List of stumbling blocks in Mallorca

Stumbling block in Palma de Mallorca

The list of stumbling blocks on Mallorca contains the stumbling blocks on the Spanish island of Mallorca , part of the Balearic Islands , which were laid by the Cologne artist Gunter Demnig . Stumbling blocks remind of the fate of the people who were murdered, deported, expelled or driven to suicide by the National Socialists . As a rule, they are in front of the victim's last self-chosen place of residence.

The first installations in Spain took place on April 9, 2015 in Navàs and El Palà de Torroella , on Mallorca on December 16, 2018. The Catalan translation of the term stumbling blocks is: pedres que fan ensopegar . In Spanish they are called piedras de la memoria (memorial stones ).

introduction

Landing of the Republicans at Punta d'Amer

The Spanish Civil War lasted from July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939. From the beginning Mallorca was firmly in the hands of the nationalists, while the Republicans were able to hold Menorca . In August 1936, an attempt to land by republican troops from Barcelona, ​​who had attempted to liberate Mallorca from Menorca, failed. In the battle of Mallorca, the Franquists won, mostly with the support of fascist Italy in early September, although the Republicans were numerically superior and could fall back on air and sea support. The Franquists established their political power in Mallorca with great brutality. For example, they murdered all the island's socialist mayors who could not escape in time. So-called Remembrance Stones , which were laid by Gunter Deming in December 2018, commemorate twenty of them . The Franquists were not only supported by Italy, but also massively by Hitler's Germany - with direct payments, weapons and with the Condor Legion , a volunteer regiment with at least 12,000 soldiers and 100 aircraft that carried out attacks on the civilian population. The first civilian freighters with war material from Germany, the Cameroon and Wigbert , arrived in Spain on August 22, 1936. Despite the German signing of a non-intervention agreement in September 1936, the Condor Legion attacked Bilbao , Brunete , Teruel and the Ebro Arc , destroyed Guernica on April 26, 1937 and was involved in the Málaga massacre with more than 10,000 victims. The Condor Legion used Mallorca as a base for air strikes on the mainland, for example in Barcelona , where a gasometer was destroyed, on the port of Valencia and on freight trains near Torreblanca . In 1939 alone, German support amounted to around 215 million US dollars, 21.9% of which went to arms deliveries and 62.6% to the Condor Legion.

The Nazi victims from Mallorca were all Republicans who had fought against the Franquists and who had escaped to France after the defeat. There they were partly interned, partly they were able to integrate. In February 1939 there were almost 500,000 war refugees, most of whom were interned in southern France. More than half of them returned to Spain and many opponents of Franco found asylum in Latin America . When Hitler's Germany conquered large parts of France in May and June 1940, the Spanish civil war refugees also came under arbitrary German rule. Many Spaniards were able to go into hiding or go into hiding, but tens of thousands of Spanish civil war refugees were taken prisoner by Germany, and around 15,000 were deported to concentration camps, mostly to Mauthausen and Gusen . In 1941 alone, 3,000 Spaniards died in the Gusen concentration camp as a result of the conditions in the camp, malnutrition and strenuous forced labor . In 1943, those deported to Gusen lived; originally there were probably 5,000 Spaniards, only 500.

Palma de Mallorca

In Palma de Mallorca , Gunter Demnig laid the following stumbling blocks:

image	Translation of the inscription	Location	Name, life
	HERE LIVED JOSÉ M. AGUIRRE Salaberria BORN 1919 deported 1,940 MAUTHAUSEN-EBENSEE FREED	Palma, Carrer de Dionís Bennàssar, 5	José María Aguirre Salaberría was born on March 25, 1919 in Marquina . He was the oldest of eight children. The family moved to Irún and after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War the family emigrated to Hendaye . Aguirre and his father went to Catalonia to join the militia there, after the end of the civil war he returned to France, where he wasinternedin the camps of Saint-Cyprien and Camp de Gurs . He was assigned to a work detachment of the French army and helped build the Maginot Line , was captured by the advancing German army. In December 1940 he was deported to Mauthausen concentration camp , after four and a half years he was transferred to Ebensee concentration camp and liberated there by American troops on May 6, 1945. In 1953 he moved to Mallorca, worked in the hotel industry, where he met his wife, with whom he had at least one daughter. After Franco's death, he went to schools as a contemporary witness. José María Aguirre Salaberría died on September 6, 2009 in Palma.
	HERE LIVED EUGENIO Balduz ASENSIO BORN 1919 deported 1,940 MAUTHAUSEN FREED	Sant Jordi, Calle de Can Conet, 22	Eugenio Balduz Asensio was born on August 11, 1919 in Villanueva y Geltrú . He came from a humble background. His father, Aniceto Balduz Puyoles, came from Saragossa and was a worker. The mother, Isabel Asensio Fortanete, came from Mas de les Mates , she was a housewife. He had three younger siblings, a sister and two brothers. When the republican troops withdrew at the end of the Spanish Civil War , he too went into exile in France in early 1939. In 1940 he was arrested, first interned in a prison camp in Alsace and then deported to Mauthausen concentration camp on December 13, 1940 . His transport number was 4605. He was able to survive four and a half years of forced labor, most recently in a satellite camp in Steyr , and was liberated by the Allies on May 5, 1945. After the liberation he was taken to a hospital. Then he went to Paris and worked at Renault. He got married and had a son, Patrick. He spent his old age in his homeland. He died on June 9, 1992 in the General Hospital of Palma.
	IN PALMA LIVED ANTONI Ensenyat BORN 1900 deported in 1944 FLOSSENBÜRG Buchenwald FREED	Palma, Plaça de la Pescateria	Antoni Ensenyat , also Antoni Enseñat , was born on January 21, 1900 in Palma. He was a resistance fighter. He was arrested and deported to the Flossenbürg concentration camp on August 16, 1944 . He had to do forced labor in Dresden and Leipzig, most recently in Buchenwald concentration camp . Antoni Enseñat was liberated there on April 11, 1945. After his exact home address was not known, the stone was moved to a more central location along with six other stumbling blocks.
	JOSEP MARÍ JUAN LIVED HERE BORN 1911 DEPORTED 1944 MEISSEN, CHEMNITZ DACHAU LIBERATED	Palma, Carrer de Bellpuig, 9	Josep Marí Juan was born in 1911. His family originally came from Ibiza , moved from there to Cuba and then to Palma in the 1920s. He went into the resistance and fought in the French army. In 1944 he was deported. Most recently he was in the Dachau concentration camp. Josep Marí Juan was liberated by US forces in April 1945. He was honored by the French government. He had at least one son, Patrick. His grandson Cyril Mari came with his family from France to lay the Stolperstein.
	IN PALMA LIVED PERE MAYOL MARTORELL BORN 1908 deported in 1943 DACHAU FREED	Palma, Plaça de la Pescateria	Pere Mayol Martorell was born in Palma in 1908. When he crossed the border with France, he was arrested and detained in the Barcarès internment camp . In 1943 he was deported to the Dachau concentration camp . His inmate number there was 48,911. Pere Mayol Martorell was liberated by US forces in May 1945. After his exact home address was not known, the stone was moved to a more central location along with six other stumbling blocks.
	MANUEL MOLINA MARTÍ LIVED IN PALMA BORN 1913 DEPORTED 1941 MAUTHAUSEN-GUSEN MURDERED 11/30/1941	Palma, Plaça de la Pescateria	Manuel Molina Martí was born in Palma on January 22, 1913. He went into exile in France, was arrested and interned in the main camp IX A near Ziegenhain in northern Hesse. There he was registered under the number 48770. On April 29, 1941 he was deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp and registered there with prisoner number 5029. He was assigned to forced labor in the Gusen satellite camp. Manuel Molina Martí was murdered on November 30, 1941. After his exact home address was not known, the stone was moved to a more central location along with six other stumbling blocks.
	GABRIEL MORA MAS LIVED IN PALMA BORN 1908 DEPORTED IN 1940 MAUTHAUSEN-GUSEN Liberated	Palma, Plaça de la Pescateria	Gabriel Mora Mas was born in Palma on February 23, 1908. He went into exile in France, was arrested and interned in the Stalag VD in Strasbourg . On December 13, 1940, he was deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp and registered there with prisoner number 5041. Gabriel Mora Mas was liberated in May 1945. After his exact home address was not known, the stone was moved to a more central location along with six other stumbling blocks.
	HERE LIVED MIQUEL NAVARRO CAMPOMAR BORN 1886 deported in 1943 FORCED LABOR CAMP HENNEBONT ORGANIZATION TODT FREED	Sa Vileta-Son Rapinya, Camí de la Vileta, 94	Miquel Navarro Campomar was born in 1886. He had at least one brother. Navarro Campomar was a master mason, republican and from 1932 to 1936 city councilor in Palma. After the beginning of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, he lived hidden in a cave and was provided with food there. With other socialists, including the leader of the Federación Socialista Balear , he fled to Menorca in 1936 . There he became president of the Secretariado Antifascista de Mallorca . In August 1937 he became secretary of the Federación Socialista Balear , in January 1939 he became its treasurer. In February 1939, after the occupation of Menorca by the Germans, he fled to France via Catalonia. Shortly after crossing the Spanish-French border, Navarro was arrested by the French army and interned in a labor camp. Finally, after the invasion of the German Wehrmacht, he was captured by Germans. Navarro was deported to Germany and interned again in a labor camp. Together with a number of other Red Spaniards, he was deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp . He was able to survive the Nazi regime and was liberated in 1945. After that he lived in Toulouse . In 1953 Navarro Campomar returned to Palma, where Miquel Navarro Campomar died on January 4, 1974 at the age of 88. The historical reappraisal of his life was initiated by high school students from the Monti-Sion school in Palma, led by the German teacher María Grandió. The group of students visited Germany as part of the project and searched archives for a student's relative, his great-grandson. The project was supported by the City Councilor for Culture Llorenç Carrió, who presented it in the town hall. His brother was executed in Mallorca during the Spanish Civil War.
	MIQUEL OLIVER SOCIAS LIVED IN PALMA BORN 1898 DEPORTED 1941 MAUTHAUSEN MURDERED 04/04/1941	Palma, Plaça de la Pescateria	Miquel Oliver Socias was born in Palma on February 28, 1898. He fought on the side of the Republicans in the civil war and eventually had to flee to France. After the invasion by the Third Reich, he was arrested and interned in Stalag XB in Sandbostel . He was given prisoner number 84083. On March 3, 1941, he was transferred to the Mauthausen concentration camp , where he was given matriculation 3598 and had to do forced labor. Miquel Oliver Socias was murdered by the Nazi regime on September 4, 1941. After his exact home address was not known, the stone was moved to a more central location along with six other stumbling blocks.
	PASQUAL POMAR BELLAFONT LIVED IN PALMA BORN 1917 DEPORTED 1943 AURIGNY, JERSEY REFUGEED 1945	Palma, Plaça de la Pescateria	Pasqual Pomar Bellafont was born in Palma on October 2, 1917. He fought on the side of the Republicans in the civil war and had to flee to France. He was arrested at an unknown date, on April 1, 1943, he was deported to the Alderney concentration camp on the British Channel Island of the same name, which was occupied by German troops. Pasqual Pomar Bellafont managed to escape in 1945. After his exact home address was not known, the stone was moved to a more central location along with six other stumbling blocks.
	JAUME REBASSA GARCIES LIVED HERE BORN 1889 DEPORTED 1943 FLOSSENBÜRG BUCHENWALD MURDERED 12/24/1943	Palma, Carrer de Bellpuig, 9	Jaume Rebassa Garcíes was a shoemaker, an important trade unionist and leading socialist functionary in the Balearic Islands. He worked in the La Igualdad shoe factory and was involved in the Federación de las Sociedades Obreras , of which he was secretary. In 1926 he was appointed secretary of the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), a strong, Marxist-oriented union. In 1936 he became director of the socialist weekly El Obrero Balear . The historian Elena Rodríguez was able to explain the last stages in the life of the socialist resistance fighter. In the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp near Nordhausen he had to do forced labor underground under inhumane conditions. The tunnels built by the concentration camp inmates served the arms industry. Jaume Rebassa Garcíes died there on December 24, 1943.
	JOSEP ROY RIVAS LIVED HERE BORN 1912 DEPORTED 1941 MAUTHAUSEN-GUSEN MURDERED 11/27/1941	Palma, Carrer de Colom, 20	Josep Roy Rivas was born on January 17th, 1912 in Palma de Mallorca. He was arrested by the Nazi regime and interned in the main camp VII A in Moosburg on the Isar . There he had the prisoner number 12065. On August 31, 1941 he was transferred to the Mauthausen concentration camp , where he was assigned the number 4753. Josep Roy Rivas was murdered on November 27, 1941.
	GUILLEM TORRENS SASTRE LIVED IN PALMA BORN IN 1918 DEPORTED IN 1941 MAUTHAUSEN LIBERATED	Palma, Plaça de la Pescateria	Guillem Torrens Sastre was born on March 11, 1918 in Palma de Mallorca. He was arrested by the Nazi regime and interned in the Kaisersteinbruch POW camp in Lower Austria . The camp was also known as Stalag XVII A. On August 9, 1941, he was transferred to Mauthausen concentration camp , where he was assigned the number 5002. Guillem Torrens Sastre was able to survive the Nazi regime and was liberated on May 5, 1945.
	RAFEL XAMENA MOLL LIVED HERE BORN 1901 DEPORTED 1941 MAUTHAUSEN-GUSEN MURDERED 6.1.1942	Palma, Carrer de Rafael Xamena (Carrer Dos 25-23)	Rafel Xamena Moll was born on April 15, 1901 in Palma de Mallorca. He was arrested by the Nazi regime and interned in Stalag XII D Trier . There he had the prisoner number 39044. On April 3, 1941, he was transferred to the Mauthausen concentration camp , where he was assigned the number 3896. Rafel Xamena Moll was murdered on January 6, 1942. A street in Palma was named after him.

Laying date

The stumbling blocks in Palma de Mallorca were laid on December 16, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Stumbling Blocks in Ciutadella  - Collection of Images

• Stolpersteine.eu , Demnig's website

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Brown past of the dream island: How Hitler's Nazis spread to Mallorca. In: Focus . October 20, 2017 ( focus.de ).
2. ↑ Christopher Othen: Franco's International Brigades: Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War. Report Press, 2008.
3. ↑ Walther L. Bernecker, Sören Brinkmann: Battle of the memories. The Spanish Civil War in Politics and Society 1936–2006. Münster 2006, p. 184
4. ^ Mauthausen Memorial: Republican Spaniards , accessed May 10, 2020.
5. ↑ El País : José Mari Aguirre Salaberría, superviviente de Mauthausen , accessed on March 29, 2020
6. ↑ Diario de Mallorca: Cordero y buen vino a la salud del preso 4,553 , accessed on March 29, 2020
7. ^ Fondation pour la Memoire de la Deportation: ARRIVÉES DE SEPTEMBRE 1940 À JANVIER 1941 (III.2.) , Accessed on October 3, 2019
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Diario de Mallorca: Piedras a favor de la Memoria / 1375503.html , accessed on March 30, 2020
9. ↑ Stones of History , accessed March 30, 2020
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Ajuntement de Palma: Cultura recupera la memoria de 14 personas residentes en Palma que estuvieron en campos de trabajo durante el nazismo , accessed on March 30, 2020
11. ^ Fondation pour la Memoire de la Deportation: Les départs en août 1944 (I.278.) , Accessed on March 30, 2020
12. ↑ 16 December 2018, Spain, Palma:, accessed April 1, 2020
13. ↑ Memòria antifranquista del Baix Llobregat, Any No. 10 15, p. 38
14. ↑ Españoles deportados a Campos de Concentración Nazis: MOLINA MARTÍ, Manuel , accessed on March 31, 2020
15. ↑ Españoles deportados a Campos de Concentración Nazis: MORA MAS, Gabriel , accessed on March 31, 2020
16. ↑ Mallorca Magazin : Mallorca will soon receive its first "stumbling block" , May 17th, 2018, accessed on April 1st, 2020
17. ↑ Ara Balears: Cort homenatjarà deu palmesans que varen ser deportats als camps nazis , May 17, 2018, accessed on April 1, 2020
18. ^ Fundación Pablo Iglesias: Navarro Campomar, Miguel , accessed April 1, 2020
19. ↑ Españoles deportados a Campos de Concentración Nazis: OLIVER SOSIAS, Miguel , accessed on April 1, 2020
20. ↑ Españoles deportados a Campos de Concentración Nazis: POMAR BELLAFONT, (?) , Accessed on April 1, 2020
21. ↑ Pep Vílchez: El destino de Jaume Rebassa, una incógnita que quedó pendiente , November 20, 2008 (Spanish)
22. ↑ Roy Rivas, José. Ministerio de Cultura, accessed May 16, 2019 (Spanish). 
23. ↑ Torrens Sastre, Guillermo. Ministerio de Cultura, accessed May 16, 2019 (Spanish). 
24. ↑ Camena Moll, Rafael. Ministerio de Cultura, accessed May 16, 2019 (Spanish). 
25. ↑ dBalears : “Semper esperàrem que el meu oncle Rafel Xamena tornàs de Mauthausen” , June 26, 2005.

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