Indian image in the German-speaking area

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Interest group Mandan-Indianer (district Leipzig, 1970)

The image of Indians in the German-speaking area is based on the pan-European stereotype of the noble savage .

The German term Indian is and was not limited to the North American or specifically the prairie Indians , it also includes the indigenous people of Central and South America. The Plains Indians , however, shaped many of the lasting influences of the Indian image on the environmental movement, literature, folklore, children's games, art and reenactment , film and theater in the German-speaking area . Hartmut Lutz called the phenomenon Indian enthusiasm ( English Indianthusiasm ). In the wake of Karl May's Winnetou novels, the Indian image has been of great importance for generations of Germans. In the re-enactment of Indian customs and everyday life, especially in the GDR , the term Indian studies was used and associated with it a scientific claim.

background

Indians of the Sarrasani Circus in their theatrical costumes on board a steamer, 1928
The "Isarindianer" Willy Michl at the 2015 Heimatsound Festival

The elective affinity (H. Glenn Pennys: Kindred By Choice ) is tied to German federalism and particularism and a melancholy retrospective tendency towards tribalism (tribal thinking). In the context of the national movement, a number of other, non-permanent projections had already emerged, in which at times the ancient Teutons, the Scythians, the Polish swarming or philhellenism were identified with the national movements in Poland or ancient Greece.

German nationalism positioned itself as an alternative role model to the colonial empires of that time and the Roman era and conveyed the ideal of a colonizer loved by the colonized (beloved colonialists). The Indian stories were used to transport various images of masculinity that were associated with the Indian heroes. An early example is Johann Gottfried Seume's poem Der Wilde. Seume was a Hessian mercenary in America and Canada and described encounters with Indians in the autobiographical report Mein Leben . His admiration for the natural informality of the inhabitants was reflected in his often quoted words: "A Canadian who did not know Europe's whitewashed courtesy ...". The “noble and rough” savage in bearskin, who appropriately acknowledges the fake, false courtesy of the English colonists and hurls himself into the bushes, was a projection figure for the German self-image.

Sioux-West e. V. Freiburg at the Narrensprung 2011

When dealing with the Indians, it was usually less about the real economic, social and cultural realities of the indigenous peoples of North America, but German aspirations. In the course of the industrialization of the German Reich, this was the longing for an "authentic", free and nature-loving life away from the everyday life of modern factories and cities. The anti-urban mood (cf. Anton Kuh : ridicule of asphalt and clods ), approaches to anti-Semitism and Indian worship were not mutually exclusive . Fertilized by the diverse literature, international law and Wild West shows with "real Indians" and the first Western films developed in the Empire a great fondness for the popular cultural material "Indians", which is reflected in the popularity of Indian and cowboy games reflects. The Catholic publishers Mays, who popularized his books after 1880, tried to integrate the Catholics, characterized in the Kulturkampf as a backward tribe .

Archetypes in traditions such as cult objects and artefacts of the Indians and other natives played an essential role in early modern art such as Carl Gustav Jung's psychology and promoted the romanticizing categorization of the Indians in the German population. During National Socialism, among other things, attempts were made to exploit these longings.

In the GDR, the re-enactment of Indian customs and everyday life in the context of Indian studies , as the western hobby was called in the GDR, was initially viewed with suspicion by the SED state, tolerated, partially disturbed and gradually integrated into the structures of socialist cultural work .

In the Federal Republic of Germany the idealized image of the Indians had an impact in the 1968 movement and in the founding phase of the Green Party , for example in the Indian commune . In the "mainstream" the images of wise shamans , healers and environmentalists dominated . Last but not least, this view was promoted by the New Age and esoteric movement. A well-known example in Bavaria of an Indian of his own volition is the musician Willy Michl , a Bavarian original and blues legend from the Isar Indian tribe . In 2016, the exhibition Munich and the Wild West, curated by Hermann Wilhelm, showed aspects of Munich's cultural history from the 1840s to the First World War, which dealt with the mutual relationships between the (narrative of the) Wild West and Munich culture during the Prince Regent's time. Julius Fröbel from 48 is named as a Wild West pioneer , Lola Montez stays in America as well as Buffalo Bill's show on Theresienwiese and the first Isarwestern filmed in Munich in the cinema. The Black Jack (1918) was filmed in Munich and is one of the early works of Arri . It was banned from young people several times, including by the Berlin police.

Schwerin, Indianistic meeting 1982

The reality of the economic and natural relationship of the North American natives and their descendants is more complex than the German projections onto them. This also applies to the cultural ideas of the many North American peoples. The hunting behavior and the handling of slash and burn were by no means sustainable. Slavery, brutal warfare, environmental damage and the building of domains and empires is not the sole legacy of Europeans. The romanticizing images of the indigenous people of North America have been shaped by the European (and specifically German) conservative cultural criticism . The corresponding images have also influenced the (historically incorrect) self-image of today's Indians.

Germans and Indians in the USA

Monument to Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, the painter Karl Bodmer and the Indian chief Mató-Tópe in front of the castle theater in Neuwied

Like other immigrants, German Americans displaced the Indians from their former homeland. The synthesis and cooperation such as with some Scottish immigrants did not materialize. The exception is, for example, the German-born Sioux and Congressman Ben Reifel . Numerous German explorers and emigrants of the 19th and 20th centuries gave the noble savages of North America a special charm. They left eloquent literary evidence, mostly as travel reports and diaries:

Philipp Georg Friedrich von Reck traveled to Massachusetts and Georgia in 1733/1734 , where he stayed with the Muskogee . Christian Gottlieb Prieber from Zittau, a lawyer and political utopian, emigrated to North America in 1735. From 1736 he lived with the Cherokee in Tennessee. He accepted their customs and tried to establish his ideal society there. He was arrested by the military in 1743 and died in prison in 1745. From 1815 to 1817 Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied traveled to Brazil , where he met two adapted and six intact Indian tribes. He documented his journey in words and pictures. From 1832 to 1834, Wied led an expedition through North America , on which he was accompanied by the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer . The Wittelsbach Princess Therese von Bayern , a daughter of the Prince Regent Luitpold, traveled to the USA in 1893 . The collection of Indian art and handicrafts that she brought back from there enriches the Ethnographic Museum in Munich today. She published, among other things, about the Pueblo Indians . The founder of modern American cultural anthropology, Franz Boas , born in Minden in 1858 , emigrated to America and studied the life of the Kwakiutl in the USA and Canada. The Native American-American writer Louise Erdrich , whose father is of German descent, repeatedly addresses the coexistence of “white” and “red”, especially the fate of German immigrants, in her works.

The events in Texas are special for the relationship between Germans and Indians in North America. The Mainzer Adelsverein had sent a group of settlers there, who founded the current cities of New Braunfels and Fredericksburg . Although there are treaties with Indians that are considered to be "the only treaty that has never been broken," these settlers' peace treaties with the Indians have actually not been broken to this day and it is the only treaty between "red" and "white" for that is true. Both groups, the descendants of the Komantschen as well as the descendants of the German-Texans, still meet every year for “Founders' Day” to commemorate the treaty that brought them peace.

Fine arts, museums, exhibitions

Indians by August Macke

Karl Bodmer (1809-1893) accompanied the natural scientist Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied on his North American expedition from 1832-1834 . He portrayed numerous Indians in North Dakota , on the Ohio River and Missouri River , including Blackfoot , Choctaw , Cherokee and Chickasaw . Bodmer worked his sketches into watercolors. 81 of his illustrations adorn Prince Maximilian's Journey in the Interior of North America (1844). Many Bodmer sketches are now kept in the North America Native Museum (NONAM) in Zurich and in the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha , Nebraska .

The journalist and painter Rudolf Cronau (1858–1939) not only illustrated his reports from North America, but also became friends with Sitting Bull , whom he portrayed in 1881. Other painters of the Düsseldorf School who thematized Indians in painting or graphics were Albert Bierstadt , Carl Wilhelm Hahn , Henry Ritter and Charles Wimar .

The artist and hobby ethnologist Ernst Tobis , who called himself Patty Frank, collected original pieces on his tours through the USA. Due to his enthusiasm for the Indians, the Indian Museum in Radebeul was created with the help of this collection in 1928 . At the instigation of Klara Mays , Karl May's widow and estate administrator, Mays and Tobis' collections were combined and exhibited in the newly built Villa Bärenfett . Patty Frank remained the custodian of the collection until the end of his life in the 1960s.

The Munich painter Julius Seyler lived in Montana from 1913 to 1921 . He ran a farm and painted numerous pictures of his Blackfeet neighbors ( Three Bear , Eagle Calf , Bear Pipe Man , etc.) and their sacred places like Chief Mountain . Klaus Dill became known for numerous illustrations for Karl May books and posters for westerns , his best-known work Die Rothaut und ich is the best preserved. He painted a cycle on the life of Tecumseh from twelve large-format oil paintings.

American 45th Infantry Division Thunderbird Badge. A swastika was used until 1939, which was then replaced because of the connotation with the Nazi regime. Both symbols alluded to the important role played by Native Americans in the troops and in the American Southwest. Among other things, the 45th was involved in the liberation of the Dachaus concentration camp.

Various ethnographic museums have important collections on Indian culture and art. In Berlin , Munich and the Lindenmuseum Stuttgart , expansion or restructuring has taken place in recent years, as has Zurich (see web links ). Like Heinz Bründl, the judge and author Karl-Heinrich Gehricke was a private collector. In 1975 he first visited Indians in the USA and then lived again and again with different tribes. He owned the world's largest private collection of cultural goods, from medicine bags to jewelry and pottery. In 1999 he acquired the Gevezin manor in Blankenhof and began building the Gevezin Indian Museum . It was closed after his death in 2010.

Perception of Indian soldiers

In the First World War, almost 15,000 Indians took part on the side of the allied forces of Canada and the USA. Both on the American side and among the Germans, the Indians were characterized both as the "vanishing race" (German: 'dwindling race') and feared and praised for their soldiery ethos (fighting spirit). A special relationship between the Germans and the Indians was established several times, which was attributed in particular to the influence of Karl May. A list of segregated, purely Native American units was called for on various occasions, but was not carried out consistently. On the part of the German units, the use of Indian soldiers as reporters , as snipers and raiding parties was feared, as early as the end of the First World War, Indian languages ​​were successfully used as a means of encrypting communication. In individual cases during the First World War, Indians dressed in traditional war paint appeared.

During the Second World War, American paratroopers - such as those of the 101st Airborne Division - had a mohawk and used war cries such as “ Geronimo !” Or symbols with reference to Indian. With the Navajo code , an Indian language was also used again to encrypt secret messages. Johnny Cash's ballad by Ira Hayes addresses the ambiguous treatment of Indian war heroes in the USA and became known in Germany. The Indian soldiers stationed in Germany play an important role in current German-Indian contacts and exchanges, and 45% of the incumbent and former tribal leaders are former soldiers.

Literature, film and other media

Adelbert von Chamisso took part in a circumnavigation initiated by Russia from 1815-1818 under the direction of Otto von Kotzebue . He got to know both Indians in Latin America and Californian Indians. He wrote two poems about it: The Stone of the Mother or the Guahiba Indians and speech of the old warrior Colorful Snake in the Council of the Muskogee Indians . Chamisso criticized the way the colonizers and the US government dealt with the "Indians".

Karl Postl (1793–1864) lived in the USA from 1823 to 1831. He published several novels under the pseudonym Charles Sealsfield , including Tokeah and The White Rose . In it he deals with the expulsion of the Muskogee and lets historical figures like Tecumseh appear. With him and Friedrich Gerstäcker , the Indians are depicted more realistically. Gerstäcker's only Indian novel Unter den Pehuenchen (1867) is set in Patagonia . Previous authors have described Indians as either primitive savages or noble heroes.

The American-critical Austrian writer Nikolaus Lenau thematized in his ballad The Three Indians (1832) the decline of Indian culture caused by the whites. Cooper's “ Lederstrumpf ” novels (1823–1841) inspired Goethe and have had a considerable number of readers since they were published in Germany.

In 1847 Johannes Scherr wrote The Orphan of Vienna , an Indian novel set among Apaches and Comanches. For his novella, The Pilgrims of the Wilderness (1853), he used the New England Indian revolt known as King Philip's War as a backdrop. Fredéric Armand Strubberg published the American Hunting and Travel Adventures (1858) and On the Indian Frontier (1859) , which he himself illustrated . Otto Ruppius wrote The Prairie Devil (1861) and dealt with the Natchez uprising in The Abduction (1864) , as did Hermann Friedrich Friedrich in The End of the Natchez Indians (1880). Anton Ohorn's extensive story The White Falcon (1882) dealt with the fall of the Hurons . Balduin Möllhausen contributed Der Halbindianer (1861) and The Mandanenwaise (1865). In 1868 Paul Margot's The Prisoners of the Apaches and Richard Albrecht's Two Worlds appeared , followed in 1873 by Albrecht's The Steppenvogel .

With his Winnetou novels, Karl May ushered in an extensive renaissance of Indian literature. Even Sophie Wörishöffer called "Karl May of Altona," Franz Treller , Frederick J. Pajeken and John Kaltenboeck written in the late 19th and early 20th century Indian novels that appealed particularly a young audience.

Franz Kafka wrote the short story " Desire to Become Indian" , which was first printed in 1913. The story consists of just one sentence:

“If only one were an Indian, ready immediately, and on the running horse, crooked in the air, shaking briefly again and again over the trembling ground, until one let the spurs, because there were no spurs, until one threw away the reins, because there were no reins, and hardly saw the land in front of you as smoothly mown heather, already without a horse's neck and horse's head. "

- Franz Kafka

After the First World War, Friedrich von Gagern first made a name for himself through stories such as The Torture Stake (1925) and The Dead Man (1927). Georg Goll wrote three novels about the Dakota : Dakota (1931), Dakota in Fire (1936) and The Downfall of the Dakota (1939) . Zdenko von Kraft wrote the novel-like biography Sitting Bull (1936). Fritz Steuben's Tecumseh novels were a great success in the 1930s and successfully reissued in the post-war period after the obvious Nazi elements were removed. Otto Neitsch alias Frank Sander suggested common people in his novel pentalogy in the 1930s . From the history of the fall of the North American Indians, a wide arc from the founding of the colony of Virginia to Tecumseh and Osceola . LF Barwin's work The Forgotten People was laid out in six volumes, but only the first two volumes, Pontiac (1943) and The Treason of Detroit (1943), appeared again in 1957 under the title Firestorm over Canada .

Stephen Tanner (pseudonym of Rudolph Demeter Habisreutinger) placed the struggle between Iroquois and Hurons at the center of his novels Moccasins and Leather Shirts and Der Palisadenbrecher (both 1952). Georg Goll dealt with the fall of the Erie in The Last Erie (1953) . In the 1950s, the Swiss Ernst Herzig published some biographies of well-known chiefs under the pseudonym Ernie Hearting and thus addressed mainly young people. The Austrian writer Franz Xaver Weiser wrote a number of novels for young people between 1930 and 1970 about the woodland Indians of the northeast. The Orimha trilogy deserves special mention ( Orimha of the Iroquois 1969, Orimha the ranger 1970 and Orimha of the Sioux 1973). In this trilogy, episodes from the life of the French explorer and fur hunter Pierre Radisson are integrated into the novels. In 1950 Anna Müller-Tannewitz dealt with the Iroquois in Blauvogel - the son of the Iroquois.

The German writer Liselotte Welskopf-Henrich published two series of novels between 1951 and 1980, six volumes under the title The Sons of the Great Bear and five under the Blood of the Eagle . In The Sons of the Great Bear she describes the life of the plains Indians, the first contacts with the whites and their effects from the point of view of the Indians. The Blood of the Eagle continues the first six volumes in a time jump to the time of the reservation. The Oglala - Lakota honored Liselotte Welskopf-Henrich with the name "Lakota-Tashina" (protective blanket of the Lakota). DEFA made a film about Sons of the Great Bear . It was the first Defa Indian film .

The Austrian writer Käthe Recheis published more than 60 of her own titles by 2004. In addition to children's and youth literature on the subject of Indians, she published 13 titles with original Indian texts. Recheis reaches readers throughout the German-speaking region and is positively reviewed by Indians. Since 1961 she made numerous trips to North and South America , where she lived with Indians. The Abenaki Joseph Bruchac gave Recheis the name Molse-Mawa (fur of the wolf, i.e. protector of the Indians). Recheis founded together with her brother, the doctor Romed Recheis, the non-profit association for the support of Indian schools .

In his novel biography The Discovery of Slowness (1983), the German writer and historian Sten Nadolny deals with the life of the British explorer John Franklin . He described Franklin's expeditions to North America in detail and developed Chief Akaitcho into the main character's alter ego.

The song of the black bear was published by Werner Arens and Hans-Martin Braun . The bilingual anthology contains songs and poems by the Indians and, for the first time in German, is a cross-section of their development over 500 years.

Karl May

Earliest Winnetou depiction (1879)

Karl May (1842–1912) established the Indian love of entire generations of Germans - among them several leading National Socialists - with his Winnetou novels. He had an influence on the nature of the Bündische Jugend , especially the migratory birds. The real or assumed fate of the North American aborigines was regularly used, for example during the world wars, as an opportunity to reinforce or expand anti-Americanism and German anti-American prejudices and propaganda. The National Socialists tried to capture May's popularity and his work. As a result, dealing with Karl May in the GDR - his works were not published there until at least the early eighties - remained ambivalent as with the people's longing for Indians.

In Radebeul , the Karl May Museum has been set up in the Villa Shatterhand and the Indian exhibition in the back of the property in the log house “Villa Bärenfett”. Every year, “real” Indians travel to Saxony for the Karl May Festival to demonstrate customs and dances to interested visitors. Karl May was translated into French and some Eastern European languages ​​in particular, but was hardly read in the English-speaking world. Modern Indians, however, recognize his efforts to strengthen the reputation of the Indians. A cooperation agreement was signed in autumn 2006 between the Mescalero-Apache cultural center and the Karl May House in Hohenstein-Ernstthal .

  • The first Karl May Festival took place in 1938 on the Rathen rock stage .
  • The Winnetou novels were successfully filmed in numerous Karl May films , including 1962 to 1968 with Pierre Brice in the title role. In 2016, the remake Winnetou - The Myth Lives was released as a three-part TV series. While the content of the films is mostly far removed from the novel, they follow the traditionally positive image of the Indians.
  • Gojko Mitić achieved great popularity throughout the Eastern Bloc as the leading actor in historical and fictional Indian personalities in numerous DEFA Indian films
  • The youth magazine Bravo awards the so-called Bravo Otto in the form of an Indian figure to actors, singers, music groups etc. chosen by the audience. Pierre Brice received the Golden Otto no less than twelve times, Rex Gildo and Jeanette Biedermann are recipients of the little Indian in leggings and with a feather in her hair.
  • Another adaptation of Der Schuh des Manitu (2000) by Michael Bully Herbig (screenplay, director, double role as Abahachi and Winnetouch) became one of the greatest German cinema successes in 2001.

Indians in Germany

In the 19th century, Indians were exhibited in the context of national shows , some of which were held in zoos. The Völkerschauen by Carl Hagenbeck (1844–1913) became famous . The Dresdeners were able to see eight Canadian Iroquois as early as 1879 , and Rudolf Cronau hired Hunkpapa - Lakota , who came to Europe in 1886 , as a friend of Sitting Bull . Buffalo Bill undertook major trips to Europe: in 1890 he brought around 200 Indians with him. He undertook another tour from 1903 to 1907.

Edward Two-Two from the Lakota-Sioux tribe was hired by the Sarrasani Circus in Dresden in 1913/1914 and was buried there at his request after his death in 1914. Another Indian on the Wild West show of the Sarrasani Circus was William Big Charger , who died during a guest performance in Emden and was buried there.

Since the end of the Second World War, many Indians have lived in Germany who came to the country as members of the US Army , stayed here and occasionally caught up with other Indians. An association of Indians in Germany is the Native American Association of Germany (NAAoG) founded in 1994 and based in Kaiserslautern . It has members in Germany , the rest of Europe and the USA .

Indians in Switzerland

In 1974 the avant-garde artist and Cherokee Jimmy Durham traveled to Switzerland to initiate the establishment of a network that is to stand up for their rights together with the Indians. It was particularly important for Durham to have access to the UN in Geneva , so that the Indians could be heard at the highest international level. This is how the Swiss human rights organization Incomindios Switzerland came into being , which, among other things, still supports the Indians during their annual visit to the UN.

The city of Zurich (School and Sports Department) has housed the North America Native Museum since 1961 , which comes from a private collection by Karl Bodmer and is managed in cooperation with the Ethnographic Museum of the University of Zurich .

literature

  • Friedrich von Borries , Jens-Uwe Fischer: Socialist Cowboys. The Wild West of East Germany . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt 2008 ISBN 978-3-518-12528-1
  • Robert Edgerton: Deceptive Paradises. The myth of the happy indigenous people. Kabel, Hamburg 1994 ISBN 3-8225-0287-1
  • Gerd Gemunden, Colin G. Calloway, Susanne Zantop: Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections . University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE 2002 ISBN 978-0-8032-6420-5
  • Ulrich van der Heyden: An undiscovered niche in GDR society: the “Indian studies scene” between “anti-imperialist solidarity” and denial. In: cultural sociology. Aspects - Analyzes - Arguments . No. 2, Leipzig 2002, pp. 153-174
  • Pamela Kort, Max Hollein (Ed.): I like America. Wild West fictions. Catalog of the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt . Prestel, Munich 2006 ISBN 978-3-7913-3734-0
  • Sirinya Pakditawan: The stereotyping Indian representation and its modification in the work of James Fenimore Cooper . diplom.de, Hamburg 2007 ISBN 3-8366-0227-X , p. 44 ff. 1.2: The noble savage in the European tradition of the foreign
  • Hans-Peter Rodenberg: The imagined Indian. On the dynamics of cultural conflict and the socialization of the foreign. Edition Suhrkamp 1807, Frankfurt am Main 1994 ISBN 3-518-11807-2 (also dissertation at the University of Osnabrück 1988)
  • Gerd Stein (Ed.): The noble savages. The transfiguration of Indians, Negroes and South Sea Islanders against the background of colonial atrocities . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1984 ISBN 3-596-23071-3
  • Heinrich Pleticha, Siegfried Augustin: Lexicon of adventure and travel literature from Africa to Winnetou. Edition Erdmann in K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1999 ISBN 3522600029

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German professor lectures on his country's "Indianthusiasm" , Darlene Chrapko Sweetgrass Writer, Volume: 19 Issue: 12 Year: 2012, Aboriginal Multi-Media Society AMMSA Canada
  2. ↑ Hartmut Lutz: German Indianthusiasm: A Socially Constructed German National (ist) Myth . In: Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections . ed. Colin Gordon Calloway, Gerd Gemnden, Susanne Zantop, Nebraska Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press . 2002, ISBN 978-0-8032-1518-4 .
  3. ^ Nicole Perry ( McGill University Department of German Studies). Karl May's "Winnetou": The Image of the German Indian. The Representation of North American First Nations from an Orientalist Perspective ( Archive ( June 27, 2014 memento on WebCite ))
  4. ↑ a b In the 1950s and 1960s Indian customs such as knife throwing and bola tricks were part of the standard repertoire of GDR Indian groups when they appeared as folk art collectives. In addition: Excellent folk art collectives . In: Borries / Fischer: Socialist Cowboys. The Wild West of East Germany, Frankfurt / Main: 2008, pp. 35–39.
  5. ^ Nicholas Saul thresholds: Germanistic explorations of a metaphor . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1999, ISBN 978-3-8260-1552-6 .
  6. ↑ a b Hartmut Lutz: German Indianthusiasm: A Socially Constructed German National (ist) Myth . In: Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections . Editors Colin Gordon Calloway, Gerd Gemnden, Susanne Zantop, Lincoln, Nebraska: U of Nebraska . Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8032-1518-4 .
  7. ↑ Norbert Puszkar: Johann Gottfried Seume's 'Der Wilde'. Homely / Unhomely Encounters in the Wilderness . Lessing Yearbook 2008/2009, American Lessing Society
  8. ↑ on this anthology: Colin Gordon Calloway, Gerd Gemünden, Susanne Zantop (eds.): Germans and Indians. Fantasies, encounters, projections . University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London 2002.
  9. ^ Friedrich von Borries, Jens-Uwe Fischer: Socialist Cowboys. The Wild West of East Germany . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / Main 2008.
  10. ↑ Gasteig Munich GmbH: Munich and the Wild West About a forgotten chapter of Munich's cultural history from the 1840s to the First World War, February 1, 2016, Glass Hall, 1st floor - Gasteig Munich GmbH - Culture for Munich Event information at the Gasteig. (No longer available online.) In: www.gasteig.de. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016 ; accessed on February 16, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gasteig.de
  11. ^ Gerhard Lamprecht: German silent films 1921 - 1922. Deutsche Kinemathek eV, Berlin 1968, p. 131. (there with a wrong performance date)
  12. ^ A b c Shepard Krech: The Ecological Indian: Myth and History . WW Norton & Co Ltd., October 21, 1999. ISBN 0-393-04755-5 .
  13. ↑ James Hunter: A Dance Called America: Scottish Highlands, the United States and Canada . Mainstream Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1-85158-807-8 .
  14. ↑ Alexander Emmerich: The history of the Germans in America . Torchbearer, 2010, ISBN 3-7716-4441-0 .
  15. ^ Thomas A. Britten: American Indians in World War I: at home and at war . Part 570, UNM Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8263-2090-2 .
  16. ^ Jack Utter: American Indians: answers to today's questions, The Civilization of the American Indian Series . University of Oklahoma Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8061-3309-0
  17. ^ In: Consideration , Leipzig: Rowohlt.
  18. ↑ Käthe Rechels: The voice of the thunderbird . With illustrations by Karen Holländer , Gabriel Thienemann, and Käthe Recheis: The children of the prairie . Kerle, Herder and Käthe Recheis: Between wigwam and prairie . Ravensburger paperback
  19. ^ Karl Marx instead of Karl May . In: Borries, Fischer: Sozialistische Cowboys , pp. 18–22. Jens Mühling : Indians in the GDR. The red reserve. Wild West in Germany's East: A veteran and a book reveal why Indian culture flourished in the GDR . In: Tagesspiegel from June 1, 2008