Machland

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
View from the Matrassteig

The Machland is a region and cultural landscape in the Austrian Danube Valley , which extends from the mouth of the Enns at Mauthausen down the Danube to the beginning of the Strudengau at Ardagger or Dornach (Saxen) over a length of about 20 kilometers.

geography

Location and limitation

The Machland region and cultural landscape is located in the eastern part of the state of Upper Austria in the southern part of the Lower Mühlviertel in the Perg district and in the western part of the Lower Austria state in the Mostviertel in the Amstetten district .

Machland from a historical point of view

Machland (also written in documents as Mahhlant, Mahelant, Mahlant, Maclant, Magelant, Achelant, Ahelant ) was a narrow strip between Aist and Sarmingbach along the northern bank of the Danube in what is now the lower Mühlviertel region until the middle of the 13th century . The part of the Strudengau north of the Danube was thus part of the Machland.

The border between Riedmark and Machland ran from the confluence of the Aist into the Danube via Aisthofen towards Perg , from there in an arc via Münzbach to close to the Danube near Mitterkirchen , then inland again to St. Thomas am Blasenstein , from there again to Pannholz near Grein and from there up to St. Georgen am Walde .

The historic Machlandviertel was one of the original quarters of Upper Austria from 1478 , consisted of the historic Riedmark and the historic Machland, lay north of the Danube and comprised most of today's lower Mühlviertel . In the 18th century it was also called the Schwarzviertel or Schwartzviertel. After the Innviertel came to Austria in 1779 , the Machlandviertel was merged with the (Upper) Mühlviertel .

Geology and geomorphology

From a geological and geomorphological point of view, the Machland is a relatively flat basin landscape created by glacial ( Quaternary ) and later deposits (predominantly fluvial sediments ) of the Danube and its tributaries, through which the Danube and its tributary rivers Aist , Naarn and Erla flow.

The plain is embedded between the arching southern slope of the Bohemian massif (the Austrian granite and gneiss highlands ) with the spur of Baumgartenberg in the north, the Neustadtler Platte in the east, the indented Schlier riedelland of the Strengberge and the spur (coarse-grain granite hardy ) of Wallsee in the south.

Upper and Lower Austrian Machland

The Upper Austrian part of the Machland was defined by the Upper Austrian provincial government as a spatial unit Machland , which has a share in the communities Arbing , Baumgartenberg , Mauthausen , Mitterkirchen im Machland , Naarn im Machlande , Perg , Ried in der Riedmark , Saxen and Schwertberg and has an area of ​​about 114 square kilometers.

The Lower Austrian part of the Machland is made up of the Danube lowlands in the municipalities of Sankt Pantaleon-Erla , Strengberg , Wallsee-Sindelburg and Ardagger .

The administrative boundaries of the federal states, districts and municipalities in Machland run along the Danube bed before the Wallsee-Mitterkirchen Danube power plant was built from 1965 to 1968 , so that small parts of the Mitterkirchen community are now south of the Danube and parts of the Wallsee-Sindelburg and Strengberg communities are north of the Danube lie. Accordingly, there are parts of the Mühlviertel and the Perg district in the Machland, which are now south of the Danube and parts of the Mostviertel and the Amstetten district, which are now north of the Danube.

Environment and nature protection

Subareas in the municipalities of Ardagger and Wallsee-Sindelburg were defined by the Lower Austrian provincial government as Machland Süd European protected areas. The areas allocated to the protected areas are approximately 17 square kilometers. Of these, around 16.7 square kilometers are designated as an FFH area and around 12.3 square kilometers as a bird sanctuary .

More than 57 square kilometers of low and Upper Austria Machland were due to its international importance for birds of BirdLife Austria for Important Bird Area declared (IBA). Efforts are being made to designate parts of the Upper Austrian Machland as the Machland North European protected area .

Waters, flood protection

The central body of water in the region is the Danube, which has already been regulated several times in this area and changed in its course through construction work. The Danube received the current river bed when the Wallsee-Mitterkirchen power plant was built .

In the Machland, the Aist and the Naarn flow into the Danube on the left and the Enns and the Erla on the right.

In 2008, construction work began on the Machland Nord flood protection project in Machland, Upper Austria, and is expected to be completed in 2013. The planning for the so-called Machland Dam , which was originally tackled after the Danube flood in 1991, had to be restarted after the flood of the century in 2002 on the basis of significantly higher water levels.

1976 to 1978 on the Lower Austrian side, based on the values ​​of the Danube flood in 1954, the Ardagger market was sustainably protected against further flood disasters by a navigable dam . This was barely flooded during the flood of the century in August 2002. However, it was so badly damaged that part of the embankment sagged and partial flooding of the landside embankment area became necessary. Numerous cellars of the houses in Ardagger Markt suffered flood damage.

Origin of name

The name "Machland" probably goes back to the 11th century. In a forgery of the foundation letter for the Augustinian Canons' Monastery of St. Nikola (Passau) , dated 1074, bishop Altmann von Passau names the Margrave Leopold (who later reigned from 1075 to 1095) as bailiff for the monastery property in the "Machlant".

The letter from the Erla nunnery , which cannot be precisely timed, names one "Vladrich de Maclant". In 1147 the Passau bishop Reginbert von Hagenau confirmed the foundation of the Waldhausen monastery by Otto “de Mahhlant”.

As a geographical term, the Machland is then referred to in a document from King Ottokar II Přemysl in the 13th century as "Achland".

Since then the name has had many different interpretations. Some suspect a Slavic root (slav .: mogyljane, moglan, mogyla = Mugel, hill), others derive the term from Celtic .

It seems most obvious to associate the term with ache (= water) and translate it with "land of water".

history

Primeval times, ancient times

Celtic village, grave finds, Romans

Illyricum - the lower Danube countries in Roman times: The Danube (Danuvius), the mouth of the Enns (Anisus) and Lorch (Lauriacum) in the Roman province of Noricum can be seen in the upper left corner.

The Machland is one of the oldest settlement areas in Austria . The presence of people in the Neolithic on the hills bordering the plain in the north is evident from various finds of stone axes and their fragments from the period between 5000 and 1500 BC, for example in the villages of Auhof, Dörfl , Lanzenberg , Lehenbrunn , Pergkirchen , Tobra and Weinzierl occupied.

Bronze Age finds in the Mitterkirchen area have led to the establishment of a prehistoric open-air museum in Mitterkirchen, where archaeological excavations in the village of Lehen have found Hallstatt-era burial grounds from around 1700 BC. The so-called Celtic village Mitterkirchen is today a tourist highlight of the region.

The discovery of residential pits and a pottery furnace from around 750 to 450 BC on the local mountain of the Klammbauernhof in the village of Auhof is significant. A few centuries later, around 300 BC, Celtic Boier came from the north and settled here. They were pushed to the Danube by the Germanic Marcomanni from Bohemia around the year 9 AD .

During the Roman period (from around 15 BC) the Machland was partly north and partly south of the northern border of the Noricum province on the Limes of the Roman Empire, which was then formed in this area by the Danube (Danuvius) , largely within 7.5 kilometers wide buffer zone between Romans and barbarians .

The small Roman fort Adjuvense ( Wallsee ) was located directly on the southern border of the Machland on the spur of Wallsee, the Roman military camp in Albing near Sankt Pantaleon-Erla (175 AD) was in the southwestern part of the Machland and the Enn estuary into the Danube (Anisus ) was already an important economic factor for the Romans (see also map Illyricum - The Lower Danube Countries in Roman times ).

The northern Machland almost became part of the Roman Empire at the end of the 2nd century AD . Emperor Mark Aurel wanted to secure the border by establishing the province of Markomannia north of the Danube , but his son Commodus made peace with the Markomannians and renounced this area expansion; the Romans finally had to give up the camps and forts in the Alpine region. Finds from Roman times in Machland are, for example, a large bronze from the Emperor Commodus (2nd century AD, found between Naarn and Perg ). There are no traces of settlement from this time in the Machland.

Middle Ages and Modern Times

6. to. 8th century

Settlement by Slavs and Bavaria
The Avarmark under Emperor Charlemagne

After the Migration Period, the Machland lay in the border area with the Avars , who repeatedly undertook raids to the west. In the plains north of the Danube, Bavarians from Traungau settled around the year 600 and Slavs around 100 years later . Both peoples left traces in the names of places and houses. Names such as Tobra (= 'oak forest'), Preschnitzer ( breza 'birch'), also Preschmitzer, which are used to this day, are evidence of Slavic names, while so-called real -ing names refer to a Bavarian personal name (e.g. Pasching von Pasko , Karlingberg von Karl). Place names and house names ending in -hofen are also of Bavarian origin (e.g. Aisthofen ). Finds of grave goods such as a cross brooch made of bronze or brooches with depictions of saints from the burial ground discovered near Auhof from the 7th and 8th centuries AD prove the transition from paganism to Christianity that took place there at this time . Emperor Charlemagne waged war against the Avars from 791 to 796 and founded the first or Carolingian Avarmark as a bulwark against the Avar invasions , which reached north of the Danube as far as the Great Mill, while it was open to the east. As far as it was not yet settled, the land belonged to the emperor, who lent it to nobles who had rendered faithful service to him, as well as to churches and monasteries.

In the Machland, for example, the establishment of a manor house by the high nobility in Aisthofen and Pergkirchen can be assumed from this colonization, while better-off vassals and free farmers established seats and farms in the surrounding area (e.g. Lanzenberg, Hainbuchen, Klambauer, Heindelbauer, Aubauer, Aigner).

9th to 12th centuries

Margraves and Guardians, the Lords of Perg and Machland
Until 976, the Austrian heartland belonged to the Duchy of Bavaria
Margraviate Ostarrichi from 976, Nardina
Baumgartenberger Urbar with the coat of arms of the Machländer
State coat of arms of Upper Austria

On January 18, 853, Grenzgraf Wilhelm I ( Margrave of the Awarenmark , Marcha orientalis ) donated his territory between the rivers Aist and Naarn to the monastery of Sankt Emmeram in Regensburg .

The manor in the village of Aisthofen in the area of ​​the cadastral community Weinzierl was the center and administrative seat of the so-called Regensburger Luß , the part of the Riedmark located between Aist and Naarn . For example, the villages of Perg, Zeitling, Weinzierl and Aisthofen, some of which are located in the Machland, also belonged to this area. The Carolingian Church of St. Michael in the village of Naarn served as the church center .

Around 900 the advancing Magyars were defeated by Margrave Liutpold in a cavalry battle on the plain between Perg, Naarn and Mauthausen .

A few years later, in 907, Margrave Luitpold was killed in the fight against the Magyars near Pressburg and the Hungarians advanced as far as the Traun River. The Machland and the Riedmark came temporarily under the sovereignty of the Hungarians. The local population withdrew to the partly deserted areas of the northern forest. From that time, the so-called originate earth stables , such as the Erdstall Ratgöbluckn in Perg . Only the victory of King Otto I on the Lechfeld near Augsburg in 955 permanently banished the Hungarian threat.

In the 960s, Leopold I was entrusted with pacifying the Mark on the Danube and in 976 was appointed Margrave. The Mark is considered the heartland of Austria and reached from the Erlabach east of the Enns on both sides of the Danube to the Vienna Woods in the east. Parts of the Riedmark , to which the Machland belonged at that time , were also part of it. In 985, at a synod of the Diocese of Passau, Nardina (Naarn) was set as the tithing area for the settlement area between Aist and Naarn . The margraviate belonged to the Duchy of Bavaria , which was part of the German Empire under King Otto I and Otto II . It was a time of area growth and a. also in the Riedmark, where colonists settled. In 996 it is first recorded that the area was called by the people of Ostarrichi (Austria).

The history of Machland, which can be documented in writing, began in the present-day locality and cadastral community of Pergkirchen with the appearance of the Lords of Perg and Machland from around 1050. Perg and Pergkirchen owe their names to this highly free and aristocratic family who moved from Chiemgau to this area around 1000 was.

On April 24, 1088, Bishop Altmann von Passau consecrated the church in Pergkirchen to St. Martin . The document shows the goods, forests and vineyards that Rudolfus de Perge and his wife Gysela and many of their followers gave to the new church. 1142 on March 25th, Reginbert von Hagenau , Bishop of Passau, consecrated the church in Pergenkirchen and allowed all of the noble Adalramus de Perge's own people between the Naarn river and Tobrabach to be baptized there and buried in the cemetery there. This is considered to be the founding year of the Pergkirchen parish. The Herren von Perg (spellings partly also Perge, Peraga, Berg, Berge, Berga) split into the two lines Herren von Perg and Herren von Machland after the second generation . When the local family estates were divided up, the Machländer line received the territory east of the Tobrabach (Falkenauerbach) and the small Naarn in the north and in the south east of a line over the Naarn to Ruprechtshofen and the Danube, while the Pergern remained the part west of the border.

The area of ​​influence of the Lords of Perg and Machland included numerous castle complexes and the churches in the already existing localities of Machland. The most important family member of the Lords of Machland is Otto von Machland , who together with his wife Jutta founded Baumgartenberg Abbey in 1142 and Waldhausen Abbey in 1147 .

Because the Machland was part of the Babenberg sovereign territory at a very early stage, partly due to family relationships , the coat of arms used in the Duchy of Austria for the state of the Enns from 1390 and that of the Machländer were used as a model for the Upper Austrian coat of arms .

13th to 17th centuries

Machland District Court, Machlandviertel

The Mitterberg fortress in the Pergkirchen area, which was probably built by the Lords of Perg, fell to the Babenbergs after their extinction at the latest in 1218 and was expanded to become the largest castle complex in the Mühlviertel. After Schaunburg Castle (Hartkirchen municipality), it was the second largest castle in what is now Upper Austria . From 1277 to 1491 the castle was the seat of the Machland district court . Fief takers at this time were the Kapeller, the Liechtensteiner, the Prager and the Prüschenk .

From 1478 to 1779 the Machlandviertel was one of the four quarters of the country above the Enns, alongside the Mühl, Hausruck and Traunviertel. When the Innviertel fell to Austria, the Machlandviertel was merged with the Mühlviertel to form the only one north of the Danube. The Haselgraben and the upper toboggan valley have since formed the border between the upper and lower Mühlviertel.

18th to 21st century

Naarn regulation, failure flooding, flood protection projects

In 1776 the Perger Au was drained and the Naarn regulated for the first time. Due to the flood of failure on the Naarn (1755 to 1938) the successes of the regulation were undone and there were always plans for further Naarn regulation.

It was not until the 1960s that comprehensive Naarn regulation was implemented, not least in connection with the construction of the Wallsee-Mitterkirchen power plant. The Naarn is now directed into the Danube about ten kilometers west of the previous mouth below the power plant. The previous river bed, known as the Schwemmnaarn, takes on the also regulated feeder streams and is pumped into the Danube in Dornach with the help of a polder pumping station.

With the realization of the Machland Nord flood protection project, the residents of numerous properties have to move to higher areas. The affected residents of the villages of Eizendorf, Saxendorf of the municipality of Saxen , Mettensdorf , Pitzing of the municipality of Baumgartenberg and Hütting of the municipality of Mitterkirchen im Machland have already been almost completely relocated.

economy

Community associations

The Upper Austrian Machland communities Arbing, Klam, Mitterkirchen Perg and Saxen have joined forces in the regional business association Machland to secure and further develop the companies in the region and thus to maintain jobs . Together with 14 other associations of this type, it is responsible for the joint development, opening up and marketing of business locations under the name of Intercommunal Business Settlement (INKOBA). For example, there are 27.3 hectares of commercial space available for the creation of technology parks (as of March 2009).

In 2009, the mayors of the Upper Austrian Machland communities of Perg, Arbing and Baumgartenberg, with the involvement of INKOBA, created the Machland Perg business park, which is potentially on non-contiguous areas along the Danube Road and the Danube Bank Railway in the area from Perg west of the technology center to Baumgartenberg east of the existing industrial companies 100 hectares is to create around 1000 new jobs in large companies over the next ten years. All municipalities in the district are to be involved in the project.

Most of the Upper Austrian Machland communities are members of the Perg-Strudengau region .

The Danube tourism to the Danube Bike Path and the Danube Trail , Museum Country Donauland Strudengau and Radkultour are more significant for the Mach rural communities inter-municipal cooperation in the tourism sector.

traffic

The Upper Austrian Machland is crossed by the Donauuferbahn and the Donau Straße in a west-east direction, with the railway or road route largely running along the northern edge of the plain.

Culture, buildings

In July 2013, the market town of Baumgartenberg and the Clam-Martinic family from Burg Clam received the approval to hold an Upper Austrian provincial exhibition between 2020 and 2030.

Buildings
Churches
Monasteries
Castles, palaces, ruins
Culture

literature

  • Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government, Nature Conservation Department (Ed.): Machland spatial unit (= nature and landscape. Guiding principles for Upper Austria. Volume 7). Linz 2007 ( PDF on land-oberoesterreich.gv.at).
  • Office of the Lower Austrian Provincial Government, Spatial Planning, Environment and Transport Group, Nature Conservation Department (publisher): European Protected Areas "Machland South" Sankt Pölten 2009 ( PDF on noel.gv.at).
  • Florian Eibensteiner, Konrad Eibensteiner: The home book of Perg, Upper Austria. Self-published, Linz 1933.
  • Siegfried Haider: History of Upper Austria . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-486-54081-5 .
  • Franz Moser: Museum educational documents Stadtmuseum Perg for working with schoolchildren in the museum. Self-published Heimathaus-Stadtmuseum Perg , Perg 1993.
  • Association for the publication of a district homeland book Perg - communities of the district Perg. Linz 1995.
  • Federal Monuments Office Austria (Ed.): Dehio - Upper Austria Mühlviertel. Berger Verlag, Horn / Vienna 2003, ISBN 978-3-85028-362-5 .
  • Franz Moser and 10 other authors: Heimatbuch der Stadt Perg 2009. Publisher: Heimatverein Perg and Stadtgemeinde Perg. Linz 2009, ISBN 978-3-902598-90-5 .

Web links

Commons : Machland  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Siegfried Haider : History of Upper Austria. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-486-54081-5 , p. 90ff.
  2. ↑ a b Machland room unit , p. 19.
  3. ↑ European protected areas "Machland Süd" , map p. 6.
  4. ↑ European protected areas "Machland Süd" , map p. 5f.
  5. ↑ Duck varnishes .
  6. ↑ Flood 2002 in Ardagger  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.vpardagger.at  
  7. ↑ Document: Upper Austrian document book, secular part (540-1399) 1147 V 16 (Bishop Reginbert von Passau confirms the foundation of the Waldhausen monastery by Otto von Machland and gives it some possessions) in the European document archive Monasterium.net .
  8. ^ Karl Hohensinner: Etymology and folk etymology on the basis of the "Place Name Book of the State of Upper Austria". Districts Freistadt and Perg, Volume 148 / I, Linz 2003, p. 112f.
  9. ↑ Machland room unit , p. 34.
  10. ^ A b Rudolf Zach : The prehistoric and early historical time . In: Perg, city survey 1969 . Published by Stadtgemeinde Perg, Linz 1969, p. 65.
  11. ^ Leopold Josef Mayböck : Pre- and early history. In: Our home, the district of Perg. Ed .: Association for the publication of a district home book Perg - communities of the district of Perg, Linz 1995, p. 29f.
  12. ^ Konrad and Florian Eibensteiner: Settlement . In: Perg, Upper Austria, Illustrated Homeland Book. Self-published 1933, Linz 1933, p. 27ff.
  13. ^ Leopold Josef Mayböck: Pre- and early history. In: Association for the publication of a district homeland book Perg, communities of the district Perg (Hrsg.): Our home, the district Perg. Linz 1995, p. 30.
  14. ^ Leopold Josef Mayböck: The Perg room in the late early Middle Ages . In: Heimatbuch der Stadt Perg 2009 . Editor Heimatverein Perg and Stadtgemeinde Perg. Linz 2009, p. 48 ff.
  15. ^ Leopold Josef Mayböck: The Perg room in the late early Middle Ages . In: Heimatbuch der Stadt Perg 2009 . Editor Heimatverein Perg and Stadtgemeinde Perg. Linz 2009, p. 52f.
  16. ^ Leopold Josef Mayböck: The Perg room in the late early Middle Ages. In: Heimatbuch der Stadt Perg 2009 . Editor Heimatverein Perg and Stadtgemeinde Perg. Linz 2009, p. 53.
  17. ^ Leopold Josef Mayböck: The time of the lords of Perg / Machland, Klam / Velburg, The high medieval Austria under the Babenbergers . In: Heimatbuch der Stadt Perg 2009 . Linz 2009, p. 56ff.
  18. ^ Rudolf Zach: The history of the parishes of Perg and Pergkirchen . In: Stadtgemeinde Perg (ed.): Perg, city survey 1969 . Linz 1969, p. 77.
  19. ↑ Cf. Florian and Konrad Eibensteiner: Das Heimatbuch von Perg, Upper Austria . Self-published, 1933, p. 9 ff.
  20. ↑ See Siegfried Haider: The Machland - the cradle of our national coat of arms . In: Our home - The Perg district . Association for the publication of a district homeland book Perg - communities of the district Perg. Perg 1995.
  21. ^ Leopold Josef Mayböck: The castle rule Mitterberg. In: Heimatbuch der Stadt Perg 2009. Linz 2009, p. 16ff.
  22. ↑ Klaus Berg, Clemens Gumpinger, Simonetta Siligato: Defense register of the Naarn and its tributaries. Water protection report 42nd Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government, Surface Water Management Department, Linz 2009, 187 pages ( PDF; 2.8 MB on land-oberoesterreich.gv.at).
  23. ↑ Intermunicipal settlement of companies : INKOBA site Machland accessed April 18, 2009.
  24. ↑ Danube Tourism ( Memento of the original from July 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.danube.at
  25. ↑ Museumsland Danube Country .
  26. ↑ Machland gets a state exhibition from 2020 , in: Bezirksrundschau Perg, No. 28, from 11./12. July 2013, p. 4.