YY1

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JJ1, exhibited today in the Munich Museum Mensch und Natur as robbers of honeycombs

JJ1 , known as "Bruno" (* 2004 in the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park , Trentino ; † June 26, 2006 near Bayrischzell , Bavaria ), was a brown bear that migrated north from the Italian province of Trento in May 2006, after a long time stayed in the Bavarian - Austrian border area and crossed the state border several times. He was the first brown bear to be spotted in the wild in Germany for over 170 years. The last known brown bear was in Ruhpolding, Bavaria, in 1835been shot; it was not until 2019 that a bear was found in Bavaria again.

During his forays, Bruno also struck domestic and farm animals, especially sheep, in some cases within or near settlements. Thereupon he was classified by the Bavarian state government as a " problem bear ", which posed a threat to humans, and was finally released to be shot - despite clear protests. The release was temporarily withdrawn after massive criticism from experts and in public discussions. Various methods were used for three weeks to try to catch Bruno alive. On June 26, 2006, he was shot near the Rotwand in the Spitzingsee area in Bavaria.

During his hike, Bruno became a political issue and international media event, which was also covered by the New York Times . Numerous people and groups expressed their solidarity with the bear. The carcass was prepared and has been on display since March 27, 2008 in the Nymphenburg Palace in the Museum Mensch und Natur , where the preparation of the brown bear shot in Bavaria in 1835 can also be seen.

Origin and name

In 1996 the Italian Adamello-Brenta Nature Park in Strembo initiated the EU LIFE project Life Ursus to protect the brown bear in the Brenta region . In 2004 and 2005 the project was continued as part of a LIFE Nature cooperation project. The aim of the project was to reintroduce the brown bear in the Alpine region and to network the bear populations that still exist there. The countries of Italy with the regions Trentino and Friuli , Austria with Carinthia , Lower Austria , Upper Austria and Styria as well as Slovenia were involved in this project.

The population in the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park consisted of only two to three individuals at the end of the 20th century, and survival of this population without support was extremely unlikely. As part of these projects, a total of ten bears from Slovenia were released from 1999 to 2002 in the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park. Since then, a total of eleven boys have been born in the region; In 2006 the population was estimated to be around 18 to 20 bears.

JJ1 was born there in 2004, he could be identified during his migration by DNA analysis of fur remnants. His father is listed as "Joze" (* 1994), his mother is called " Jurka " (* 1998), both come from Slovenia. As the first-born he was given the name "JJ1" formed from their first letters. Since the use of the first letter as a name replacement or nickname is common in the USA, JJ1 was mostly “Jay-Jay-One” (instead of the German “Jot-Jot-Eins” or the Austrian “ Jee-Jee-Eins” “) Pronounced.

At the beginning of his hike, JJ1 was nicknamed Bruno by the Austrian media , but some newspapers, such as the Augsburger Allgemeine and its regional editions, called him Beppo .

His younger brother, "JJ2" (called Lumpaz ), was in the Engadin in Switzerland and in Nauders in Tyrol in 2005, but has been considered missing since autumn 2005. Another brother, the Swiss risk bear "JJ3", was killed on April 14, 2008 because he showed no fear of people and repeatedly plundered rubbish bins.

According to the section report published by the Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection , JJ1 had a height at the withers of 91 cm at the time of his death , his crown-rump length was 130 cm, the head length 32 cm and he weighed 110 kilograms.

Hike

Hiking route from JJ1
Memorial plaque, Bayernhütte in Lenggries , Bavaria , Germany
Memorial stone in Itzehoe , Schleswig-Holstein , Germany on the European long-distance hiking trail E1
Memorial stone on the Gartalm in the Zillertal , Tyrol

Bruno was last detected in the vicinity of the Italian Adamello-Brenta Nature Park on April 25, 2006 by DNA analysis of fur remnants. On May 4th, he was in the town of Reschen, just south of the Austrian border. It was first spotted in Austria on May 5, 2006.

Since then, his hiking route has been documented quite well based on the captured domestic animals. He wandered in western Austria through the districts Bludenz ( No. 2 on the sketch ) and Reutte ( No. 3 and 4 ) first to the west, then to the northeast. On May 20, it was detected for the first time in Germany in the Upper Bavarian district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen ( No. 5 ). He left Bavaria on May 25 and stayed in Tyrol at least until May 29 . On June 3 or 4, he was found again in the Garmisch-Partenkirchen district, after which he switched several times between Bavaria and Austria until he was killed.

JJ1 apparently hiked greater distances daily or nightly and very rarely stayed in an area for more than a day. Evidence on consecutive days was in a direct line 2 to 17 km apart, mostly over 10 km. The running distances covered by JJ1 were certainly considerably larger.

Behavior of JJ1 and reactions

Behavior deemed problematic

JJ1 broke open beehives several times in Italy in 2005 and 2006 and broke into sheep pens. According to previous knowledge, he hunted sheep ten times in Bavaria and Austria between May 10 and June 26, killing one to four sheep each time. According to the Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection , he is said to have killed 31 sheep in Bavaria and Tyrol between May 20 and June 26, 2006. In another case, JJ1 killed several goats. In addition, he broke into three beehives, two chicken coops and a rabbit hutch and caused damage there.

Day trippers who sighted JJ1 on June 24, 2006 in the Miesbach district endangered themselves by chasing the bear on mountain bikes - until it turned around and approached the people.

rating

In all European countries with bear populations, beehives , rabbit or chicken coops are regularly plundered to a certain extent and sheep are captured in remote sheep pens or pens. Predators often kill a large number of sheep when they enter a pen or stable because the sheep cannot escape and their attempts to escape repeatedly trigger the knee-jerk killing act. Since in such an extreme situation the number of animals killed far exceeds the current need for food, only a small part of the animals killed is then inevitably eaten. In such cases, dogs, wolves and many martens also show a corresponding behavior.

In order to ensure the acceptance of the population for the protection of the brown bear, management plans have been developed in several European countries that contain a graduated catalog of measures to prevent or at least minimize the damage caused by bears. First and foremost, protective measures are taken against such attacks (for example in the form of electric fences ). Damage that can be proven to have been caused by bears will be replaced. In the event of repeated damage, brown bears are scared, primarily rubber bullets or firecrackers are used. The killing of bears is not generally excluded in these management plans. However, it is only intended if bears are aggressive towards humans.

Jurka , the mother of JJ1, has caused damage to stables and beehives in the province of Trento several times in recent years; there is a high probability that JJ1 learned this type of diet from her. The killing of Jurka was never considered in Italy because (like JJ1) she was never aggressive towards people. Jurka was caught in Trentino and equipped with a transmitter so that she can be scared off in a more targeted manner as soon as she approaches the settlement. She did not change her behavior and eventually had to be caught and put in an enclosure. Since August 26, 2010 she has been living in the Black Forest Alternative Wolf and Bear Park in Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach .

JJ3 , the brother of JJ1, who was born later, immigrated to Switzerland in 2007, he too was approaching settlements, was tagged with a transmitter and scorned. After these attempts were unsuccessful and, moreover, he showed no fear of people and plundered rubbish containers several times, he was hunted by the Swiss Wildlife Guard in mid-April 2008 .

First launch permit

Because of his behavior towards approaching human settlements and the resulting potential danger, the Bavarian state government issued a shooting permit at the end of May . The Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection classified the behavior of the bear as "abnormal". Environment Minister Werner Schnappauf also announced that the bear was clearly “out of hand”. According to the spokesman for the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment , Roland Eichhorn, attempts had been made “repeatedly, but in vain”, and the mother “ Jurka ” of the problem bear JJ1 (known as “ Bruno ”) “approached human settlements through so-called exasperation - among other things Shelling by rubber bullets - expel. "The mother has a long criminal record, so to speak." The young bear was also conditioned by the mother in such a way that it never returns to a place where it has torn another animal. "

In the state of Tyrol, too, a shooting license for the Reutte ( Ausserfern ) district was granted at the end of May and an expansion to the entire state was discussed.

Due to massive protests by the nature and animal welfare associations as well as on the part of the public, this shooting license was withdrawn on June 2nd. Among other things , the NABU Federal Association also demanded the immediate withdrawal of the shooting license and, in accordance with the management plans of other countries, the scare-off or the capture and broadcasting of JJ1. Instead, however, the discussion quickly focused on the two alternatives of catching and subsequent keeping or killing. The Bavarian State Government took advice from the WWF , which emphatically supported this position.

Trapping attempts

In cooperation with the WWF, an attempt was first made to capture JJ1 using a special tube trap. The trap , which was manufactured in Montana and cost almost 3,200 euros and financed by the WWF, was a so-called culvert trap , as it is also used in North America to relocate bears that appear near settlements. The attempts were unsuccessful, in particular because of the poor location fidelity of JJ1. A search operation that was carried out on the night of June 9, 2006 in the municipality of Zirl (Tyrol) was also unsuccessful. Only a few bear tracks and one dead and one injured sheep could be found.

In order to systematically track the animal, a Finnish team of four bear hunters was then tasked with the search. They were supported by Swedish and Norwegian elk dogs . These are special dogs that are mainly used against defensive game and are specially trained to catch bears and moose and to distract them from people. They are also equipped with bright orange vests that contain GPS location transmitters so that you can find them again at any time.

Before they were deployed in the Alps, their fur was shorn shorter to protect them from the summer heat. On Sunday, June 19, another bear hunter arrived with the best Finnish bear dog according to the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment .

The team was also accompanied by an Austrian stunning expert, the Vienna Professor of Wildlife Medicine and Species Protection, Chris Walzer. Since you would have had to get too close to the bear with blowguns or normal stun guns , a special rifle was required that could fire stun arrows from a distance of 80 meters. Bears have an extraordinarily thick layer of fat, which is why conventional stunning methods fail.

The immediate deployment of the hunters initially failed due to bureaucratic hurdles, as it had to be checked whether Finnish hunters were allowed to intervene armed across borders in Germany and Austria. After an agreement between the states of Tyrol and Bavaria, the Finnish seekers were given the green light to begin their search the following weekend. The bear trappers were given two weeks to track down the bear.

On Sunday, June 11th, the now-arrived bear dog squad in the Schwaz district began an organized search. It is true that the location of JJ1 could be narrowed down quite precisely a few times; however, it was not possible to get closer than 600 m. The main problems were the lack of locality of JJ1, high temperatures, bad weather and the impassability of the alpine terrain. On June 23, the mission of the five Finnish specialists was discontinued without result. The Finnish team cost 30,000 euros, which Bavaria and Tyrol shared.

Renewed shooting permit

On June 23, 2006, the shooting license was reinstated. The governor of Tyrol was also in favor of the shooting. While the legal basis for shooting a bear was being created in Tyrol, a dispute arose in Bavaria about who could be responsible for it: The State Hunting Association did not want to actively participate in a hunt for JJ1. So the police should do this job. The Ministry of the Interior pointed out, however, that the police could only provide support, for example with helicopters and staff, but that they lacked the competence to hunt big game.

Public reactions

The re-issue of the shooting license was still met with vehement protests from experts and animal rights activists. A point of contention was when the new shooting license came into effect. Both June 26th for Bavaria and June 27th for Tyrol were circulating in the media, the Bavarian Ministry itself named June 25th, although in a general decree of the responsible administrative district of Upper Bavaria of June 23rd, 2006 “the immediate execution of the above Exemption as an emergency measure in the public interest ”was ordered. Quote: "The general decree comes into effect with immediate effect."

It was also criticized, among other things by the hunters, that Werner Schnappauf approved a shooting permit, although the bear is a protected animal and according to the Bavarian hunting law not huntable game. Thus, there is an overstepping of competencies, if not even the incitement to game crime.

Killing JJ1

After a total of four weeks of unsuccessful attempts to catch "Bruno", he was only three days after the shooting clearance on the morning of June 26, 2006 at 4:50 am on the 1,500 m high Kümpflalm, an alpine pasture near the Rotwand in the Spitzingsee area , shot dead in the municipality of Bayrischzell ( Miesbach district ) and succumbed to injuries in the right lung and liver lobe.

The autopsy report released on June 28, 2006 confirmed that the bear died from internal injuries. On July 6, 2006, Bavaria's Environment Minister Werner Schnappauf announced the result of the genetic analysis, which confirmed that the bear that was shot down was actually JJ1. In response to a request from the SPD parliamentary group in the Bavarian state parliament, Schnappauf refused to give more detailed information about the shooting: "Statements about the type of rifle , caliber and ammunition cannot be made in order to preserve the anonymity of those involved."

At first it was unclear who was responsible for the shooting down. The local hunters distanced themselves from allegations and stated that they had spoken out against shooting the brown bear at an early stage, as it was protected in Germany and should not be hunted at all. Rather, the shooting was carried out by a state-commissioned security team. Later it became known that the day before in the district office of Miesbach an "intervention force" had been put together, which should be brought to the site as soon as possible if the animal was sighted again. When the bear was actually spotted in the area of ​​the Rotwandhaus on the evening of June 25th, this reaction force broke out. She reached the Kümpflalm around midnight. When the group left the hut at 4:50 a.m. the next morning, the bear was 150 m away.

On the part of the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment, it was said that the shooting had been carried out "by people who are skilled in hunting". However, further details about the shooter or the process itself were not given. To date, nothing more is known about the “security team commissioned” to protect their identity.

Reactions to the killing

Generally

After the killing of JJ1, according to the responsible public prosecutor's office in Munich II, “a flood of reports ” were received there and by other prosecuting authorities and the police , including against the then Bavarian Environment Minister Werner Schnappauf .

On July 7, 2006, the Munich public prosecutor's office announced that the preliminary investigation had been discontinued because “there were no sufficient factual indications of a criminal offense”. The reason for the shooting permit is understandable and an intentional or negligent violation of criminal norms is therefore ruled out. In addition, shooting does not violate hunting law, "since the brown bear is not one of the animal species that are protected by hunting law".

Associations

  • The Bund Naturschutz in Bayern e. V. (BN) regretted that 170 years after the bear was exterminated in Bavaria by humans, the first animal to return was killed within a few weeks.
  • The German Animal Welfare Association examined legal steps against those responsible.
  • The WWF regretted the shooting down, but pointed out that it was a behavioral animal.
  • The animal welfare foundation Vier Pfoten , which takes care of dancing bears in Romania and operates the Müritz Bear Forest in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , a sanctuary for brown bears from poor housing conditions, criticized the shooting and announced that it would check its legality and take further legal steps if necessary. In 2008, the organization criticized the trivialization of the real situation in a comedy film about the hunt for Bruno filmed at the time and saw the use of captive bears as an abuse of the animals for amusement purposes. In general, she criticized the fact that little had been done to protect wild brown bears in Germany since Bruno was shot down.
  • The Foundation for Bears named June 26th, the day the bear was shot for the first time in 171 years, as bear commemoration day and has since used this day to draw attention to the fate of the bear Bruno, also to campaign against further killings and for them To advertise reintroduction of the brown bear in Germany.
  • The Four Paws Foundation and the Foundation for Bears offered to take over Bruno's brother, the young bear JJ3, who had also had behavioral problems. The foundations received the negative response from the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment after JJ3 had already been killed. A few days earlier, the authorities had negated a shooting.

politics

  • The SPD parliamentary group in Bavaria called for Environment Minister Werner Schnappauf to resign .
  • The State Secretary for the Environment of Bavaria, Otmar Bernhard , described the shooting down of JJ1 as extremely regrettable, but objectively inevitable. Furthermore, Bernhard stated that the shooter's identity should not be revealed. He left unanswered the question of whether a police officer was involved in the shooting down. "They are hunters, and it stays that way," said Ministry spokesman Roland Eichhorn on the questions about the bear hunters. A few hours after the killing, death threats against the shooter arrived at the local hunting club.
  • On June 28, 2006, Italy lodged a protest against the killing of JJ1 at the EU Commission . The Italian government wants to achieve that the protection of species is regulated at EU level. JJ1 was part of the EU-funded “Life Ursus” project, the aim of which is to reintroduce bears in the border area between Italy, Austria and Germany. A shooting is only possible if an animal poses a threat to public safety - that was not the case with JJ1, said the WWF veterinarian Alessandro de Guelmi, who is largely responsible for the animal world in the Italian Alps.
  • In connection with the incidents involving brown bear JJ1, the then Environment Minister of Germany, Sigmar Gabriel , demanded uniform Europe-wide protection of predatory and wild animals: "These animals also have a right to live, not only in the zoo, but in their natural environment." Gabriel assumed that the Bavarian state government could certainly justify their approach, but asked himself "whether it would not have been possible to stun Bruno or scare him with hard rubber bullets instead of shooting him".
  • On July 4, 2006, bear experts from Italy, Germany, Austria and Switzerland met in Trento to discuss wild biological issues. Further consultations on so-called bear management took place in Chur in August 2006 .
  • The Italian Environment Minister Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio wrote a letter to the Bavarian Environment Ministry to officially request that the carcass be returned to Italy. "The brown bear was part of a project carried out on Italian territory to reintegrate the brown bears into the Adamello Brenta Group and is therefore the property of the Italian state." However, Bavaria's Environment Minister Werner Schnappauf rejected his Italian colleague's request. In his opinion, a wild animal does not belong to anyone, and when it was legally shot down, ownership of the carcass passed to the Free State of Bavaria. There it will be made available for scientific purposes. In addition, he accused the Italians of having acted inappropriately with their unsuccessful deterrent strategy.
  • On January 31, 2008, the Tyrolean state parliament passed an amendment to the Tyrolean Hunting Act, which makes it easier to shoot "problem bears". The reason for this change was the refusal of a hunting tenant to allow the shooting of the bear JJ1 in his area, even though the State of Tyrol had a shooting license.

Institutions

Henning Wiesner , director of Hellabrunn Zoo , was outraged that the bear was not stunned and that a GPS collar was attached. This would have made it possible to locate the bear with an accuracy of about 5 m, so that countermeasures could have been initiated at any time when approaching human residential areas. At the weekend it became clear how easily people could have approached the bear (to about 10-15 m), so that the use of a stun gun (about 30 m range) or blowpipe (about 10 m range) would have been possible.

The Italian state forest police, CFS , announced that it would christen a helicopter with the name Orso Bruno (Bear Bruno). She criticized the shooting of the animal, which was released into the wild in Italy as a result of a difficult and well-functioning program to reintroduce bears to the Alps.

Individuals

On June 30, 2008, a lawyer from Munich filed a lawsuit against the Free State of Bavaria and the government of Upper Bavaria with the Munich Administrative Court to determine that the shooting of the bear Bruno was illegal. He based his complaint, among other things, on the Bavarian constitution, according to which animals are respected and protected as living beings. In his opinion, there was no emergency that justified the shooting of the rare animal. The files on the matter are incomplete and have presumably been cleared by the government of Upper Bavaria, and events and persons involved are not documented. He expressed doubts that the principles of wildlife protection and the rule of law of proportionality were taken into account. With the lawsuit, he wanted to ensure that similar approaches can be prevented in the future.

The complaint was rejected both by the administrative court and, in the second instance, by the Bavarian Administrative Court on the grounds that the individual citizen was not directly affected by the “measure of removing the bear from nature” and therefore not entitled to sue.

The term "problem bear"

Origin and use

In connection with the appearance of the brown bear, a term had been established that was previously unknown in Germany: "problem bear". In political contexts, the term was used as a synonym for JJ1, which the daily press and some groups picked up and transferred to other contexts. In the 2006 word of the year election, the word came seventh.

This term was coined as early as the 1990s in Austrian media coverage due to incidents with bears in Lower Austria and Styria. The former presenter of the ORF television program “Inlandsreport”, Helmut Brandstätter, jokingly declared the word “problem bear” to be the “ word of the year ” in 1994 .

This expression became popular in Germany and at times co-determining the day's events through a speech by the then Bavarian Prime Minister Edmund Stoiber at the end of May 2006 , who justified the shooting permit at a press conference. Stoiber recognized the importance of the bear as a symbol of successful nature conservation, but referred to the existing problem of the bear's lack of fear of humans. Stoiber differentiated between “normal bears” with expected behavior, further so-called “harmful bears” (a term that was widely used in the State Chancellery and traced back to Werner Schnappauf ) and finally the “problem bears”, to which he also counted JJ1. Because of the constantly failed attempts to catch and the damage that continued to take place, JJ1 was later also referred to as a so-called “risk bear”.

The Bavarian Prime Minister's classification of the bear, which was perceived as unreflective, caused a stir in the public and gave rise to both cheerful and critical comments in the media. It was prepared several times in cabaret in radio spots and on the Internet in the form of parodies . Stoiber was called, among other things, "Stoibär" or "Schlaubär", and there was also mockery of the "Stoiber'schen Bärenkunde".

Transfer to people

The compound words “problem”, “harmful” and “risk bear ” associated with the justification of the persecution of the bear were subsequently used and modified in a variety of ways. They appeared several times in the media with regard to people or groups of people who are currently causing negative press coverage. For example, on June 27, 2006, the media spoke of a "problem minister" in an article in relation to the Bavarian environment minister, who had granted the shooting permit. In other media, there was talk of a “risk minister” and “harmful politicians” in similar contexts.

The SPD chairman Kurt Beck obtained an injunction against the satirical magazine Titanic because of its cover picture, on which his likeness was shown and under it "Problem bear out of control: Bang the beast!" In May 2008, the Frankfurter Rundschau titled an article about the then Federal Minister of Economics, Michael Glos, with the headline “News from the problem bear”. The Süddeutsche Zeitung picked up the expression again in March 2011 and called Rainer Brüderle a problem because, from the newspaper's point of view , he would have sought to succeed Guido Westerwelle as party leader.

Similar terms

In Switzerland , the term problem bear is officially used and is used to estimate the risk when assessing the risk potential of an individual bear based on its behavior.

Wild bears are common in some areas of the United States and Canada, such as New York and near Hudson Bay . Individual animals have got used to looking for food near settlements or campers. These are known as Nuisance Bears ("annoying bears", "sturgeon bears"). However, such bears are not shot down. The capture and removal of such bears is only carried out in unavoidable cases. Rather, people are advised to store litter and food out of the reach of bears.

exhibition

Head of the prepared JJ1 with prepared bees.

Bruno's carcass was dissected and has been exhibited in the Museum Mensch und Natur in Munich since March 26, 2008 . The bear is shown stealing honey. The scene relates to an event on June 16, 2006. At that time, Bruno robbed a beehive in Kochel am See, Upper Bavaria . In order to represent the situation as realistically as possible, not only the bear but also around 1000 bees were prepared and placed between the honeycombs and beehives. The scenery is behind glass to protect it from visitors. The Italian government makes a claim to the carcass, which is not recognized by the Bavarian state government.

Artistic arrangements

  • Gerhard Falkner published the novella Bruno in 2008 . Falkner processes the appearance and the shooting of the bear JJ1 in a literary way. Falkner is relocating the bear's hiking route to Switzerland and the location of the launch near Leuk in Valais. However, he leaves other historical details unchanged, in particular the date of the shooting.
  • Felix Mitterer wrote the script for the comedy film Der Bär ist los! The story of Bruno , inspired by the hunt for Bruno but moving away from actual events and with a happy ending for the bear. The main actors are Nadeshda Brennicke , Fritz Karl and Harald Krassnitzer . The film was broadcast by ORF and ARD on February 25, 2009. Animal welfare institutions criticized the film because it concealed the true events and the bears involved were not treated appropriately.
  • Heinz Vogel, a doctor from Vorarlberg, turned the material into a picture book for adults and children in 2012. The book shows a different possible life course for JJ1 than the one actually suffered.
  • The Karlsruhe band “Fok o'locos” created a musical memorial with their ballad Bruno the Bear, as did the Austrian band “Die Quote” with their song Beiß eam die Hand o .
  • In 2008 the edition Lebenswert published the book Conversations with Bruno - Requiem for a Brown Bear by Peter Raba, illustrated by Robert Holzach. Bruno gives answers in an inner dialogue with Peter Raba.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ MARK LANDLER: Mr. Bruno Is Having a Picnic, but He's No Teddy Bear. In: The New York Times. June 16, 2006, accessed November 1, 2011 .
  2. ^ "Bruno, the bear without a passport" - ARD broadcast (April 29, 2013) by Hannes Jänicke
  3. ↑ a b Mountain bikers chased "Bruno" - from today on, free to shoot . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , p. 22, June 26, 2006
  4. ↑ KORA-News: Trentiner Bear Jurka caught
  5. ↑ in the Alternative Wolf and Bear Park Black Forest " ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.baer.de
  6. ↑ KORA-News: Hunted risk bear JJ3
  7. ↑ "Stray brown bear is no longer a stranger" , Mitteldeutsche Zeitung , mz-web.de, May 30, 2006, accessed on June 21, 2021
  8. ↑ Bruno Problembär tube trap with picture WWF.de
  9. ↑ Bruno, the ABM bear . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , June 8, 2006
  10. ↑ Trace in Austria: New puzzles about the bear Bruno . sueddeutsche.de, June 19, 2006
  11. ↑ Bruno is threatened with being shot from Monday . ( Memento from June 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) In: Netzeitung , June 23, 2006
  12. ↑ General decree . (PDF) Government of Upper Bavaria, June 23, 2006, archived from the original on September 28, 2007 ; Retrieved August 20, 2011 .
  13. ↑ FOCUS Online: Kill or raise. Retrieved June 7, 2021 .
  14. ↑ ORF .at-News: "Bruno" -Obduktion: Bear died of internal injuries ( Memento of the original of December 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / orf.at
  15. ↑ DNA analysis confirmed: the dead bear was JJ1. Badische Zeitung online, July 7, 2006, archived from the original on December 11, 2007 ; Retrieved August 20, 2011 .
  16. ↑ How Bruno found his end on: sueddeutsche.de, June 27, 2006
  17. ↑ On the tenth anniversary of his death: Who shot Bruno? June 25, 2016, accessed June 7, 2021 .
  18. ↑ orf.at on reactions to death JJ1  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.orf.at  
  19. ↑ news.at .: No evidence of a criminal offense: The death of "Bruno" does not end up in front of the judge
  20. ↑ Deutscher Tierschutzbund : Press release ( Memento of the original from July 22, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , June 26, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tierschutzbund.de
  21. ↑ a b vier-pfoten.de: ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: FOUR PAWS and FOUNDATION FOR BEARS criticize Bruno film )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.vier-pfoten.de
  22. ↑ baer.de: Bear Remembrance Day on June 26th ( Memento from November 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  23. ↑ vier-pfoten.de: ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Foundation for Animal Welfare and Foundation for Bears condemn the shooting down of the brown bear JJ3 )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.vier-pfoten.de
  24. ^ SPD parliamentary group in the Bavarian state parliament: Bear killer Schnappauf has to take off his hat , June 26, 2006
  25. ↑ Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection: Press release ( Memento from September 11, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), June 26, 2006
  26. ↑ n-tv : Bavarian Bear killed , June 26, 2006
  27. ↑ Italy protests at the EU Commission against “Bruno's” death . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 27, 2006
  28. ↑ Italy's forest police christen the helicopter Orso Bruno . ( Memento from January 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: Tages-Anzeiger , June 27, 2006
  29. ↑ Hunter in sight - revenge for Bruno . ( Memento of the original from June 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sueddeutsche.de
  30. ^ Documentation by the plaintiff, lawyer Rudolf PB Riechwald
  31. ↑ Transcript of Stoiber's declaration with a link to the MP3 file on stoibaer.de, accessed on August 17, 2013.
  32. ↑ Schnappauf becomes a problem minister In: Stern , June 27, 2006
  33. ↑ Lars Langenau: SPD sues “Titanic” , Spiegel Online , July 3, 2006
  34. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung : Brüderle and the atomic lie - a problem bear kills itself
  35. ↑ BBC : Battle over Bruno the bear's body (English)
  36. ^ Gerhard Falkner: Bruno . Novelle, 1st edition, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8270-0785-8
  37. ↑ Preview: "Bruno" film with a happy ending on ORF on February 16, 2009 (accessed October 24, 2013)
  38. ↑ Heinz Vogel: The adventurous life of JJ1 alias Bruno alias Beppo. A picture book for adults and children. Bucher publishing house. Hohenems, Vienna, Vaduz, 2012, ISBN 978-3-99018-147-8
  39. ↑ "Bruno" from "Fok o'locos"
  40. ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: "Beiß eam die Hand o" from "Die Quote" )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.diequote.org
  41. ↑ Peter Raba: Conversations with Bruno - Requiem for a brown bear  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , 1st edition 2008, Murnau, Edition Lebenswert, ISBN 978-3-9812194-6-3@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.edition-lebenswert.de