Jordan River (Utah)

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Jordan River
Proveau's Fork, Western Jordan River
entire catchment area

entire catchment area

Data
location Utah , United States
River system Jordan River
source at Utah Lake
40 ° 21 ′ 34 "  N , 111 ° 53 ′ 40"  W.
Source height 1368  m
muzzle in the Great Salt Lake Coordinates: 40 ° 53 ′ 52 ″  N , 111 ° 58 ′ 25 ″  W 40 ° 53 ′ 52 ″  N , 111 ° 58 ′ 25 ″  W
Mouth height 1300  m
Height difference 68 m
Bottom slope 0.82 ‰
length 82.7 km
Catchment area 9920 km²
Drain at the mouth
 MQ
 14.8 m³ / s
Left tributaries Midas Creek , Bingham Creek
Right tributaries Dry Creek , Little Cottonwood Creek , Big Cottonwood Creek , Mill Creek , Parleys Creek , Red Butte Creek , City Creek
Big cities West Jordan , West Valley City , Salt Lake City
Medium-sized cities Lehi , Draper , Riverton , South Jordan , Sandy , Midvale , Murray , Taylorsville , South Salt Lake , North Salt Lake
Small towns Bluffdale
2015/08/22 09:51:21 DSC00148 - Flickr - andrey zharkikh.jpg

The Jordan River is a river approximately 82 kilometers long in the state of Utah in the United States . It is regulated by water pumps on Utah Lake , flows north through the Salt Lake Valley and flows into the Great Salt Lake . Four of Utah's six largest cities border the river: Salt Lake City , West Valley City , West Jordan, and Sandy . More than a million people live in the Jordan River basin, which is part of its drainage basin in Salt Lake and Utah counties . During the Pleistocene , the area was part of Lake Bonneville .

The first known inhabitants of the region were members of the archaic culture - an archaeological site on the river dates back 3,000 years. Mormon pioneers, led by Brigham Young, were the first European-American settlers to arrive in July 1847 and establish farms and settlements along the river and its tributaries. The growing population, which needed water for drinking water, irrigation and industrial use in the dry climate, dug ditches and canals, built dams and installed pumps, which greatly regulated the river.

For many years, the river was heavily polluted by untreated sewage, agricultural sewage and mining waste. In the 1960s, the pollutants in the water were removed through sewage treatment. In the 21st century, pollution is further limited by the Clean Water Act and, in some cases, the Superfund program . Once the home of bighorn sheep and beavers , today's river is frequented by raccoons , red foxes and domesticated animals. It serves as an important habitat for birds, as does the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake, which are visited by more than 200 species of birds.

The Big Cottonwood , Little Cottonwood , Red Butte , Mill , Parleys and City Creek as well as smaller streams such as Willow Creek at Draper flow through the sub-basin. The Jordan River Parkway along the river includes natural areas, botanical gardens, golf courses, and 40 miles of bike and pedestrian lane.

course

The Jordan is the only outflow from Utah Lake and has its source at the northern end of the lake between the towns of Lehi and Saratoga Springs . It then meanders north through the northern end of the Utah Valley for about eight miles until it passes through a canyon in the Traverse Mountains known as the Jordan Narrows . The Utah National Guard base at Camp Williams is on the west side of the river in much of the Jordan Narrows. The Turner Dam , 67.3 kilometers from the estuary removed and located within the borders of Jordan Narrows, is the first of two dams of the river. The Turner Dam directs the water in the direction of the river to the right and east into the East Jordan Canal and to the left and west towards the Utah and Salt Lake Canal . Two pumping stations, located next to Turner Dam, direct the water west into the Provo Reservoir Canal , the Utah Lake Distribution Canal, and the Jacob-Welby Canal . The Provo Reservoir Canal runs north through Salt Lake County, the Jacob Welby Canal runs south through Utah County, and the Utah Lake Distribution Canal runs both north and south and eventually runs back into Utah Lake. Outside the bottlenecks, the river reaches the second dam, the so-called Joint Dam , which is 64.2 km from the river mouth. The Joint Dam directs water east for the Jordan and Salt Lake City Canal and west for the South Jordan Canal .

Map of the Salt Lake Valley with cities, rivers (blue) and canals (green)

The river then flows through the middle of the Salt Lake Valley , first through the town of Bluffdale and then along the border between the towns of Riverton and Draper . It then flows through the city of South Jordan , where it joins the Midas Creek coming from the west . After leaving South Jordan, the river forms the border between the towns of West Jordan to the west and Sandy and Midvale to the east. From the west, Bingham Creek flows through West Jordan into the Jordan River. The Dry Creek , an eastern tributary, joins the main river in Sandy. The river then forms the border between the towns of Taylorsville and West Valley City to the west and Murray and South Salt Lake to the east, and crosses Interstate 215 at Murray. The Little and Big Cottonwood Creek flow into the river from the east at Murray, 34.9 kilometers and 33.2 kilometers from the confluence, respectively. Mill Creek enters the Jordan River to the east on the South Salt Lake area, approximately 17 miles from the mouth. The river flows through the middle of Salt Lake City , where it flows under Interstate 80 a mile west of downtown Salt Lake City and again under Interstate 215 in the northern part of Salt Lake City. The Interstate 15 runs parallel to the east face of the flow in the entire Salt Lake County. The Surplus Canal branches off from the river 26 km from the estuary and is used to protect against flooding. The Jordan is diverted by four gates from the canal and leads north, while the Surplus Canal leads north-west. The Parleys, Emigration and Red Butte Creek converge with the river coming from the east through an underground line, 14 miles from the mouth. City Creek also enters by an underground conduit 18.5 km from the river mouth. The length of the river and the height of its mouth vary from year to year, depending on the weather-related fluctuations of the Great Salt Lake. The lake has an average height of 1,300 m, which can vary by 3 m. The Jordan River then forms the border between Salt Lake County in the west and the city of North Salt Lake or Davis County in the east for 14 to 19 km until it flows into the Great Salt Lake.

Drain

The United States Geological Survey maintains a measuring station in Salt Lake City that shows that the annual runoff between 1980 and 2003 was just over 190,000,000 m³ per year, or 100 percent of the total 990,000,000 m³ of water from all sources in the Jordan occurs, amounts to. The Surplus Canal carries almost 60 percent of the water into the Great Salt Lake, with various irrigation channels responsible for the rest. The amount of water that flows from Utah Lake into the Jordan River is just over 490,000,000 m³ per year. The inflow from the 11 largest streams, sewage treatment plants and groundwater each make up about 15 percent of the water flowing into the river.

Catchment area

Expansion of the Jordan River Subbasin

The Jordan Subbasin , as defined by the United States Geological Survey, is entirely within Salt Lake and Utah counties in an approximately rectangular area of ​​2,050 km². The subbasin is part of the larger 9,900 km² catchment area that includes the Upper Jordan, Utah Lake, and the Provo and Spanish Fork Subbasins . Four of the six largest cities in Utah are in Salt Lake County. The Jordan River flows through Sandy, with a population of 87,461 in 2010; West Jordan with a population of 103,712; West Valley City with 129,480 residents and Salt Lake City with 186,440 residents. Flanked on both sides by mountain ranges, the structure of the terrain varies greatly. The Wasatch Range rises to the east to 3,400 m above sea level at the Twin Peaks near the town of Alta . The Oquirrh Mountains rise to over 2,700 meters at Farnsworth Peak in the west . The lowest value of 1,300 m is at the mouth of the river at the Great Salt Lake. Both the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains were created by fracture tectonics , with the mountains rising and the valley floor falling. The Wasatch Fault runs along the western edge of the Wasatch Mountains and the Oquirrh Fault runs along the eastern edge of the Oquirrh Mountains.

About 75,000 to 8,000 years ago, much of what is now northern Utah was covered by a Pleistocene lake called Lake Bonneville . Lake Bonneville reached a height of 1,600 m above sea level in its greatest extent and had an area of ​​51,000 km². Sediment deposits led to a relatively shallow lake bed and valley floors that are visible today. As the climate became warmer and drier over time, the water level of Lake Bonneville sank, leaving the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake as remnants. The greatest gradient of the river is in the Jordan Narrows at 5.1 meters per kilometer, while the rest of the river has a gentler slope of 0.4-0.8 meters per km.

Approximately 960 km² (46 percent of the land area) of the Jordan Subbasin is in the Wasatch, Oquirrh and Traverse Mountains . The United States Forest Service manages 370 km² of land in the Wasatch Range. Most of the Oquirrh Range is privately owned, with the Kennecott Copper Mine which owns most of the land. The state of Utah has 40 km² of land scattered throughout the sub-basin and has all navigable river beds and lakes.

The subbasin has two different climate zones. The lower layers are characterized by a cold, semi-arid climate with four different seasons. Both summer and winter are long with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Salt Lake City records 150 cm of snow annually, part of the 420 mm of precipitation annually. The mean maximum temperature is 33 ° C in July and 3 ° C in January. Areas of higher elevation have two different seasons, summer and winter. One of the highest areas around Alta receives 1,380 cm of snow annually as part of the 1,300 mm of precipitation per year. The mean maximum temperature is 22 ° C in July and −2 ° C in January.

history

The first known residents on the banks of the Jordan were members of the archaic desert culture , a group of nomadic hunters and gatherers . A 3,000 year old archaeological site called Soo'nkahni Village was uncovered by the river. Subsequent documented residents were the Fremont between AD 400 and about AD 1350 , composed of several dispersed groups of hunters and farmers who lived in what is now southern Idaho , eastern Nevada, and much of Utah. The disappearance of the Fremont has been attributed both to changing climatic conditions, which put an end to favorable conditions for agriculture, and to the arrival of ancestors in what is now the Ute , Paiute, and Northwestern Shoshone . Although there were no permanent Native American settlements when European settlers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, the area was bordered by land shared by several tribes such as B. the Timpanogot of the Ute was inhabited in the Utah Valley, the Gosiute on the western side of the Oquirrh Mountain Range and the northwestern Shoshone north of the Salt Lake Valley.

In 1776, the Franciscan missionary Silvestre Vélez de Escalante tried to find an overland route from Santa Fe , New Mexico to Monterey , California . His group included twelve Spanish colonists and two Ute from the Utah Valley Timpanogots band who served as guides. On September 23, 1776, the group reached the Utah Valley near what is now the city of Spanish Fork . The local Timanogot villagers received them and told them about the lake in the north. In his diary, Escalante described Utah Lake as “a lake that must be six leagues wide and fifteen leagues long, [and] extending into one of those valleys. It runs northwest through a narrow passage, and from what they have told us, it is in communication with others much larger ones. "The Great Salt Lake has been described as the" other lake with which this one communicates, [and the ] as they have told us, covers many leagues and its waters are noxious and extremely salty ”.

The next group of Europeans to see the Jordan River was a group around Etienne Provost , a French-Canadian trapper . In October 1824, Provost's group was lured to a Shoshone camp on the Jordan River, where they were allegedly attacked in retaliation for the murder of a local chief. The murder is said to have been committed by a member of Peter Skene Ogden's group . The men were taken by surprise and fifteen died, but Provost and two others escaped. The river was originally called Proveau's Fork , as the Quebec- born fur hunter was also known as Proveau and Provot in addition to Provost .

Population development
in Salt Lake County
Census Residents ± in%
1850 6157 -
1860 11,295 83.4%
1870 18,337 62.3%
1880 31,977 74.4%
1890 58,457 82.8%
1900 77,725 33%
1910 131,426 69.1%
1920 159,282 21.2%
1930 194.102 21.9%
1940 211,623 9%
1950 274,895 29.9%
1960 383.035 39.3%
1970 458.607 19.7%
1980 619.066 35%
1990 725.956 17.3%
2000 898.387 23.8%
2010 1,029,655 14.6%
Before 1900

1900–1990, 2000 and 2010

On July 22, 1847, the first group of Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, and five days later another group, led by Brigham Young, crossed the Jordan River and bathed in the Great Salt Lake. The Jordan in the Middle East drains the Sea of ​​Galilee into the Dead Sea , which was remarkably similar to the settlers, as the as yet unnamed river drains Utah Lake into the also salty Great Salt Lake. This similarity influenced the later name of the river, on August 22, 1847 a conference took place at which the name Western Jordan River was determined, although it was later shortened to Jordan River . By 1850, settlements were established along the Jordan River, Big Cottonwood Creek , Little Cottonwood Creek , Mill Creek , Parleys Creek, and Emigration Creek . In 1850, Captain Howard Stansbury of the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers traveled the length of the Jordan River, surveying it, and observing the wildlife.

Around the year 1887 around were at Bingham Canyon low grade in the Oquirrh Mountains copper discovered lagerstätten and claims filed. Bingham Canyon is a porphyry copper deposit in which magma containing copper, molybdenum , gold and other minerals slowly rose to the surface and cooled into rocks. Underground copper mining began by 1890 and in 1907 the Kennecott Copper Mine began open pit mining. In the early 20th century, mills for ore processing were built near the Jordan in Midvale and West Jordan . In 2010, the Kennecott Copper Mine open pit was 4.5 km wide and 1.3 km deep.

Throughout the 19th century and into the 1940s, water from the Jordan River Basin aided the agriculture of the Salt Lake Valley. In 1950 Salt Lake County had 1,980 square kilometers available for agriculture. By 1992, however, the rapid urbanization of the Salt Lake Valley had reduced the utilized agricultural area to 44,000 hectares, which by 2002 had further decreased to 33,292 hectares.

Human influence

Changes within the Jordan River basin began two days after the Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, when the water from City Creek was diverted for irrigation. The first dam and moat along the Jordan River was built in 1849 to irrigate land on the west side of the river near what is now Taylorsville. Other trenches include one initiated by Archibald Gardner, one of West Jordan's founders in 1850, to provide water for his mill, and one by Alexander Beckstead, a founder of South Jordan, who built the Beckstead Trench in 1859 for water for the farmland. Many more small dams and ditches were built in the first 25 years, some of which were still in use in 2010. All of these ditches irrigated only small amounts of land in the river's flood plains; the largest, the Beckstead Trench, irrigated 230 acres.

Utah Lake pumping station

At the end of the 1860s it became clear that new, larger canals had to be built if more cultivation areas were to be used. The first dam in the Jordan Narrows was built in 1872 and erected in 1880, causing an uproar among residents near Utah Lake who believed the dam was responsible for raising lake levels. After several years of dispute, a commission was set up to find an acceptable compromise for the elevation of Utah Lake. The commission's decision of 1885 stated that if the lake level were to rise above the established compromise level, the river should not be obstructed by dams or flood gates. In addition, the commission stated that once water pumps are installed at the source of the river, the pumps should all work if the lake should rise above the compromise level. However, if lake levels went below that level, the pumps could be turned off so the water can be held in Utah Lake for storage.

Dam and pumping station in the Jordan Narrows that divert water into various channels

In 1875 the first major canal, the South Jordan Canal , was completed and for the first time transported water to the area above the steep slopes of the Jordan. A total of five large canals that emanated from the dams in the Jordan Narrows had been completed by 1883. A second dam was built a few miles (about 5 km) downstream from the first dam in 1890 to better regulate the flow of two canals. Both dams were renewed in the following years and serve as deflection points for canals instead of damming water through lock gates. The drought of 1901–1902 caused the Jordan to temporarily dry out, and in response to the drought, a pumping station was installed on the Utah Lake outlet. It was the largest pumping station in the United States at the time and contained seven pumps with a total capacity of 20 m³ per second. Twice, during the 1934 and 1992 droughts, Utah Lake sank so low that the pumps became ineffective and the river actually ran dry. In the 1950s, large sections of the river in Salt Lake County were straightened due to flood control measures to increase the flow rate. In the course of this, meanders and curves in the river were cut and the canal slope increased. The river has also been moved to opposite sides of the Midvale and Murray river plains .

Floods in 1983 and 1984 caused Utah Lake to overflow its banks, flooding homes and farmland in Provo , Lehi, and what is now Saratoga Springs . The Interstate 15 are built in Provo had dikes to prevent the Utah Lake flooded the highway. The Big Cottonwood, Parleys, Emigration, and City Creek flowed down sandbag-lined streets. Additional levees were built on the Great Salt Lake to protect the railroad lines and Interstate 80 . As a result of the flooding, the compromise level for Utah Lake was changed to 1,368 m.

ecology

Invertebrates and fish

common carp (here in Lake Powell )

In the Jordan River, invertebrates play an important role as a source of food for fish and other aquatic life and are a parameter that can provide information about water quality and the state of the river. There are 34 different groups of invertebrates in Jordan, most of the class Oligochaeta and mosquito larvae and caddis fly larvae. The state of Utah maintains an endangered species list that includes "those species for which there is reliable scientific evidence to demonstrate a threat to continued population viability." The snail species Oreohelix haydeni and the western pearl mussel , both native to the Jordan river basin, can be found on this list. A 2007 study of invertebrates and their response to pollution found that the Jordan River was severely polluted by organic pollution and that it contained lower levels of dissolved oxygen.

Historically, the Jordan River was a cold-water fish reason of the 13 native species contained, including the Bonneville cutthroat trout , the Utah bullhead , the Redhorse Chasmistes liorus that Groppenart Cottus bairdii , Gila atraria and Redhorse Catostomus ardens . Today the Jordan River is a warm water fishing ground with the Catostomus ardens and the endangered Chasmistes liorus , which are only found in Utah Lake. However, Gila atraria can still be found in the Jordan. The most common fish species encountered today is the carp , which was abandoned as a food source in the Jordan River and Utah Lake after overfishing depleted native species. The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources regularly fills the river with catfish and rainbow trout .

Remaining wildlife

Before the area was urbanized, mammals such as bighorn sheep , mule deer , coyotes , wolves , beavers , muskrats, and hares were found along the river. A "pest hunt" was organized by John D. Lee after the arrival of the Mormon settlers around 1848. The final count of the hunt included "two bears , two wolverines , two wild cats , 783 wolves, 409 foxes , 31 minks , nine eagles , 530 magpies , falcons and owls and 1026 ravens ". None of the original larger mammals are found in the Jordan today; they have largely been replaced by raccoons , red foxes, and domesticated animals. Animals around the Jordan River featured on Utah's Endangered Species List include the smooth grass snake , western toad , kit fox , spotted bat, and Townsend long-eared bat .

Together with Utah Lake and the Great Salt Lake, the river provides one of the richest bird populations in the area. Over 200 species of birds use it as a breeding ground or as a stopover on their migration routes. Native species that were once widespread such as the willowcatcher , the cat thrush , the singer's vireo , the blackcap warbler , the black tern and the yellow-billed cuckoo can no longer be found on the river. The yellow throat and yellow-breasted warbler are still found in small isolated populations. The most common types that are found today are the black-billed magpie , the Mourning Dove , the Western Lernchenstärling , the Barn Swallow and the non-indigenous here pheasant and the Star .

Flora

" Rubber rabbitbrush " on the Jordan River Parkway

The vegetation in the catchment area is closely linked to the altitude and precipitation values. About 30 percent of the basin, mostly in higher elevations, is criss-crossed with oaks , aspens and conifers . In the lower levels, 27 percent of the basin is rich in mountain shrubs , sagebrush shrubs from the genus Artemisia , junipers and grasses . About 34 percent of the river basin is classified as urban.

The narrow-leaved olive and tamarisk trees dominate the river plains of the Jordan today, where willows and poplars were once to be found. Plant species such as the Mane barley , salt grass , called Rabbitbrush , bulrush and other reeds are still found in small clusters along the river. Exotic grazing grasses such as ball grasses , panicle grasses , giant ostrich grass , couch grass , wheat and fescue have become the most common types of grass. The endangered orchid Spiranthes diluvialis is also found by the river.

pollution

The Jordan River has been affected by litter since the Salt Lake Valley was settled. For 100 years, untreated wastewater was discharged into the river, agricultural and animal wastewater was produced, 40 smelting furnaces were built through mining , which contaminated the river with heavy metals , mostly arsenic and lead . In 1962, the Midvale river had a level of about 3 million coliforms per 100 milliliters, although the total number of coliforms in water samples should not exceed 5,000 per 100 milliliters according to Utah state guidelines. In 1965, a new wastewater treatment plant went into operation in Salt Lake City, which prevented 120,000 m³ of untreated wastewater from being discharged into a sewer per day.

The Utah Division of Water Quality and the Utah Division of Drinking Water are responsible for the control and management of water quality in the state of Utah. Watercourses that exceed the usual pollutant levels are included in the 303d list in accordance with the Clean Water Act . The law also requires states to identify endangered waters every two years and develop a maximum daily total amount of pollutants that it cannot adversely affect the various waters. The Jordan River and Little Cottonwood Creek were added to the 2006 version of the 303d list. Parameters of the Jordan River have exceeded the standard level for at least part, are temperature, dissolved oxygen , total dissolved solids , E. coli and salt content .

Environment Agency Superfund Sites

The so-called superfund sites are classified as the areas most heavily polluted with toxic and hazardous waste. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency determines whether a particular location is dangerous, prepares measures to reduce the risk if necessary and identifies the actors responsible for the pollution. If a location is listed in the Superfund program, federal money is available for cleaning.

At the foot of the Oquirrh Mountains , at Bingham Creek and Butterfield Creek , about 190 km² (9 percent of the catchment area) are contaminated with lead , arsenic and sulphates from the operation of the Kennecott Copper Mine in Copperton . The largest reverse osmosis plant in the United States was built in 2006 for groundwater remediation; construction of a second plant is planned; however, the completion of the groundwater purification is not planned for 2040. In 1998, the site was removed from the Superfund list due to Kennecott's progress in redevelopment and a consent ordinance that required Kennecott to continue the remainder of the redevelopment.

Close to the Sharon Steel Superfund site .

The melting plant in Murray was the location of a large lead smelter that was in operation from 1872 to 1949. The 57 hectare site contained groundwater contamination by arsenic and lead, but a large part of the cleaning measures were completed in 2001.

Midvale has two Superfund areas that are located along 4 percent of the Jordan River. The Midvale Slag District is 180 acres of land bordering 2,100 meters of the Jordan River. From 1871 to 1958, there were five separate smelters that processed ores from the Kennecott Mine and other mines. The place was contaminated with lead, arsenic, chromium and cadmium . The system has now been cleaned. Sharon Steel was a 190 acre facility, adjacent to 1,400 meters of the Jordan River, used to smelt copper from the Kennecott Copper Mine from 1902 to 1971 . The site was contaminated with lead, arsenic, iron , manganese and zinc . The cleanup is complete and the site was removed from the Superfund list in 2004.

Uranium residues

The Vitro Uranium Mill was a 52-acre facility in South Salt Lake , surrounded by the Jordan River, Mill Creek , a small wetland and traversed by the South Vitro Ditch . The site, which was in operation from 1953 to 1964, contained a uranium mill and a storage facility for uranium. In 1989 the surface contamination remediation with tailings , radioactively contaminated soil material and rubble removed from the site was completed. However, 2,600,000 m³ of contaminated groundwater still remained (as of 2010), so studies were carried out to determine which measures should be taken.

Jordan River Parkway

Green spaces on the Jordan River in Murray

The Jordan River Parkway was originally designed in 1971 as a flood control measure with two reservoirs, wetland restoration, quays for cars, hiking trails and parks. By 1986, $ 18 million had been used to purchase land around the Jordan River and build the Murray Golf Course , several smaller parks, and approximately four miles of canoe routes and trails. By 2010, most of the 40-mile-long, multi-use path from Utah Lake to the Davis County border had been completed. A waterway for canoeing and kayaking has also been built (as of 2010), but dams, bridges, weirs and other obstacles impede the use of the river.

The parks on the river include the International Peace Gardens , 3.4 hectares of gardens, with each garden representing a different land, the Redwood Nature Area with about 20 hectares of nature, the Riverfront Park in South Jordan with 24 hectares of paths, fishing ponds and natural areas, Thanksgiving Point, including 24 acres of 15 themed gardens and 81 acres, 18-hole golf course, and Utah County's Willow Park, with 20 acres of camping and wilderness.

literature

Web links

Commons : Jordan River  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Jordan River in the Geographic Names Information System of the United States Geological Survey
  2. ^ A b Utah Lake and Jordan River Water Rights and Management Plan 1989 , PDF, p. 4, accessed March 28, 2010
  3. ↑ a b Great Salt Lake, Utah. In: Utah Water Science Center. United States Geological Survey, accessed March 25, 2010 .
  4. ↑ Jordan River TMDL: Work Element 1 - Evaluation of Existing Information . Utah State Division of Water Quality. March 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010. (p. 18, some sources indicate different locations)
  5. ↑ a b Hydrologic Unit Maps , PDF, p. 53, United States Geological Survey (English)
  6. ↑ a b c d USGS Scanned Topographic Maps (1: 100000, GeoTIFF) . Utah GIS Portal. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved on April 21, 2010.
  7. ↑ a b Municipalities. (No longer available online.) In: Utah SGID: Vector GIS Data Layer Download Index. Utah GIS Portal, archived from the original on April 22, 2010 ; Retrieved April 21, 2010 .
  8. ↑ Paul R. Seaber, Paul Kapinos, George L. Knapp: Hydrologic Unit Maps . In: US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2294 . United States Government Printing Office. 1987. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  9. ^ Elwood Mead: Report of irrigation investigations in Utah . United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 55-56. 1904. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  10. ↑ a b Jordan River TMDL: Work Element 2 - Pollutant Identification and Loading . Utah State Division of Water Quality. S. July 19, 2009. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved on April 22, 2010.
  11. ^ Utah Lake and Jordan River water rights and management plan . Salt Lake City. 1989. Retrieved March 28, 2010. Template: dead link /! ... nourl ( Page no longer available )
  12. ↑ Surplus Canal Deficiency Rehabilitation Project-Flood Control | Salt Lake County. Retrieved September 10, 2019 .
  13. ↑ Jordan River TMDL: Work Element 2 - Pollutant Identification and Loading . Utah State Division of Water Quality. Pp. 35-39. July 2009. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved on April 22, 2010.
  14. ^ Recommended Watershed Terminology . Watershed Management Council. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  15. ^ Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - State - Place . United States Census Bureau . 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  16. ↑ Bill D. Black, William R. Lund, David P. Schwartz, Harold E. Gill, Bea M. Mayes: Paleoseismic investigation on the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch zone at South Fork Dry Creek and Dry Gulch Sites, Salt Lake County, Utah . Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City 1996, ISBN 978-1-55791-399-9 , pp. 1-3 (Accessed May 25, 2010).
  17. ^ William R. Lund: The Oquirrh fault zone, Tooele County, Utah: surficial geology and paleoseismicity . Utah Geological Survey , Salt Lake City 1996, ISBN 978-1-55791-370-8 , pp. 1-3 (accessed May 25, 2010).
  18. ^ Geology of Utah Lake: Implications for Resource Management . In: Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs , pp. 25-27. Retrieved April 19, 2010. 
  19. ↑ Jordan River Stability Study . In: Watershed Planning and Restoration Program . Salt Lake County . December 1992. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  20. ↑ a b Watershed Facts . In: Watershed Planning and Restoration Program . Salt Lake County . Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  21. ^ Oquirrh Mountains . In: Utah Wilderness Survey . Bureau of Land Management. P. 2. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  22. ^ Salt Lake City Climatology . In: Climatography of the United States . National Climatic Data Center. Pp. 1-3. February 2004. Retrieved on June 16, 2010. Template: dead link /! ... nourl ( Page no longer available )
  23. ^ Alta Climatology . In: Climatography of the United States . National Climatic Data Center. Pp. 1-3. February 2004. Retrieved on June 26, 2010. Template: dead link /! ... nourl ( Page no longer available )
  24. ^ Tribal leaders say UTA 'ignores' them , Salt Lake Tribune . March 4, 2010. 
  25. ^ David B. Madsen: Allan Kent Powell (Ed.): Utah History Encyclopedia . University of Utah Press , Salt Lake City, Utah 1994, ISBN 0-87480-425-6 , OCLC 30473917 .
  26. ↑ David B. Madsen: Exploring the Fremont . Utah Museum of Natural History , Salt Lake City 2002, ISBN 978-0-940378-35-3 , pp. 13-14.
  27. ↑ Joel C. Janetski: The Ute of Utah Lake . University of Utah Press , Salt Lake City 1991, ISBN 978-0-87480-343-3 , pp. 32-33.
  28. ^ Forrest S. (Ed.) Cuch: A History of Utah's American Indians . Utah State University Press , Logan 2000, ISBN 978-0-913738-48-1 , p. 75 (Accessed March 20, 2010).
  29. ^ Brigham D. Madsen: The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre . University of Utah Press , Salt Lake City 1985, ISBN 978-0-87480-494-2 , pp. 6-7.
  30. ^ Thomas G. Alexander: Dominguez-Escalante Expedition . In: Utah History to Go . Utah State Historical Society . Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  31. ↑ Derrotero y Diario . In: Early Americas digital archive . Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities . Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  32. ↑ Cecil Alter: Journal of WA Ferris 1830-1835 . In: Utah Historical Quarterly , pp. 105-106. 
  33. ↑ John W. Van Cott: Utah Place Names: A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names: A Compilation . University of Utah Press, 1990, p. 208 (Retrieved December 15, 2013).
  34. ↑ LeRoy R. Hafen: Trappers of the Far West: Sixteen Biographical Sketches . University of Nebraska Press, 1965, p. 1 (Retrieved December 15, 2013).
  35. ^ US Census Bureau _ Census of Population and Housing . Retrieved February 28, 2011
  36. ↑ Extract from Census.gov . Retrieved February 28, 2011
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