Ben Zonneveld: Sempervivum . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Crassulaceae (thick leaf family) . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN = 3-8001-3998-7, pp. 347-349.
  2. ↑ J. Parnell: Pollen Morphology of Jouibarba Opiz and Sempervivum L. (Crassulaceae) . In: Kew Bulletin . Volume 46, Number 4, 1991, pp. 733-738, JSTOR: 4110418 .
  3. ^ Philipp Neeff: Contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Sempervivum L. (Crassulaceae) with special consideration of the clans occurring in Asia Minor. Dissertation, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2005, p. 54
  4. ↑ Urs Eggli: Succulents . 2nd, completely revised edition, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5396-1 , p. 273.
  5. ↑ Manuel Werner: Houseleek species of the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010.
  6. ↑ Fergan Karaer, Ferhat Celep: Sempervivum ekimii nom. et stat. nov. for S. minus var. glabrum (Crassulaceae), with an amplified description . In: Annales Botanici Fennici . Volume 45, number 3, 2008, p. 230.
  7. ^ Philipp Neeff: Contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Sempervivum L. (Crassulaceae) with special consideration of the clans occurring in Asia Minor. Dissertation, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2005
  8. ↑ a b Fergan Karaer, Ferhat Celep, Urs Eggli: A taxonomic revision of the Sempervivum davisii complex (Crassulaceae) . In: Nordic Journal of Botany . Volume 29, number 1, pp. 49-53, 2011, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2010.00974.x .
  9. ↑ Radovan Konop: The Caucasian species of the genus Sempervivum . In: gardening practice . 6/1992, pp. 24-26.
  10. ↑ a b c d Henk 't Hart, Bert Bleij, Ben Zonneveld: Sempervivum . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Crassulaceae (thick leaf family) . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN = 3-8001-3998-7, pp. 349-363.
  11. ^ J. Thiede, U. Eggli: Crassulaceae . In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants , Volume 9. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-32214-6 , p. 93.
  12. ↑ Urs Eggli: Succulents . 2nd completely revised edition, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5396-1 , p. 263
  13. ↑ Manuel Werner: Houseleek species of the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010, p. 124.
  14. ↑ Manuel Werner: Houseleek species of the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010., pp. 124f, 131, 146-194.
  15. ↑ Philipp Neeff (2005): Contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Sempervivum L. (Crassulaceae) with special consideration of the clans occurring in Asia Minor. Dissertation, University of Duisburg-Essen, pp. 55f., 62ff.
  16. ↑ Andreas Tribsch, Peter Schönswetter: Patterns of endemism and comparative phylogeography confirm palaeoenvironmental evidence for Pleistocene refugia in the Easter Alps . In: Taxon . Volume 52, Number 3, pp. 477-497, JSTOR: 3647447 .
  17. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . 1st edition 1753, Volume 1, pp. 464-465, (online) .
  18. ↑ Henk 't Hart, Bert Bleij, Ben Zonneveld: Sempervivum . In: Urs Eggli (Ed.) Succulent lexicon. Crassulaceae (thick leaf family) . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN = 3-8001-3998-7, p. 348.
  19. ↑ Fergan Karaer, Ferhat Celep: Sempervivum ekimii nom. et stat. nov. for S. minus var. glabrum (Crassulaceae), with an amplified description . In: Annales Botanici Fennici . Volume 45, number 3, 2008, pp. 229-232, PDF .
  20. ^ A b Philipp Neeff: New taxa of the genus Sempervivum (Crassulaceae) in Turkey . In: Cacti and other succulents . Volume 56, Number 3, 2005, pp. 71-73.
  21. ^ Dominik Roman Letz: A new species of the Sempervivum marmoreum group in Central Europe . In: Preslia . Volume 81, Number 3, 2009, PDF .
  22. ↑ Martin Miklánek: Sempervivum marmoreum ssp. matricum (Letz) Hadrava et Miklánek comb. Nova . In: Kaktusy . Volume 46, Number 2, 2010, pp. 24-26.
  23. ↑ Manuel Werner: Houseleek species of the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010, p. 194.
  24. ↑ Manuel Werner: Houseleek species of the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010, p. 191.
  25. ↑ Manuel Werner: S. globiferum (Syn .: Jovibarba globifera ) at Spiazzi Archived copy ( memento of the original from July 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / hauswurz.jimdo.com
  26. ↑ Davide Donati, Gérard Dumont: I semprevivi dell'Appennino Tosco-Emiliano: evidenziazione di un taxon ibridogeno misconosciuto, Sempervivum xbarbulatum subsp. etruscum D.Donati & G.Dumont subsp. nov .; Les joubarbes de l'Apennin Tosco-Emilien: mise en evidence d'un taxon hybridogene meconnu, Sempervivum xbarbulatum subsp. etruscum D.Donati & G.Dumont subsp. nov. In: Piante Grasse . Volume 24, Number 4, 2004, pp. 155-168.
  27. ↑ The correct spelling is Sempervivum × fauconnetii , s. Manuel Werner: Houseleek species in the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010, pp. 197f.
  28. ↑ Béla Gunda, Uzonka Pap: Sempervivum tectorum, the houseleek , in Hungarian folk medicine. In: Curare 16, 1993, No. 2, pp. 81-90.
  29. ↑ Manuel Werner: Houseleek species of the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, Number 4, 2010, pp. 116-118 and 159-165.
  30. ↑ Folk names ( Memento of the original from August 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . (accessed on April 7, 2011)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / stalikez.info
  31. ↑ Wolfgang Wegner: Der Henkt. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 568.
  32. ↑ Quotations: Manuel Werner: Houseleek species of the Alps. Sempervivum and Jovibarba . In: Avonia . Volume 28, number 4, 2010, p. 117 f.
  33. ↑ [1] Kultivare (accessed on November 19, 2015)
  34. ↑ GdS: Sempervivum Jovibarba Section ( Memento of the original from November 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gds-staudenfreunde.de

Web links

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