List of Apache tribes

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The list of Apache strains includes the strains grouped under the name Apache .

Apache tribes

Chiricahua Apache (derived from the Opata word Chiguicagui - 'mountain of wild turkeys ')

  • Chokonen ( Ch'ók'ánéń , Tsoka-ne-nde , Tcokanene , Chu-ku-nde , Chukunende , Ch'úk'ánéń , Ch'uuk'anén - 'Ridge of the Mountainside People', also Chiricaguis , real or central Chiricahua )
  • Bedonkohe ( Bi-dan-ku , Bidánku - 'In Front of the End People', Bidankande , Bi-da-a-naka-enda - 'Standing in front of the enemy', often referred to as Mogollon, Gila Apaches, lived in western New Mexico, in the Mogollon Mountains and Tularosa Mountains between the San Francisco River in the west and the Gila River in the southeast, northeastern Chiricahua )
  • Chihenne ( Chi-he-nde , Chihende , Tci-he-nde , Chíhéne , Chííhénee ' -' red painted people ', often referred to as Copper Mine, Warm Springs, Ojo Caliente Apache, Mimbreños / Mimbres, Gila Apaches, Eastern Chiricahua )
    • Warm Springs (Spanish: Ojo Caliente - 'hot springs')
    • Gila / Gileños
      • Copper Mines (lived southwest of the Gila River, especially near the Santa Lucia Springs in the Burro Mountains , dominated the Pinos Altos Mountains, Pyramid Mountains and the area around Santa Rita del Cobre along the Mimbres River in the east - hence referred to as the Copper Mine Apaches, western local group )
      • Mimbres / Mimbreño (lived in southeastern West New Mexico, between the Mimbres River and the Rio Grande in the Mimbres Mountains and the Cook's Range - hence called Mimbres Apaches, eastern local group )
      • Local group (lived in southern New Mexico in the Pyramid Mountains and Florida Mountains ( called 'Long Hanging Mountain' by the Chihenne Dzlnokone ), migrated in the east to the Rio Grande and in the south to the Mexican border, southern local group )
  • Nednhi ( Ndé'ndai , Nde-nda-i , Nédnaa'í , Ndé'indaaí , Ndé'indaande , Ndaandénde - 'hostile people', 'people who cause trouble', often referred to as Bronco Apaches, Sierre Madre Apaches, southern Chiricahua )
    • Janeros (lived in the northwest of Chihuahuas, northeast of Sonora and in the southeast of Arizona, in the Animas Mountains, Florida Mountains, south in the Sierra San Luis , Sierra del Tigre , Sierra de Carcay, Sierra de Boca Grande, west across the Aros River to Bavispe , in the east along the Janos River and Casas Grandes River to Lake Guzmán in the northern Guzmán Basin , traded preferentially with the Presidio Janos , probably called themselves Dzilthdaklizhéndé - 'Blue Mountain People' - 'People of the Blue Mountains, i.e. the Sierra Madre', northern local group )
    • Carrizaleños (lived only in the north of Chihuahua, between the Presidios of Janos in the west and Carrizal and Lake Santa Maria in the east, south to Corralitos, Nuevo Casas Grandes and Agua Nuevas, 60 miles north of Chihuahua , ruled the southern Guzmán Basin as well the mountain ranges along the Casas Grandes, San Miguel River , Santa Maria River and Carmen River , were probably called Tsebekinéndé - 'Stone House People' or 'Rock House People', southeast local group )
    • Pinaleños (lived in the northern border area between Sonora and Chihuahua, south of Bavispe , between the Bavispe River and Aros River , ruled the Sierra Huachinera , Sierra de los Alisos and Sierra Nacori Chico , these mountains have a large forest of Apache pines - hence were they called Pinaleño or Pinery Apaches, southwest local group )

Mescalero Apache (were called Natahéndé - 'Mescal-Volk'by other Apaches), hence the Spanish name as Natages , from 1800 generallyknownas Mescaleros , sometimes also called Faraone , proper name: Shis-Inday - 'People of the (Berg ) Forests')

  • Natahéndé / Nadahéndé (Spanish: Natages pronounced 'Na-ta-hay' - 'Mescal people', lived between the Rio Grande and Pecos River in central New Mexico with groups in the southern / western Llano Estacado and in the southern Texas Panhandle )
  • Guhlkahéndé / Guułgahénde (span .: Cuelcajenne - 'People of the Plains' - 'People of the Plains', lived mostly east of the Rocky Mountains and the Pecos River, on the High Plains from the Texas Panhandle to the Pecos Valley, between Amarillo , Tucumcari , Lubbock and the Llano Estacado, along the Sandia Mountains and Tijeras Mountains west to Santa Fe , from Nogal Canyon north to Las Vegas , from the Organ Mountains east to El Paso , in Oklahoma they were related to the Comanche by marriage )
  • Dzithinahndé / Tsilnihéndé (Spanish: Chilpaines - 'Mountain Ridge Band People', lived in the mountains west and south of the Pecos River to northern Chihuahua and Coahuila )
  • Ch'laandé / Tslahahéndé ('Antelope Band People', lived west of the Pecos River to the Rio Grande in the mountains of central and southern New Mexico and in the Tularosa Basin)
  • Nit'ahéndé / Niit'ahénde ('People Who Live Against the Mountains', 'Earth crevine People', lived in the Sacramento Mountains in New Mexico and the Guadalupe Mountains in southwest Texas)
  • Tsehitcihéndé ('People of Hook Nose', referred to several groups that roamed the Guadalupe Mountains, the adjacent plains of Texas and to the north of Coahuila and Chihuahua)
  • Tsebekinéndé ('Rock House People', often called Agua Nuevas ('New Waters') or Norteños ('The Northern Waters') by the Spaniards and Americans , had their center around Corralitos in Chihuahua, but migrated north to the Sacramento Mountains and south to Chihuahua ('The city of mules') and on both sides of the Rio Grande between El Paso and Presidio del Norte, but could also be found in the Guadelupe and Limpia Mountains)
  • Tá'huú'ndé ('Mountains-extending-into-the-river-People', lived on both sides of the Pecos River in southern New Mexico and migrated to southwest Texas)
  • Tuintsundé / Túntsande ('Big Water People', originally the Tú sis Ndé gang of the Lipan , who often camped, hunted and robbed together with various Mescalero gangs in south-central Texas and in northern Coahuila, joined the Mescalero after heavy losses formed a Mescalero gang)
  • Tuetinini / Tú'é'dinénde ('No Water People', 'Tough People of the Desert', originally the Twid Ndé gang of the Lipan , merged with the southern Mescalero gangs after hard fighting and heavy losses)

Jicarilla Apache (pronounced: 'Hee-ka-re-a', span: 'small baskets', proper designation: T'Inde - 'people', were called Kinya-Inde - 'the people,' by the Navajo, Mescalero and Lipanwho lives in [permanent] houses' called)

  • Ollero (span: 'potter', own designation: Sai T'inde - 'sand people / mountain people', hence also often Spanish. Hoyeros - 'people of the wooded mountain valleys' called, searched the mountains of New Mexico and Colorado west of the Rio Grande and along the Chama River protection from the Comanche, settled down and practiced agriculture, took over the art of pottery, supplemented their livelihood by selling clay pots and basketry as well as agricultural products, sometimes lived in pueblo-like villages, maintained trade relations with the pueblo peoples, allies of the Kahpota -Ute against the tribes of the Southern Plains - the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho) (6 local groups)
  • Llañero (span: 'people of the plain', span. Translation of the proper name Kolkhahin / Gulgahén , still lived as nomads in tipis ( called kozhan ) in the plains of New Mexico, Colorado and Texas east of the Rio Grande along the upper reaches of the Canadian River and hunted bison , in winter they lived in the mountains between the Canadian River and the Rio Grande, camped and traded near the Picuris Pueblo , Pecos Pueblo and Taos Pueblo , allies of the Mahgrahch-Ute (often because of their trade relations with the Taos as Taos-Ute ) against the hostile tribes of the Southern Plains) (8 local groups)

Lipan Apache (proper name: Hle'pai Nde - 'light gray people',corruptedby the Spaniards in Lipan , also known as Ndee buffalo hunters , Texas-Apache )

Eastern Lipan (Spanish Lipanes de arriba - 'Upper Lipan', 'Northern Lipan')

  • Tséral tuétahä , Tséral tuétahäⁿ ('Red Hair People', later merged with the Tche shä and Tsél tátli dshä , lived south of the Nueces River in Texas, wiped out around 1884)
  • Tche shä , Tche shäⁿ ('Sun Otter People', migrated from San Antonio , Texas, all the way south to the Rio Grande )
  • Kó'l kukä'ⁿ , Kó'l Kahäⁿ , Cuelcahen Ndé ('Tall Grass People', 'High Grass People', 'Prairie Men' lived on the plains in central Texas along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries southwest to the Pecos River)
  • Tchó'kanä , Tchóⁿkanäⁿ ('Pulverizing People', 'Rubbing People', later merged with the Tcha shka-ózhäye , lived west of Fort Griffin, Texas, which was on the Clear Fork of the Brazos River , roamed along the upper Colorado River to West side of the Rio Grande to Mexico, wiped out around 1884)
  • Kóke metcheskó lähä , Kóke metcheskó lähäⁿ ('High-Beaked Moccasin People', lived south of San Antonio to Mexico)
  • Tsél tátli dshä , Tsél tátli dshäⁿ ('People of the Green Mountain', later merged with the Kóke metcheskó lähä , migrated east of the Rio Grande in southern Texas along the lower Guadelupe River and Nueces River, went into the Kóke metcheskó lähäⁿ )
  • Ndáwe qóhä , Ndáwe qóhäⁿ , Ndáwe ɣóhäⁿ ('Fire People', 'Camp Circle People', lived southwest of Fort Griffin, along the Colorado River and its tributaries, the San Saba River and Llano River to the upper Nueces River and along the Frio River and Atascosa River in Texas)
  • Shá i'a Nde, Shá'i'ánde, Nde 'Shini, Shä-äⁿ (' Northern People ', northern group of the Lipan, some family contacts to the Kiowa Apache , had to move 300 people to the Washita Agency in Oklahoma in 1884 )
  • Tsés tsembai ('Heads of Wolves People', 'Bodies of Men People', mostly roamed between the upper Brazos River and the Colorado River in central Texas, but often migrated further west)
  • Te'l kóndahä , Te'l kóndahäⁿ ('Wild Goose People', lived west of Fort Griffin in Texas, along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries, were known and feared as warriors)

Western Lipan (Spanish Lipanes de abajo - 'Lower Lipan', 'Southern Lipan')

  • Tu'tssn Ndé , Tùn Tsa Ndé , Tú sis Ndé , Kúne tsá , Konitsaii Ndé ('Big Water People', 'Great Water People', originally a group of the Natage, lived in the Gulf Coastal Plains on both sides of the Rio Grande as far as Coahuila , from 1750 onwards most of the Rio Grande crossed into Mexico, so that their tribal area, called Konitsąąįį gokíyaa ('Big Water People Country'), extended deep into Coahuila, mostly settled along the Rio Escondido and Rio San Rodrigo , Magoosh's Local group of the Tú sis Ndé later merged with the Mescalero as Tuintsunde )
  • Tsésh ke shéndé , Tséc kecénde ('Painted Wood People', originally perhaps lived along the upper Brazos River, later extinguished near Lavón, Mexico, ca.1884)
  • Tindi Ndé, Tú'e Ndé , Tüzhä'ⁿ, Täzhä'ⁿ ('People of the Mountains', 'Uplanders', lived along the upper Rio Grande, in southern New Mexico and in northern Mexico, from 1850 they lived in close contact with the Mescalero)
  • Tchaⁿshka ózhäyeⁿ ('Little Breech-clout People', lived along the eastern bank of the Pecos River in Texas, were close allies of the Nadahéndé group of the Mescalero)
  • Twid Ndé , Tú'é'diné Ndé ('Tough People of the Desert', 'No Water People', were so named because they lived in the desert, and they often lived only on water that was found in small rock holes in the mountains or was stored in yucca plants, moved northward from the Gulf Coastal Plains into the mountains and deserts between the Rio Grande and Rio Pecos, near the confluence of the two, there they often entered into mixed marriages with neighboring groups of the Mescalero and later merged as Tuetinini with the Mescalero, the Tú sis Ndé ('Big Water People') who tried to claim their old territory along the Gulf Coast, are sometimes quite critical of the Twid Ndé because of their apostasy and mixture with the Mescalero and therefore classify them as a Mescalero or partially Mescalero group)
  • Zit'is'ti Nde , Tséghát'ahén Nde , Tas steé be glui Ndé ('Rock Tied to Head People', lived and hiked in the deserts of northern Mexico and, like the neighboring Mescalero, wore a red headscarf that was wrapped in a turban under which they stuck a flat stone on each side)

There were also the following groups, which are sometimes counted among the Western Lipan:

  • Bi'uhit Ndé , Buii gl un Ndé ('Many Necklaces People', wore a lot of necklaces, were known for taking great care of their appearance, lived in the deserts and high plateaus of New Mexico and Northern Mexico)
  • Ha'didla 'Ndé , Goschish Ndé (' Lightning Storm People ', roamed from the lower Rio Grande Valley in South Texas to Tamaulipas in Mexico, today their descendants live in the Lower Rio Grande River area (El Calaboz Rancheria))
  • Zuá Zuá Ndé ('People of the Lava Beds', lived in the volcanic lava areas in eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas)
  • Jumano Ndé , Suma Ndé ( Jumano Apache ) - 'Red Mud Painted People', lived in the area of ​​the middle and lower reaches (Lower and Middle) of the Rio Grande River, Nueces River, Frio River and the Conchos River, today their descendants live in the Middle-Upper Rio Grande River Area, West Texas (El Polvo (Redford), El Mesquite, El Conejo, El Mulato Chihuahua)
  • Indantųhé Ndé , Nakaiyé Ndé ('Mexican Clan People', descendants of Mexican settlers who joined Lipan Apache when they sought refuge from the U.S. Army in Mexico)

Kiowa Apache (own designation: Na-di-isha-dena , Na'isha , Naishan Dené - 'those who carry or transport things [booty] around' or 'robbers', hencealso called Semat - 'robbers'by their Kiowa allies', also called themselves Khat-tleen-deh or γát dìndé -' cedar wood people 'or Bay-ca-yeh -' whetstone people ', the last name they were known by the neighboring tribes, the enemy Pawnee called them Tsaka-Taka ('face-white' - 'white faces'), therefore the white explorers called them Gattacka or Katacka , often referred to as Plains Apache )

  • first group
  • second group
  • third group
  • fourth group

Western Apache (proper name: Nnee - 'people', Spanish Coyotero - 'coyote eater', also Garroteros - 'club men')

  • White Mountain Apache (own name: Dzil Łigai Si'án Ndee - 'People of the White Mountains ', Spanish. 'Sierra Blanca Apaches' - 'Apaches of the White Mountains', lived between the Pinaleno Mountains in the south and the White Mountains in the north of the White , Black , Salt and Gila River , eastern and at the same time the largest and most powerful tribal group of the Western Apache)
    • Western White Mountain Apache ( Łįįnábáha , Laan Baaha or Łįįnábáha dinéʼiʼ - 'Many Go to War People', often referred to as Coyoteros or Coyotero Apaches )
    • Eastern White Mountain Apache ( Dził Ghą́ʼ or Dzil Ghaa a - 'On Top of Mountains People')
      • Dzil Nchaa Si An ('Big Seated Mountain People' - 'People of Mount Graham ')
  • Cibecue Apache (Spanish derivation from Dishchíí Bikoh - 'people of the red canyon', lived from the Salt River in the south to well above the Mogollon Rim in the north, the western border was formed by the Mazatzal Mountains , home of the southern Tonto, northern tribal group)
    • Canyon Creek ( Gołkizhn - 'Spotted on Top People', lived along Canyon Creek , a tributary of the Salt River, in the Mogollon Rim area , western group of the Cibecue Apache)
    • Carrizo ( Tłʼohkʼadigain , Tłʼohkʼadigain Bikoh Indee - 'Canyon of the Row of White Canes People', lived along Carrizo Creek, a tributary of the Salt River, eastern group of the Cibecue Apache)
    • Cibecue ( Dziłghą́ʼé , Dził Tʼaadn or Dził Tʼaadnjiʼ - 'Base of Mountain People / Side of Mountain People', lived along the Cibecue Creek, a tributary of the Salt River, middle group of the Cibecue Apache)
  • San Carlos Apache ( Tsékʼáádn - 'Metate People', lived near Tucsons in the Santa Catalina Mountains on both sides of the San Pedro River northwards across the Gila River to the Salt River, southwestern tribal group)
    • Apache Peaks ( Nadah Dogalniné - 'Spoiled Mescal People', 'Tasteless Mescal People', also known as Bichi Lehe Nnee - 'Fled to the mountains People') lived northwest of Globe between the Salt River and the Apache Peaks , eastward to Ishįį ('Salt') on the Salt River and between the mouths of Cibicue Creek and Canyon Creek)
    • San Carlos ( Tsékʼáádn , Tsandee Dotʼán - 'It is Placed Alone beside the Fire People', often simply referred to as Tsékʼáádn - 'Metate People' (or actually San Carlos ), sometimes also Tiis Zhaazhe Bikoh - 'Small cottonwood canyon People' called , lived and planted along the San Carlos River, a tributary of the Gila River)
    • Pinaleño / Pinal Apache ( T'iisibaan , T'iis Tsebán or Tiis Ebah Nnee - 'Gray Cottonwoods in the Rocks People', named after Tiis Tsebá , a farm area along the Pinal Creek and the trees at the confluence with the San Pedro River, lived in the west in the Mescal Mountains and the northern and eastern Pinaleno Mountains (also Pinal Mountains , Dzi £ Nnilchí 'Diyiléé -' pine-burdened mountain ') to the northern Apache Peaks in the east, in the north beyond the Salt River and in the southeast to the Gila River, hunted and camped together in bilingual groups with their Hwaalkamvepaya allies of the Guwevkabaya-Yavapai and with the Arivaipa Apache in the Dripping Springs Mountains and the western Pinaleno Mountains in the southwest, lived mostly north of the Arivaipa)
    • Arivaipa / Aravaipa (Pima: 'Feiglinge', 'Weiber', were called by the Apaches Tsé hiné , Tséjìné or Tsee Zhinnee - 'Dark Rocks People' or 'Black Rocks People', derived from the black rocks of the Galiuro Mountains and des Aravaipa Canyons lived from the northwest in the Santa Teresa Mountains , including Mount Turnball, the southern Apache Peakes south in the Tortilla Mountains to the northeast Santa Catalina Mountains and Rincon Mountains ( Itah Gos'án - 'Sits Close Together') in the southwest as well as from the northwest south of the Gila River to the Galiuro Mountains in the southeast as well as in the Arivaipa Canyon, called Arapa , and on both sides of the San Pedro River Valley, called Sambeda , hunted and camped together in bilingual groups with their Hwaalkamvepaya allies of the Guwevkabaya-Yavapai and with the Pinaleño / Pinal Apache in the Dripping Springs Mountains and the western Pinaleno Mountains in the northwest, lived mostly south of the Pinaleño / Pinal Apache)
      • Tséjiné ( Tsé hiné or Tsee Zhinnee - 'Dark Rocks People' or 'Black Rocks People', most important clan of the Arivaipa, therefore mostly used as a name for the whole group)
      • Tsé Binest'i'é ('Rock encircling People')
      • Dzil Dlaazhe (also Mount Turnbull Apache , bilingual Guwevkabaya (Kwevekapaya) - (Arivaipa?) Apache group)
  • Tonto Apache (proper name: Dilzhé'e , werecalled Dilzhé'e , Dilzhę́'é , Dilzhe'eh ('People with high-pitched voices' - 'People with high-pitched voices' - 'People with high-pitched voices',probably because of their strong Yavapai accent. bright voices'),therefore also called Ben-et-dine or binii? e'dine ('people without understanding', i.e. 'wild', 'crazy' or 'those who are not understood')by the Chiricahua Apache , due to their nomadic way of life in inaccessible areas, they were also called by the Western Apache Koun'Nde - 'wild, rough people', the Spaniards adopted these names as Tonto - 'wild', 'crazy', lived on the Salt River and the Mazatzal Mountains in the south, the Tonto Basin and along the upper reaches of the Verde River in the San Francisco Peaks northwards to today's Flagstaff , northwestern tribal group)
    • Northern Tonto (lived along the upper reaches of the Verde River and northwards to the San Francisco Mountains north of Flagstaff )
      • Bald Mountain ( Dasziné Dasdaayé Indee - 'Porcupine Sitting Above People'), lived mostly around Bald Mountain or Squaw Peak, in the western Verde River Valley, southwest of Camp Verde. They lived solely from hunting and gathering roots, herbs and plants , formed a bilingual (bilingual) group with the Wi: pukba (Wipukepa or Northeastern Yavapai)
      • Fossil Creek ( Tú Dotłʼizh Indee - 'Blue Water People', had some small plantings along Fossil Creek, Clear Creek and at one point on the Verde River, below the mouth of Deer Creek, hunted and gathered west of the Verde River, in the northwest up to to the area of Oak Creek-Tonto and in the northeast up to Apache Maid Mountain, formed a bilingual (bilingual) group with the Matkitwawipa group of the Wi: pukba (Wipukepa or Northeastern Yavapai)
      • Mormon Lake ( Dotłʼizhi HaʼitʼIndee - 'Turquoise Road Coming Up People', lived east of Mormon Lake near Anderson's Canyon, roamed as far as the southern San Francisco Mountains, Elden Mountain near Flagstaff, around Mormon, Mary's, Stoneman's and Hay Lakes and in the Anderson and Padre Canyon, since they were always exposed to attacks by the enemy Navajo (Diné) in the north and east, they lived solely as gatherers and hunters, were the only group of the Tonto Apache that consisted only of Apache)
      • Oak Creek ( Tsé Hichii Indee - 'Horizontal Red Rock People', lived near today's Sedona, along Oak Creek, Dry Beaver Creek, Wet Beaver Creek and south to the west bank of the Verde River, between Altnan and West Clear Creek, east to Stoneman's and Mary's Lakes and north to Roger's Lake and Flagstaff, formed a bilingual (bilingual) group with the Wiipukepaya group of the Wi: pukba (Wipukepa or Northeastern Yavapai)
    • Southern Tonto (lived in the Tonto Basin, northward from the Salt River in the south and across the East Verde River and in the Sierra Ancha , Bradshaw Mountains and Mazatzal Mountains )
      • Mazatzal ( Tsé Nołtłʼizhn - 'Rocks in a Line of Greenness People', lived mostly in the eastern Mazatzal Mountains, formed with the Hakayopa and Hichapulvapa local groups of the Wiikchasapaya (Wikedjasapa) group of the Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya) or two- pronged Yavapai ) Group)
      • Dilzhę́'é small group ( Dil Zhe'é , the most important small group, all other five small groups were generally referred to as Dilzhę́'é, some Dilzhę́'é in the Sierra Ancha formed with members of the Walkamepa group of the Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya or Southeastern Yavapai) the bilingual (bilingual) group called Matkawatapa )
      • second small group
      • third small group
      • fourth small group
      • fifth small group
      • sixth small group

Sometimes groups of the Wi: pukba (Wipukepa) and Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya) of the Yavapai lived together with Tonto Apache and groups of the San Carlos Apache in bilingual rancherias and could not be distinguished from the Apache except by the 'mother tongue' of strangers, and so were Apache and Yavapai often referred to as Tonto . Therefore it is not always easy to find out whether it is exclusively Yavapai or Apache or these mixed gangs. The Wi: pukba (Wipukepa) and Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya) were therefore often incorrectly referred to as Apache Mohave , Yavapai Apache and / or Yuma Apache because of their relational and cultural closeness to the Tonto Apache . As Yuma Apache is also called the Ɖo: lkabaya (Tolkepaya) of Yavapai, as well as also to the highland Yuma counting Hualapai (Hualapai) , but they were both bitter enemies of Tonto, San Carlos Apache and their Yavapai allies .

Federally recognized tribes

Today there are ten federally recognized tribes of the Apaches, which are officially recognized as a tribe by the government of the United States at the federal level. The Yavapai-Apache Nation and the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation form two of the five Apache tribes in Arizona and two of the three federally recognized Yavapai tribes in Arizona.

United States - Arizona

  • White Mountain Apache Tribe
  • San Carlos Apache Tribe
  • Tonto Apache Tribe
The Tonto Apache Reservation was set up in 1972 with just 344,000 m² (85 acres) in the middle of the Tonto National Forest , which was expanded in 2010 by a further 1,181,683 m² (292 acres), so that it now covers approx. 1.5 km² . The reservation is inhabited by 100 of the approx. 140 tribe members and borders south of the city of Payson (in Apache: Te-go-suk - 'place of yellow water') in the northwest of Gila County , approx. 153 km northeast of Phoenix and 160 km southeast of Flagstaff .
The reservation is surrounded by many large mountain ranges, the Mazatzal Mountains (pronounced: MAH-zaht-ZAL, local: Ma-ta-ZEL) in the west, the Sierra Ancha Mountains (Spanish: 'broad mountain range') in the south and the Mogollon Rim in the north, with altitudes from 1,200 m to approx. 2,100 m.
The Tonto Apache now operate the Mazatzal Hotel & Casino, south of Payson, on Highway 87, with a view of the Mazatzal Mountains and the Mogollon Rim (English pronunciation: MUG-ee'ahn).
The Tonto Apache are direct descendants of the Northern Tonto of the Dilzhe'e Apache who once lived in the Payson area . During the first reservation period they were placed in the large Rio Verde reservation, near Fort Verde , which had been established in 1871 for the Northern Tonto Apache and Wi: pukba (Wipukepa) or Northeastern Yavapai - however, it was dissolved in 1875 and the tribes were forced into Relocate the San Carlos Reservation . Some Northern Tonto Apache were gradually returning to Payson after 20 years of exile, but white settlers had already occupied a lot of tribal land. However, the majority of the Northern Tonto Apache had decided to return to the Camp Verde Reservation along with their relatives and allies, the Yavapai , and now form the Yavapai-Apache Nation .
  • Yavapai-Apache Nation
After the Yavapai and Dilzhe'e Apache ( Tonto Apache ) were forced to move into the approximately 900 km² Camp Verde reservation along the Verde River near Camp Verde in 1871, many children and died during the first three years (1871–1873) Old people due to poor water and insufficient supply of healthy and sufficient food. When the Yavapai and Dilzhe'e Apache set up irrigation systems (including an approximately 8 km long trench), it worked so well that it was now possible to bring in sufficient harvests to be relatively self-sufficient. But contracted entrepreneurs who worked with the government to ensure the supply of the reservations, saw their existence threatened by this and demanded that the reservation be canceled. Thereupon, on February 27, 1875, 1,476 Indians were forced to move over snow-capped mountains and frozen rivers approx. 290 km south to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, with many elderly, women and children perishing in the snow and cold. During the march, due to hunger and exertion, violent tensions arose between Ɖo: lkabaya (Tolkepaya), Yavbe '(Yavapé) and Wi: pukba (Wipukepa) on the one hand and the Dilzhe'e Apache and their guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya) ) and Wi: pukba (Wipukepa) allies, on the other hand. After two weeks, 1,361 Yavapai and Tonto Apache arrived in San Carlos, 25 babies were born on the way and around 140 perished.
In the early 1900s the Yavapai and Dilzhe'e Apache returned to their old homeland, and in 1910 the 40 acres (approx. 0.16 km²) Camp Verde Indian Reservation was opened, as well as the separate approx. 248 acres (approx. 1.00 km²) Middle Verde Indian Reservation. These two were merged in 1937 to form today's, approximately 665 acres (approximately 2.70 km²), Yavapai-Apache Nation Indian Reservation , and consists of four disconnected settlements in the Verde Valley in eastern Yavapai County - Clarkdale , Middle Verde , Rimrock as well as Camp Verde , the administrative center and main town, which with 576 acres (approx. 2.33 km²) covers almost 90% of the reserve. The 2000 census found a reservation population of 743 people, of whom 512 lived in Camp Verde, 218 in Clarkdale, and only 13 in the unincorporated settlement of Lake Montezuma .
The base of the Yavapai-Apache Nation's income is the Cliff Castle Casino and tourism, thanks to many preserved historical sites, such as Slide Rock State Park , Sedona Red Rock Country , Tuzigoot National Monument and Montezuma Castle National Monument . The Yavapai-Apache Nation is an amalgamation of two historically different tribes, both of which lived on the Upper Verde River. The Northern Tonto Apache, the Dilzhe'e Apache , used the land in the northeast, east and south, while the Wi: pukba (Wipukepa) (also Northeastern Yavapai ) and Yavbe '(Yavapé) (also Northwestern Yavapai ) in the northwest, west and south lived. Their territories overlapped along the Upper Verde River, where they often lived together in bilingual groups. Today the Apache culture prevails.
  • Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
The reservation of the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation , about 35 miles northeast of Phoenix in Maricopa County , was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 and originally comprised 40 sqm (about 103 km²), but in 1910 the Office of Indian Affairs tried to relocate the residents to open the area and water rights to outsiders - but in vain. The reservation currently covers 24,680 acres (approx. 100 km²) and is inhabited by approx. 600 of the 950 tribe members.
The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation has several tourism businesses, including Fort McDowell Casino, Fort McDowell Adventures (a Western-themed outdoor venue), Eagle's Nest RV Park, WeKoPa Golf Club, Fort McDowell Farms, Yavapai Materials, Radisson Poco Diablo Resort in Sedona and the Radisson Fort McDowell Resort and Conference Center.
Fort McDowell is also the birthplace of one of the first advocates for indigenous human rights, Dr. Carlos Montezuma (Wassaja) (1866-1923). As a child, Wassaja was kidnapped by Akimel O'Odham and sold to an Italian photographer who taught him medicine in Chicago, and eventually graduated with a doctorate in medicine. Later on, Wassaja, better known as Dr. Carlos Montezuma, for the rights of Native Americans, for the right to become citizens of the United States. He also became one of the leading figures in helping the Yavapai regain their tribal lands and died of tuberculosis on the reservation .
The Guwevkabaya (Kwevikopaya or Kwevkepaya) (also Southeastern Yavapai ) of the Fort McDowell Reservation call themselves Abaja - 'The People', therefore some anthropologists and linguists suspect that the name Apache for the various Athapaskan-speaking Apaches is derived from the self-name of the Guwevkabaya . The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation consists of two different tribes, the Guwevkabaya (Kwevikopaya) -Yavapai and the Dilzhe'e Apache or Southern Tonto Apache , who often married with each other, formed bilingual groups and were allies against hostile tribes and settlers.

United States - Oklahoma

  • Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
The Fort Sill Apache Tribe (also Fort Sill Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache Tribe ) consists of descendants of the Chiricahua Apache (Chokonen, Chihenne, Bedonkohe and Nednhi) who were interned as prisoners of war (from 1886 to 1912 ), who were transferred to the military prison in Fort in 1894 Sill in Oklahoma. The Kiowa , Comanche and Kiowa Apache , who already settled here , made parts of their reserve land available to the Chiricahua Apache - their former enemies. In August 1912, prisoner-of-war status was revoked and in 1913, 187 Fort Sill Apache moved to the Mescalero Reservation in New Mexico to live with their relatives, the Mescalero Apache. 84 Fort Sill Apache remained in Oklahoma as a prisoner of war and was not released until 1914. In the 1970s, a land claim agreement allowed a tribal constitution to be passed and some land in Oklahoma as well as former tribal land in New Mexico and Arizona to be acquired. In 1977 they were officially recognized as a tribe as the Fort Sill Apache Tribe . Today there are around 670 tribal members, around half of whom are over 18 years old. About 300 live in Oklahoma, the rest in the United States, England, and Puerto Rico.
The tribe now operates two casinos, the Fort Sill Apache Casino in Lawton, Oklahoma and the Apache Homelands Casino in Akela, New Mexico
  • Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
The Apache Tribe of Oklahoma is made up of descendants of the Kiowa Apache and the once hostile Lipan Apache who joined them in 1874 while fleeing the US Army. In 1913, however, most of the Lipan Apache moved to New Mexico, to the Mescalero Apache Reservation, to join the Lipan who were already living there. A minority stayed with the Kiowa Apache and has been part of the tribe ever since.
The administrative and tribal center is located in Anadarko , Caddo County , Oklahoma. Today's reservation area includes parts of Caddo, Comanche , Cotton , Grady , Jefferson , Kiowa, and Stephens Counties in Oklahoma. Members of the tribe need a 1/8 blood quantum , ie a minimum number of ancestors or a corresponding “blood percentage” with Kiowa-Apache ancestors, in order to be accepted into the tribe. In 2000 there were 1,802 tribe members, in 2011 there were 2,263 Kiowa Apache.
  • Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Today's Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma consists of survivors of the Tonkawa (also Titska Watitch or Tickanwatic) as well as some descendants of the Lipan Apache , who lived with the Tonkawa, their allies, from 1884.
In the fall of 1855, the Tonkawa were assigned two small reservations on the Clear Fork Brazos River along with Caddo , Kichai (also Keechi or Kitsai) , Waco , Tawakoni and Penateka-Comanche .
Despite their alliance with the Texas Rangers against the hostile Southern Plains tribes, Texans raided the reservations, so that in 1857 the Tonkawa were brought to Fort Cobb on the Washita River in Indian Territory . When the Tonkawa were working as scouts for the US Army in 1859, American settlers again attacked their reservation, so that about 300 Tonkawa were again relocated to the Wichita reservation near Anadarko .
In revenge for their scouting activities, they were victims of the so-called Tonkawa Massacre (23-24 October 1862) by a war troop of allied tribes, which included around 137 men, women and children, including Chief Plácido ( Ha-shu-ka- na - 'You can't kill him'). There are different accounts of the tribes who committed the Tonkawa massacre - Caddo , Shawnee , Lenni Lenape , Osage , Comanche , Kiowa and Seminoles are mentioned in different accounts.
The survivors were eventually resettled with Lipan Apache at Fort Griffin, Texas, to protect them from total annihilation. In 1884, 92 tribe members, including the Lipan Apache, were temporarily relocated to the Sauk Fox Agency and then to Fort Oakland in the former Nez Percé Reserve, Oklahoma, in the spring of 1885 . In 1908 there were only 48 tribe members, including some Lipan Apache who were married in.
This reservation in Kay County in northern Oklahoma covers approx. 5.00 km², the tribal administration is located on the west bank of the Chikaskia River, approx. 4.00 km southeast of Tonkawa , approx. 19.30 km west of Ponca City and approx. 160 , 90 km north of Oklahoma City , is now home to approximately 600 tribesmen.
In addition to several stores, the tribe also operates two casinos - the Tonkawa Indian Casino in Tonkawa, Oklahoma and the Native Lights Casino in Newkirk, Oklahoma. Today the Tonkawa language is extinct, and Apache is no longer spoken by the members. Most of the Tonkawa dances and chants have been lost. Most of the tonkawa on the reservation live below the poverty line.

United States - New Mexico

  • Mescalero Apache Tribe
The Mescalero Apache Reservation is located in south-central New Mexico, is approximately 1,864 km² in size and is at an altitude of approximately 1,600 m to 3,650 m above sea level. The high mountains are part of the Sacramento Mountains , with the highest mountain - Sierra Blanca Peak (3,652 m) - which is sacred to the Mescalero Apache. The Mescalero Apache Tribe today officially consists of three separate groups, which represent the following formerly independent tribes: the Mescalero Apache , the Chiricahua Apache and the Lipan Apache .
The Twid Ndé ( Tú'é'diné Ndé - 'No Water People', 'Tough People of the Desert') of the Lipan Apache had already allied themselves with the Mescalero before the reservation time and merged with the Mescalero around 1850 as Tuetinini . Chief Magoosh's local group of the Tu'tssn Ndé ( Tú sis Ndé , Kúne tsá - 'Big Water People', 'Great Water People') also sought refuge with the Mescalero around 1850, in 1904 Chief Venego fled with his local group from Zaragoza, Mexico, both groups merged with the Mescalero to form the Tuintsunde .
In 1913 (August 1912 the POW status was revoked) 187 Fort Sill Apache Chiricahua ( Chokonen , Chihenne , Bedonkohe and Nednhi ) moved to the Mescalero reservation in New Mexico to the Mescalero Apache. While the Mescalero had previously entered into some mixed marriages with Chihenne and Lipan, they initially had a tense relationship with the Chokonen, Bedonkohe and Nednhi. In the course of time, however, as a result of living together in a small space, more and more friendly and familiar contacts between the various groups developed and strong and close relationships developed among each other. Finally, in 1964, all Apache in the reserve, regardless of their origin, were recognized as Mescalero.
The tribe operates the Ski Apache ski resort as well as the neighboring hotel and casino for tourist traffic - the Inn of the Mountain Gods Resort and Casino . They also established a cultural center, the Cultural Museum, near their administrative center in Mescalero, New Mexico . The tribe also has a larger museum in Dog Canyon south of Alamogordo, New Mexico. In 2000 there were 3,156 tribal members according to the census, today approx. 3,979.
  • Jicarilla Apache Nation

Today the Jicarilla Apache Nation has around 3,403 tribe members.

State recognized tribes

United States - Texas

  • Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas

United States - Louisiana

  • Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb
The Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb (also Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb ) is located in western Sabine Parish in northwest Louisiana on the border with Texas and includes the communities of Converse, Noble, Zwolle, Ebarb, Blue Lake, and in its traditional territory Grady Hill. Officially recognized by the state in 1978 ( state Recognized ), he is now the second largest tribe in the state of Louisiana. Historically, the tribe members are descendants of Lipan Apache slaves who were sold in the Natchitoches and Los Adaes markets, as well as Choctaw (also Chahta) who settled here around 1800 in search of better new hunting grounds, but joined in the 1820s this still Choctaw, who fled from the Muskogee (also Creek) . In addition, they have many ancestors among the Adais who previously lived here . Some survivors of the Bi'uhit Ndé / Buii gl un Ndé ('Many Necklaces People') of the Lipan Apache were also resettled in the Choctaw-Apache community.

United States - Alabama

  • MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians (MBCI)
In 1979 the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians was the first tribe to be recognized by the state of Alabama as a state recognized tribe, the name MOWA refers to the names of the counties Mobile County and Washington County , in which the current reservation areas are located.
The approximately 1.2 km² MOWA Choctaw Reservation is located along the Mobile River and Tombigbee Rivers between the small communities of McIntosh , Mount Vernon and Citronelle in southwest Alabama, north of Mobile . They are descendants of Choctaw (also Chahta) , Muskogee (also Creek) , Chickasaw , Cherokee and Chiricahua Apache (who were interned in Mt. Vernon Barracks as prisoners of war from 1887 to 1894). The majority have Choctaw ancestors from Mississippi and Alabama, who escaped forced relocation to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) at the time of the Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty in 1830 . In addition to the tribe members who live on the reservation, about 3,600 live in 10 small settlements near the reservation. According to the United States Census 2000 , the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians has around 6,000 tribal members.

Other tribes and groups

The following tribes and groups are neither state recognized nor federally recognized tribes , i.e. H. they are not recognized as a tribe by any state or federal level.

United States - Texas

  • Lipan Apache Band of Texas
The Lipan Apache Band of Texas are descendants of the Kó'l kukä'ⁿ / Kó'l Kahäⁿ (also Cuelcahen Ndé - 'Tall Grass People', 'High Grass People'), Twid Ndé / Tú'é'diné Ndé ('Tough People of the Desert ',' No Water People '), Tú sis Ndé / Kû'ne tsá / Konitsaaíí Ndé (' Big Water People ',' Great Water People '), Tséghát'ahén Nde / Tas steé be glui Ndé (' Rock Tied to Head People '), Bi'uhit Ndé / Buii gl un Ndé (' Many Necklaces People ') and Zuá Zuá Ndé (' People of the Lava Beds') with around 745 tribe members today. Most members, however, descend from the once powerful Konitsaaíí Ndé and Cúelcahén Ndé .
  • Tu 'Tssn Nde Band of the Lipan Apache Nation of Texas
The Tu 'Tssn Nde Band of the Lipan Apache Nation of Texas are descendants of the Tu'tssn Ndé ( Tùn Tsa Ndé , Tú sis Ndé , Kúne tsá , Konitsaii Ndé -' Big Water People ',' Great Water People ') who once in the Gulf Coastal Plains as well as both sides of the Rio Grande to northern Coahuila , in 1765 most of Texas left and moved to northern Mexico, Chief Magoosh 'local group of Tu' sis Nde later merged with the Mescalero as Tuintsunde and formed a merge.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Homepage of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe - Tribal History
  2. ↑ Edwin R. Sweeney: Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief. University of Oklahoma Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8061-2606-X .
  3. ↑ the Chokonen were run by Chihuahua and his segundo and brother, Ulzana, in the middle of the 19th century
  4. ↑ for the Apache only Chokonen and Chihuicahui were the actual Chiricahua, the Chihenne, Bedonkohe, Nednhi were related to them - but not Chiricahua
  5. ↑ Kathleen P. Chamberlain: Victorio: Apache Warrior and Chief. University of Oklahoma Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8061-3843-5 .
  6. ↑ Edwin R. Sweeney: Mangas Coloradas: Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches. University of Oklahoma Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8061-3063-6 .
  7. ^ William B. Griffen: Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio 1750-1858. University of Oklahoma Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8061-3084-9 .
  8. ^ HW Basehart: Mescalero Apache Subsistence and Socio-Political Organization.
  9. ^ HW Basehart: Mescalero Band Organization and Leadership.
  10. ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: This Land is Your Land, This is Mine: The Socioeconomic Implications of Land Use Among the Jicarilla Apache and Arden Communities. )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / research.wsulibs.wsu.edu
  11. ↑ The Northern Utes of Utah
  12. ^ Nancy McGown Minor: The Light Gray People. P. 6.
  13. ^ Nancy McGown Minor: The Light Gray People. Pp. 93-97.
  14. ^ The Lipan Tribe Museum and Cultural Center: The Lipan Apache Bands
  15. ^ Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas: History: Timeline
  16. ^ The use of Peyote by the Carrizo and Lipan Apache tribes
  17. ↑ NAISHAN DENE 1 CREATIVITY WITH MONSTERS
  18. ↑ the Pawnee probably referred to the Kiowa Apache as face-white , as the latter always tried to maintain good relations with the nearby Spanish and later Mexican settlements in order to obtain weapons, ammunition and trade goods to assert themselves against the enemy Pawnee
  19. ^ Ian W. Record: Big Sycamore Stands Alone: ​​The Western Apaches, Aravaipa, and the Struggle for Place. P. 44.
  20. ↑ Fort Apache History
  21. ^ Ian W. Record, Big Sycamore Stands Alone: The Western Apaches, Aravaipa, and the Struggle for Place, ISBN 978-0-8061-3972-2 , 2008, University of Oklahoma Press
  22. ^ Yavapai and Nde Apache
  23. ^ The Pinal Mountains
  24. ↑ 1850 map showing Apache seasonal migrations in and around the San Pedro River Valley, located in the Aravaipa and Pinal Band territories
  25. ^ Yavapai and Nde Apache
  26. ↑ Etymology
  27. ↑ Timothy Braatz: Surviving Conquest: A History of the Yavapai Peoples. Pp. 44, 154-158.
  28. ↑ Tonto Apache Tribe celebrates victory ( Memento of the original from May 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.paysonroundup.com
  29. ↑ Mazatzal Hotel & Casino ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mazatzal-casino.com
  30. ↑ Timothy Braatz: Surviving Conquest: A History of the Yavapai Peoples. University of Nebraska Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8032-2242-7 , pp. 175-176.
  31. ↑ United States Census Bureau - Yavapai-Apache Nation ( Memento of June 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ Cliff Castle Casino
  33. ↑ ITCA - Yavapai-Apache Nation ( Memento of 19 August 2003 at the Internet Archive )
  34. ↑ Yavapai-Apache Nation - Yavapai & Apache Culture ( Memento from January 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  35. ↑ Fort McDowell Resort Destination
  36. ↑ ITCA Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation ( Memento of 19 August 2003 at the Internet Archive )
  37. ↑ Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation - About Us ( Memento of May 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ↑ Homepage of the Fort Sill Apache Tribes
  39. ↑ 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations - Fort Sill Apache Tribe. ( Memento from January 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  40. ↑ Homepage of the Fort Sill Apache Casino
  41. ↑ Homepage of the Apache Homelands Casino ( Memento of the original from October 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.apachehomelandscasino.net
  42. ↑ Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
  43. ^ Homepage of the Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma ( Memento of February 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  44. ^ William Sturtevant: Handbook of North American Indians. Plains by Raymond DeMallie. Year ?, p. 955.
  45. ↑ David La Vere: Contrary Neighbors: Southern Plains and Removed Indians in Indian Territory. 2000, p. 171.
  46. ↑ Charles Robert Goins, Danney Goble, John Wesley Morris: Historical Atlas of Oklahoma. 1976, p. 87.
  47. ^ Website of the Tonkawa Indian Casino
  48. ↑ Native Lights Casino website
  49. ↑ Homepage of the Ski Apache Resort
  50. ↑ Homepage of the Inn of the Mountain Gods Resort and Casino
  51. ↑ Homepage of the Cultural Museum ( Memento from April 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  52. ^ US Department of the Interior - Indian Affairs - Mescalero Agency
  53. ↑ Homepage of the Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb ( Memento from January 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  54. ↑ Homepage of the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians
  55. ^ Homepage of the Lipan Apache Band of Texas ( Memento from August 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive )