Human rights in Russia

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The rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation are formally established in Chapter 2 of the Russian Constitution of 1993. Russia has signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and has also ratified a number of other human rights conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . According to Chapter 1, Article 15 of the Russian Constitution, these international agreements take precedence over national legislation.

In April 2006, the World Council of the Russian People adopted the Russian Declaration of Human Rights, which can be understood as the Russian reading of universal human rights. In July 2008 the Russian Orthodox Church took an active part in the human rights debate with its basic teaching on dignity, freedom and human rights.

Nevertheless, the Russian government is accused of systematically disregarding human rights in practice. This includes u. a.

The Freedom House organization has assessed Russia as not free since 2005 . In 2006, The Economist published a democracy rating in which Russia ranked 102nd out of a total of 167 countries. In it, Russia was characterized as a so-called “ hybrid regime with a trend towards the curtailment of media and other civil liberties”. In 2009, Russia was ranked 146th out of 179 in the Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom .

Violation of personal rights (fundamental rights)

Torture and ill-treatment

The Russian constitution forbids arbitrary arrest, torture and ill-treatment. Chapter 2, Article 21 of the Constitution states: “No one shall be subjected to torture, violence or any other cruel or degrading treatment or punishment.” Yet, according to Amnesty International, hundreds of people are victims of torture and ill-treatment both immediately after the year Arrest as well as in pre-trial or criminal detention. Russian police officers are regularly observed carrying out torture: beatings, electric shocks, rape, suffocation while questioning detainees.

In 2019, on the occasion of an indisputable torture record , Oleg Kashin described the system of torture as a "highly developed industry of babbling and watering down" because all investigations into torture always came to nothing, while such incidents in other countries would lead to a government crisis. Selective application of the law is not the basis for the Russian system, "but at least the most important and essential principle", an opinion that Julija Latynina 2020 represented in a Russia in which the authorities only see its citizens as enemies.

Human rights ombudsman Oleg Mironov estimated in 2000 that 50% of the prisoners he spoke to said they had been tortured. Amnesty International reported in 2006 that the Russian military had raped women in Chechnya and tortured them with electric shocks . In extreme cases, hundreds of innocent people were accidentally arrested, beaten, tortured and raped on the street by special police forces. Such incidents had occurred not only in Chechnya but also in the Russian cities of Blagoveshensk, Bezetsk, Nefteyugansk and others.

In 2007 Radio Svoboda ( Radio Free Europe ) reported on the founding of the unofficial movement "Defeated Russia" in Moscow by human rights activists and journalists who suffered from brutal violence in various Russian cities. Torture and humiliation are also widespread in the Russian army (see also Dedovshchina ). Many young men are killed or committed suicide as a result each year. It has been reported that some young male recruits are being forced to work as prostitutes for civilian clients. The Union of Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia is a human rights organization that addresses these grievances and strives to protect the rights of young soldiers.

crime

Organized crime, the Russian mafia , grew in the 1990s . At the same time, the law enforcement authorities were dismantled. This has led to a sharp rise in violence against business owners , government employees and other public figures. The future Prime Minister Vladimir Putin took on these problems when he took office as President. During his election campaign in 2000, he gained much support for his position to restore law and order. He also took the view that the rule of law is the only way to restore confidence in the country's economy.

According to information from Demoscope Weekly, the number of murders per 100,000 population rose from 15 in 1991 to 32.5 in 1994 within three years. By 1998 it fell again to 22.5, then again reached a maximum of 30.5 in 2002 and then fell to 20 in 2006. This puts Russia in fifth place out of 62 listed nations in the statistic of the US NationMaster.

With 611 prisoners per 100,000 population worldwide, there were only more prisoners relative to the population in the USA in 2006 . Furthermore, criminological studies show that the average number of robberies between 2000 and 2005 was 38.2% higher than between 1992 and 1999. In the same period, the proportion of drug-related crime increased by 71.1%.

Politically Motivated Persecution

Scientists and environmental activists

In the Soviet Union , scientists faced a number of administrative hurdles when collaborating with foreign colleagues. After the end of the Soviet era, which also meant a decline in government spending on science, many scientists expanded their contacts with foreign laboratories. Even so, administrative security rules are still stricter in Russia than in the West.

There have been a few cases in which the Russian secret service FSB accused scientists of disclosing state secrets, while they stated that the information was based on previously published and declassified sources. Even if the cases often resulted in public reactions, they were mostly dealt with in closed rooms without the press or the public.

These are z. B. to

  • the nuclear physicist Igor Sutjagin (sentenced to 15 years in a camp in 2004)
  • the physicist Valentin Danilov (sentenced to 14 years in 2004)
  • the physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev . The FSB dropped charges against him in May 2007 for "lack of a substantive crime". In July 2007, the Novosibirsk Oblast Public Prosecutor apologized to him publicly.
  • the physicist Oskar Kaibyshev (sentenced to six years probation and a fine of $ 132,000).

The ecologist and journalist Alexander Nikitin , who works with the Norwegian environmental protection organization Bellone Foundation, has also been charged with espionage. He published material on the dangers posed by the Russian nuclear submarines . In February 1996 he was arrested. After his case was reopened 13 times and he spent months / years in prison, he was released in 1999.

The journalist and editor of an environmental magazine Grigori Pasko was arrested in 1997 after filming the dumping of nuclear waste into the Sea of ​​Japan. In 1999 he was sentenced to three years in prison. He was released under an amnesty but was arrested again in 2001 and sentenced to four years imprisonment for treason, from which he was released in 2003.

Other examples include Vladimir Petrenko, who spent seven months in pre-trial detention describing the dangers of chemical weapons storage, and Nikolay Shchur, chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund, who spent six months in pre-trial detention.

Nadezhda Kutepowa had campaigned for the safety of the population in the area of ​​the Mayak nuclear plant. In 2015, state television showed her house and said she was spying for the United States. After leaving France, Kutepowa received asylum as a politically persecuted person.

Other cases

Viktor Orekhov, a former KGB captain who helped Soviet dissidents, was sentenced to eight years in Soviet prison. In 1995 he was again sentenced to three years in prison for alleged possession of a pistol and magazines. After a year he was released and left Russia.

Wil Sultanovich Mirsayanov was prosecuted for an article in 1992 in which he said that Russia was working on chemical weapons of mass destruction . He later won the case and emigrated to the United States.

Vladimir Kazantsev, who published illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign companies, was arrested in August 1995 and released in late 1995. However, his case was not closed. Lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin was sentenced to four years in prison in May 2004.

Journalist Vladimir Rachmankov was fined 20,000 rubles (about USD 695) in January 2006 for defaming the president in his article "Putin as the Phallic Symbol of Russia" .

On May 10, 2014, the Ukrainian filmmaker Oleh Sentsov was arrested in Simferopol in the Crimea. He was taken to Russia, where he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for alleged terrorist activities. Amnesty International deemed the trial to be unfair and advocated Sentsov's release. Human Rights Watch described the trial as a show trial demanding the filmmaker's release. On September 9, 2019, Sentsov was released as part of a prisoner exchange with Ukraine.

In September 2017, Akhtyom Chijgos and Ilmi Umerow , former and current Vice-President of the Crimean Tatar representation Mejlis , were sentenced to eight and two years' imprisonment, respectively , for organizing the resistance to the Russian annexation of the Crimean peninsula . Amnesty International called both trials a "farce". The European Parliament demanded the release of the detainees. Only after Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan mediated directly , both men were released in October and allowed to enter Turkey .

Political dissidents from former Soviet republics such as B. from the authoritarian Tajikistan or Uzbekistan are often arrested by the FSB and sent back to their homeland for criminal prosecution, even when international human rights organizations protest. In addition, the secret services of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan kidnap people in Russia with the implicit permission of the FSB (secret service) .

Many people were arrested in 2006 to prevent them from demonstrating during the G8 summit.

Human Rights Watch documented how environmentalists, human rights defenders, and civil rights activists were arrested, searched, and targeted.

In April 2019, an Israeli national who was carrying 9.6 grams of hashish was taken into custody in Russia and sentenced to more than seven years in prison in October 2019. This sentence was for political reasons. She was pardoned in January 2020.

Unexplained deaths

Some Russian human rights lawyers and critical journalists died while investigating corruption and suspected crimes by state authorities or the FSB (secret service) : Sergei Yuschenkow , Yuri Shchekochichin , Rustam Auschew , Alexander Litvinenko , Galina Starowoitova , Anna Politkovskaya , Paul Klebelnikov , Alexander Plochin , Stanislaw , Boris Efimowitsch Nemtsov , Ruslan Akhtakhanov and Sergei Magnitsky .

Psychiatric institutions

Numerous cases are reported in which people who have become uncomfortable to Russian authorities have been incarcerated in psychiatric institutions. In 2008 alone, Amnesty International reported more than 30 cases in which people who had exercised their human rights in a non-violent way were "admitted to psychiatric hospitals for no real medical reason".

Little has changed at the Serbsky Science Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry, where many prominent Soviet dissidents were incarcerated after being diagnosed with slowly progressing schizophrenia . This institute carries out more than 2,500 court-ordered examinations per year. When the war criminal Yuri Dmitrievich Budanov was investigated in 2002, the executive commission was headed by Tamara Pechernikova, who had convicted the poet Natalya Gorbanewskaya during Soviet times. Budanov was acquitted due to "temporary mental illness". After public protests, he was declared healthy by another commission and subsequently sentenced to ten years in prison. A member of this commission was Georgi Morozov, the former director of the institute who had classified many dissidents as insane in the 1970s and 1980s.

The Serbsky Institute has also issued an expert opinion on the mass poisoning of hundreds of Chechen schoolchildren by an unknown chemical substance with potent and long-lasting effects. The Serbski Institute attributed the symptoms to psychological stress reactions. The psychiatrist Emmanuil Lwowich sees this as an attempt to keep the facts secret from the public and not to have the children thoroughly examined.

Rights of the disabled and children

In 2006 the number of orphans in Russia was estimated at 2 million and that of street children at 4 million. According to a 1998 Human Rights Watch report, 113,000 children were placed in government care each year from 1996 to 1998. In the report, Human Rights Watch writes that "orphans, 95 percent of whom still have a living parent, have been exposed to shocking levels of cruelty and neglect from the moment they are in government care." Once they have received the stamp of " mentally retarded ", Russian orphans are "inventoried for their lives in psychiatric institutions. There they receive little or no training. Some are dressed in rags, limbs tied to furniture, impulses are denied to them and some are left half-naked in their own filth. Bedridden children aged five to seventeen are locked in understaffed reclining rooms and sometimes neglected until they die. ”The writer Ruben Galiego has described the life and death of disabled children in state institutions. Still, a recent change in the adoption law makes it difficult to adopt Russian children from abroad.

human trafficking

→ Main article: Human trafficking

The end of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union have increased human trafficking. The victims are on the one hand women and children who are forced into prostitution and on the other hand foreign slave laborers. Russia is also a destination and transit country for people who are sold to Russia and beyond from neighboring countries for sexual exploitation. Russia contributed a quarter to the 1,235 identified victims sold to Germany in 2003. The Russian government has shown commitment to fighting human trafficking. Nevertheless, she was criticized for not developing and taking concrete legal measures to prevent and combat human trafficking and the protection of victims.

Violation of civil liberties

Religious freedom

The Constitution of the Russian Federation also contains freedom of religion and equality of all religions as well as the separation of church and state . Although Jews and Muslims experience prejudice and social discrimination, the government has not hindered them from practicing their religion freely. High-ranking officials condemned anti-Semitic crimes. But the police did not effectively pursue those responsible. The Russian Government's Human Rights Representative Vladimir Lukin, in his 2005 report, stressed that the Russian state has made significant progress in respecting religious freedom and the legal activities of religious associations, thereby preserving the legacy of totalitarianism and the dominance of a single ideology and Party got over it.

Russia is a multiethnic state, with 35 million Orthodox Christians, 15–22 million Muslims , 700,000 Jews , 320,000 Catholics and other members of religious minorities (1997). According to Álvaro Gil-Robles , relations between the representatives of the various religious communities are generally harmonious. Gil-Robles underlined the state support of both the state government and regional authorities for the various religious communities. He described Tatarstan as a "true cultural and religious melting pot". Catholics as well as members of other religious communities are supported by state and local authorities.

Vladimir Lukin said in 2005 that in Russia there is seldom a violation of the freedom of conscience guaranteed in Article 28. The human rights ombudsman accepts 200 to 250 complaints annually relating to religious freedom violations. These are usually uttered by believers of different denominations: Orthodox (outside the Orthodox churches ), Muslims, Protestants, and others. There are problems with the citizenship of freedom of association (Article 30 of the Constitution). Although the number of registered religious communities is constantly growing (2005: 22144), as Vladimir Lukin noted, a growing number of religious organizations do not succeed in gaining legal recognition. B. Jehovah's Witnesses , International Society for Krishna Awareness , and others.

In the case of Jehovah's Witnesses, an extremism law that was tightened in December 2012 increases the persecution of the religious community. After the General Prosecutor of Russia issued a warning against the headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia, the Ministry of Justice carried out searches and the dissolution of local congregations. Bibles and other religious literature were confiscated and access to the Jehovah's Witnesses website jw.org was blocked. Some Russian citizens have been prosecuted for religious activities such as attending church services. On 15 March 2017, the proposed Russian Ministry of Justice at the Constitutional Court of Russia "religious organization, the headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses, be declared extremist, to ban their activities and dissolve them" The court decided to dissolve the organization and 400 regional branches and their Confiscate property. There were at least 269 member house searches in 2018. International attention was particularly drawn to the trial against the Dane Dennis Christensen , who was sentenced by a Russian court to a prison term of six years for his religious activities as a Jehovah's Witness.

The influence of missionaries in recent years has led various groups, particularly the nationalists and the Russian Orthodox Church , to urge them to restrict the activities of these nontraditional religious groups. The Duma passed a new restrictive and possibly discriminatory law in October 1997. This law is very complex with many ambiguous and contradicting passages. The most controversial point differentiates between religious “groups” and “organizations” and introduces a 15-year rule that only allows groups to be accredited that have existed for 15 years or more. In the opinion of the Russian priest and dissident Gleb Jakunin , "the Russian Orthodox Church clearly favors (the new religious law) at the expense of all other religions including Judaism, Catholicism and Protestantism". He is therefore of the opinion that it is "a step backwards in the Russian process of democratization".

In June 2005 the claim to guarantee "the exclusion of any legal, administrative and tax-related discrimination against so-called non-traditional denominations" was taken up by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe .

Anna Politkovskaya described cases of persecution and even murder of Muslims by Russian troops in the northern Caucasus.

Freedom of the press in the Russian regions 2006
green: largely free
orange: less free
red: not free
gray: no data
(free regions were not found)
Source: Glasnost Defense Foundation

Freedom of the press

→ Main article: Media in Russia

For 2018, Reporters Without Borders ranked Russia 148th out of 180 in the Press Freedom Index . According to the Committee to Protect Journalists , 47 journalists were killed in Russia between 1992 and January 2008 for their professional activity. Of these, 30 were killed under President Boris Yeltsin and the others under President Vladimir Putin .

Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya , known for her criticism of Russian actions in Chechnya and the pro-Russian government of Chechnya, was murdered in Moscow in 2006. 3 years later, her lawyer Stanislaw Markelow and her colleague Anastasia Baburova were also murdered. According to former KGB officer Oleg Gordiyevsky , the murders of author Yuri Shchekochichin (author of Slaves of KGB ), Anna Politkovskaya, and Alexander Litvinenko show that the FSB has returned to the practice of political killings that occurred in the past from the 13th Department of the KGB .

The opposition journalist Yevgenia Albats said in an interview with Eduard Steiner: “Nowadays the directors of the television channels and newspapers are invited to the Kremlin every Thursday to find out from the deputy head of the Russian presidential administration , Vladislav Surkov , which news should be published where . Journalists are bought with high salaries. "

Ethnic minorities

Russia is a multinational state with more than 170 ethnic groups known as nationalities . The population size of these groups ranges from less than ten thousand (among the Nenets and Sami ) to several million Russians and Tatars. Among the 83 federal subjects that make up the Russian Federation, there are 21 national republics (for special ethnic minorities), 4 autonomous counties ( okrugs ) (with a large proportion of ethnic minorities) and an autonomous oblast .

Alvaro Gil-Robles wrote in his report that tensions are growing for various reasons, although cooperation and good relationships are still the rule in most regions. The cause of these tensions is z. Still partly due to the problems of people who suffered from the Stalinist repression. Other reasons are social and economic problems that create tension between different groups, the situation in Chechnya and the terrorist attacks. The latter result in increasing hostility towards people from the Caucasus and Central Asia, which can even lead to hostility and open racism towards the groups concerned. "

The Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers expressed concern in May 2007 that Russia had not yet enacted comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation and that existing anti-discrimination provisions were seldom enforced despite the reported cases of discrimination.

Gil-Robles wrote in his report that minorities are represented in local and regional authorities and take an active part in public life. He underlined the degree of cooperation and understanding between the various neighboring nationalities and the role of local and regional authorities in the dialogue between ethnic groups. In 2007 the Committee of Ministers noted certain setbacks in the participation of minorities in public life; including the lifting of state quotas for indigenous people in regional administrations.

Although the Russian constitution mentions Russian as the official language, individual republics can specify more than one official language. In most federal areas there are at least two official languages: Russian and the language of the nationality that gives it its name. The Committee of Ministers found in 2007 that there are many living minority languages ​​in most of the Federation's areas, with more than 1,350 newspapers and magazines, 300 TV channels and 250 radio stations in more than 50 minority languages. The new legislation also allows minority languages ​​to be used on state radio and television.

In 2007 there were 6,260 schools teaching 38 minority languages. More than 75 minority languages ​​were taught as a subject in 10,404 schools. The Committee of Ministers of the European Union noted efforts to improve access to textbooks and lessons as well as more teachers of minority languages. Nonetheless, the ministers noted that there were difficulties in accessing education for members of certain minorities.

There are more than 2000 public associations of national minorities and 560 national cultural autonomies. Nevertheless, the Council of Ministers noted that in many regions state support for the preservation and development of the culture of minorities was still inadequate. Alvaro Gil-Robles wrote in 2004 that there is a significant difference between eponymous ethnic groups and nationalities and nationalities without their own national territory, as the resources for the latter are limited.

Russia is also home to a special category of minorities: indigenous peoples in the North and Far East who cultivate very traditional lifestyles and often survive in extreme climatic conditions while trying to adapt to the modern world. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation passed laws to protect these small indigenous peoples. Gil-Robles stated that there are contracts between representatives of indigenous peoples and oil companies that are intended to compensate for the potential damage of oil production to the living space of the peoples. As noted by the Council of Ministers in 2007, despite some development initiatives, the social and economic situation of various small indigenous peoples has been affected by changes in legislation that have removed some positive measures regarding their access to land and other natural resources.

Alvaro Gil-Robles noticed in 2004 that Russia, like many European countries, has taken in many foreigners. If they settle in a certain region, they form a so-called new minority. B. in medical care. People with a migration background who are registered have other integration problems because of the language barriers.

The Committee of Ministers of the European Union found in 2007 that despite efforts to improve access to registration and citizenship for national minorities, the measures had not normalized the situation of all those affected.

Situation in the Crimea

According to the report of the International Partnership for Human Rights published in September 2016 , there were 7 murders, 15 missing persons, 90 cases of illegal detention, 36 cases of torture and forced displacement on the Crimea peninsula , which has been illegally occupied by Russia since March 2014 given by up to 60,000 civilians. As an ethnic minority , the Crimean Tatars are exposed to most of the reprisals. The Mejlis , representing the Crimean Tatar people, was classified as an extremist organization. There is a risk of up to six years imprisonment for mere membership. The UN report from September 2017 also speaks of a considerably deteriorating human rights situation in the Russian-occupied territory. It is about arbitrary arrests, kidnappings, mistreatment of the victims up to torture etc.

Amnesty International notes that there have been several enforced disappearances of Crimean Tatars since the annexation that have never been effectively resolved. On May 24, 2016, Erwin Ibragimov, a member of the World Congress of Crimean Tatars, was dragged into a car by a group of men and driven away. Amnesty International calls on the Russian authorities to investigate the kidnapping.

On February 11, 2016, the Crimean Tatar human rights activist Emir-Usein Kuku was arrested by Russian authorities. In 2014, Kuku joined the Crimean Human Rights Contact Group, which was involved in enforced disappearances on the peninsula. The Russian authorities accuse him of belonging to the Islamist organization Hizb ut-Tahrir , which he denies himself. Amnesty International launched a campaign for his release.

In response to the political persecution of Crimean Tatars, the grassroots organization Crimean Solidarity was launched on April 9, 2016. One of its senior members Server Mustafayev was arrested on May 21, 2018 and charged with “membership in a terrorist organization”. He is also accused of having ties to Hizb ut-Tahrir. Amnesty International and Front Line Defenders are campaigning for his immediate release.

Foreigners and migrants

In October 2002, the Russian Confederation passed new laws on the rights of foreigners, which are intended to control immigration and clarify the rights of foreigners. Despite the new law, according to Álvaro Gil-Robles, many foreign communities in Russia have faced practical difficulties.

In 2007, almost eight million migrants were officially registered in Russia, while five to seven million migrants had no legal status.

Most of the foreigners arriving in Russia are looking for a job. In many cases they do not have a contract or other arrangement with a local employer. A typical problem is the illegal status of many foreigners (i.e. they are not registered and have no ID). This robs them of all social support and often leads to exploitation by employers. Nevertheless, foreign workers benefit from the reluctance of local authorities to solve the problems and find a “modus vivendi”. As Gil-Robles noted, it is easy to imagine that the illegal status of many foreigners leads to corruption. Illegal immigrants can be detained at any moment and sent to detention centers for later deportation. In 2004, the living conditions in detention centers for illegal immigrants were very poor. The deportation process lacked funds, which can stretch detention for months or years. In connection with this, Gil-Robles noted that the authorities with whom he spoke had a firm political will to find a satisfactory solution.

Former Soviet citizens are a special case. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, national law granted all former Soviet citizens Russian citizenship. People born in Russia but not in Russia when the law went into effect and people born in the Soviet Union but not formally registered did not receive Russian citizenship. When the Soviet passport expired on December 31, 2003, these people became foreigners, although many of them considered Russia their home. The majority of them have had their pensions and medical care cut.

Another special case are meshes . They were victims of both the Stalinist deportation from South Georgia and the 1989 pogroms in the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan. Some of them were taken in Russia. While in most regions of Russia Meshhts are automatically granted Russian citizenship, since 1991 this has been denied to 15,000 Mesheds in the Krasnodar region . Even the measures imposed by Alvaro Gil-Robles did not change the position of the authorities in Krasnodar. Vladimir Lukin describes this in his 2005 report as a “campaign by local authorities against certain ethnic groups.” The way out for a significant number of Mesheds in the Krasnodar region was to emigrate to the USA. In 2005, Vladimir Lukin described a similar problem of 5,500 Yazidis who moved from Armenia to the Krasnodar Territory before the collapse of the USSR . Only a thousand of them received citizenship; the others could not be legalized.

Xenophobia and racism

As Alvaro Gil-Robles noted in 2004, hostilities particularly affect Jews , Caucasians , migrants , foreigners and sexual minorities .

In his 2006 report, Vladimir Lukin observed an increase in nationalism and xenophobia in Russia, combined with increased violence and mass rioting based on racist, nationalist and religious intolerance.

Using the example of 2006, human rights activists point out that this year alone 44 people were murdered and almost 500 were attacked for racist reasons. According to official sources, there are 150 “extremist groups” with more than 5000 members in Russia.

The Committee of Ministers of the European Union noted in 2007 that high-ranking representatives of the federal administration had publicly supported the fight against racism and intolerance and that various programs had been introduced to achieve these goals. At the same time, court judgments were increasingly pronounced against incitement to national, racist or religious hatred. Yet there has been an alarming increase in the number of racially motivated attacks over the past four years. Even so, some representatives of the Russian judiciary still seem reluctant to admit racist or nationalist reasons for these crimes. Hate speech is increasing in the media and in political disputes . The situation for people from the northern Caucasus is particularly threatening.

Vladimir Lukin noted that the inactivity of government agencies to enforce the law can have serious consequences, such as: the inter-ethnic unrest in the city of Kondopoga in the Republic of Karelia . Lukin noted the provocative role of the so-called "movement against illegal immigration". The result of this unrest was that all heads of the executive were removed from their positions and several criminal proceedings were opened.

According to a 2006 survey by the polling institute WZIOM

  • 44% consider Russia to be “a common house of many nations”, in which everyone should have equal rights
  • 36% think that “Russians should have more rights because they make up the majority of the population” and
  • 15% think that "Russia should be the state of Russians".

According to a survey by the Public Opinion Foundation, 12% of Russians see "some positive aspects" in fascism and 24% think that people with fascist views do not pose a threat to society.

According to statistics published in 2007 by the Ministry of Interior of the Russian Federation , people without Russian citizenship have committed 50,100 crimes in Russia while 15,985 crimes have been committed against them.

One of countless examples of extreme xenophobia in Russia is the murder of a Russian named Egor Scherbakow by a Caucasian in the Birulovo district of Moscow in October 2013. This was followed by massive racist attacks against non-Russian-looking people by angry local residents. The police and other security agencies have not only allowed foreign businesses to be devastated. On the contrary, they arrested several hundred traders, mostly with illegal residence status, and shut down the nearby vegetable market run by migrants.

Homophobia

Human Rights Watch criticizes the treatment of homosexuals in Russia . The passage of the law against "homosexual propaganda" would greatly increase acts of violence against gays and lesbians. Anyone who spreads "homosexual propaganda" in public will be punished with 15 days of arrest or expulsion. Police violence against homosexuals is also widespread.

"History Denial" Act

Historians, journalists and private individuals can be judged by a law of April 2014 if they spread "lies" about the politics of the Soviet Union during the Second World War.

Law on "Insulting Authorities"

The Duma adopted a third reading of a law on “disrespect” in March 2019, which came into force on March 29. The law specifically targets supposedly false internet news and, according to critics, is so vaguely worded that they see the only point in repression . Alexei Wenediktov :

"This is a repressive story that is linked to the desire to introduce self-censorship not only for the media, but also for citizens."

Lew Schlossberg then demanded a law against the insults that Russian citizens suffered by civil servants who violated the rights and freedoms of a citizen guaranteed by the Russian constitution. Communist Party MPs brought such a proposal to the State Duma.

Law to Prevent Protests

On December 7, 2015, a person was sentenced to three years in prison for the first time on the basis of Article 212.1 of the Criminal Code, introduced in July 2014. If a person is administratively punished more than twice within 180 days - even in a completely peaceful individual protest - a prison sentence is possible.

Ildar Dadin was the first person to be sentenced to imprisonment for the controversial article. The reasoning that the law is unconstitutional also refers to the fact that it was punished several times for an offense. A lawsuit against the article of the law because of its unconstitutionality was initiated, whereby state representatives even demanded a tightening, since "mass actions represented the greatest danger to public Russia" .

The human rights organization "Team 29" developed a game app called "Gebnja", with which interaction with Russian law enforcement officers can be practiced. According to the developers, surviving encounters with uniformed people without damage is a basis of life in modern Russia.

Justice and the prison system

According to Amnesty International, the judiciary in Russia is subject to manipulation by political authorities. In its 2009 annual report, Amnesty International cited reports that "suspects have been tortured and ill-treated to make confessions". According to the Russian Constitution, the chief judges are appointed by the Federation Assembly on the proposal of the Russian President . Anna Politkovskaya described in her book “In Putin's Russia” stories of judges who did not obey “orders from above”, who were attacked and removed from their position. Former judge Olga Kudeshkina wrote an open letter in 2005 in which she criticized the chairman of the Moscow City Court, O. Egorova, for making correct decisions, which she said led to more than 80 of the best in Moscow from 2002 to 2005 Judges resigned.

In the 1990s, the Russian prison system was described as problematic in the media and by human rights groups. There were many deferred trials and delays, leading to lengthy pre-trial detention. Prison conditions were considered to be well below international standards. Tuberculosis was a serious, ubiquitous problem. Human rights groups estimated that around 11,000 prisoners died each year, largely from overcrowding, illness and lack of medical care. A 2006 media report pointed to a campaign of prison reforms that improved conditions. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, supported by reform efforts by the Russian government, has been working towards reforming Russian prisons since 1997.

The rule of law has made rather limited progress in criminal justice in the province since Soviet times. As a rule, courts did not issue acquittals; In 2004 only about 0.7% of all proceedings ended in an acquittal. Judges are dependent on administrators who in turn have the public prosecutor under themselves. The work of the prosecutors is considered bad and depressing. Lawyers are usually appointed by the court and poorly paid. There has been a significant deterioration in the situation associated with the abuse of criminal trials and harassment and persecution of defense lawyers in politically sensitive cases in recent years. The principles of the right to a criminal defense lawyer and the equality of the parties in criminal proceedings are not observed.

In 1996, President Boris Yeltsin announced a moratorium on the death penalty . However, the Russian government is still breaking many of the promises it made when it entered the Council of Europe . Citizens complaining to the European Court of Human Rights are often persecuted by Russian authorities, according to Politkovskaya.

From 2000 to 2016, the number of people incarcerated in prisons fell from over a million to 640,000. From January 1, 2017, labor camps will be reinstated for serious primary crimes or repeated minor offenses.

Situation in Chechnya

The policy of the Russian government in Chechnya is a cause of international concern. It was reported that Russian soldiers abducted, tortured and killed many civilians in Chechnya. On the other hand, Chechen separatists have also committed human rights violations such as B. Abductions of people. Human rights groups sharply criticize cases of people disappearing into Russian custody. Systematic illegal arrests and torture by members of the armed forces under the command of Ramzan Kadyrov and the Ministry of Interior were also reported. Oppression, information blockade and an atmosphere of fear and despair in Chechnya were also reported.

Memorial said in 2005 that there was an "assembly line of violence" system in Chechnya (as in neighboring Ingushetia ): people suspected of separatist actions would be illegally arrested by security forces and then disappear , some forever. After a while, some detainees are tortured in detention center camps to admit a crime or to make false accusations on others. According to Memorial, there is also psychological pressure involved. The well-known Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya compared this system with the gulag and gave several hundred cases.

Russian journalists frequently reported human rights violations by both the Russian armed forces and the Chechen government. Some journalists were allegedly killed because of their critical reporting. The following names are mentioned: Cynthia Elbaum , Vladimir Zhitarenko , Nina Yefimova , Jochen Piest , Farkhad Kerimov, Natalya Alyakina, Shamkhan Kagirov, Viktor Pimenov , Nadezhda Chaikova , Supian Ependiyev , Ramzan Mezhidov and Shamil Gigayev , Vladimir Yatsina, Aleksandr Yefremov, Roddy Scott , Paul Klebnikov , Magomedzagid Varisov and Anna Politkowskaja.

Official bodies

Human Rights Commission to the President

In 1996, the human rights activist Sergei Kovalev resigned as chairman of the Russian President's human rights commission in order to demonstrate against government policy, particularly in Chechnya

In 2002 Ella Pamfilowa was elected chairwoman.

Human Rights Council to the President

In 2004 the Human Rights Council was formed under the Russian President. Ella Pamfilowa remained chairwoman. In 2010 she resigned. Her successor was Mikhail Fedotov .

Human rights officer

In 1997 Parliament passed a law introducing a "human rights officer". The establishment of this position had been requested by the Council of Europe , to which Russia was admitted in February 1996.

The Duma finally elected the Communist Duma deputy Oleg Mironov in May 1998, who then resigned from the party and resigned his mandate, referring to the legal requirement of impartiality. Nevertheless, his election was criticized by human rights activists because of his ties to the Communist Party and because he had no recognizable expertise for the job.

In 2004, Vladimir Lukin of the Yabloko party , a former ambassador to the USA, became the new human rights representative. He worked with great commitment to improve the human rights situation in Russia.

Ella Pamfilowa was a human rights officer from 2014 to 2016 . Her successor was Tatyana Moskalkova .

Constitutional Court

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation also decides on complaints about violations of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, but only checks the constitutionality of a law that has been applied in a specific case. In contrast to the German constitutional court, the Russian one does not check law enforcement, i. H. whether individual judgments or acts of the executive branch are in conformity with the constitution. There is no institute like the German constitutional complaint in Russia.

Laws on non-governmental organizations

Law on Foreign NGOs in Russia 2005

The lower house of the Duma voted 370:18 in November 2005 for a law requiring foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to re-register as Russian organizations subject to Russian jurisdiction so that they are subject to more stringent financial and legal control. The law gives Russian officials an overview of the local finances and activities of NGOs. The law came into force in April 2006. It has been heavily criticized for its possible effects on international human rights control in Russia.

In October 2006 the work of many foreign NGOs was stopped with the help of this law. Russian officials said that "the bans were simply the result of failure by private groups to obey this law and not a result of political decisions made by the state. The groups will be admitted again as soon as they have registered. "

Law on Russian Non-Commercial Organizations as "Foreign Agents" 2012

In July 2012, the Duma passed a law that in future can classify Russian NGOs as “foreign agents”. This is possible if organizations receive funding from abroad and are politically active. In the following months, particularly in February and March 2013, a number of organizations such as Memorial and Amnesty International Russia were searched and asked to be entered in the register. Almost all organizations refused to do so. In May 2013, the Duma decided that the registration can in future also take place without the consent of the organization concerned and without a court order.

It was not until March 2015 that the opportunity to lose the status was created. For this purpose, it had to be proven that no financial support from abroad had been received for a year and that previous foreign donations had been repaid.

As of October 2016, 147 organizations were registered with the Ministry of Justice, of which around 40 had abandoned or dissolved.

The law makes the work of many non-governmental organizations almost impossible, as most of them rely on financial support from abroad. A small donation from a Russian person or organization that receives funds from abroad is sufficient to be registered.

Law on Foreign NGOs as "Unwanted Organizations" 2015

In 2015, the Duma passed a law that can classify foreign organizations as "undesirable organizations". This affects organizations that financially support Russian NGOs. So far, the Soros Foundation and others have been affected.

The "Yarovaya Package"

In June 2016, the Russian State Duma passed one of the most repressive laws in recent years on the initiative of MP Irina Yarovaya . The new "anti-terrorism measures" of the "Yarovaya package" intensified the state's interference with civil rights and freedoms. According to the law, the Russian telecommunications providers have to store all connection data of their customers such as phone calls, SMS, e-mails or videos for three years and forward them to the Russian domestic secret service FSB when requested . Violations can result in a fine of 1 million rubles (more than 14,000 euros). Participation in, financing or preparation of terrorist activities as well as calls for extremism are punishable by up to eight years in prison. The age of criminal responsibility for juveniles has been reduced from 16 to 14 years. In addition, the ordinance provides for the religious activity of the citizens to be more strictly controlled, whereby any kind of "missionary activities" that endanger the social order and security of the state is prohibited. A major point of contention prior to adoption was the revocation of Russian citizenship for convicted terrorists. But after intense debate, all relevant passages were deleted from the original draft in the second reading.

UN Human Rights Council

Russia was a member of the UN Human Rights Council . In 2016 it was not re-elected for the first time. The reason for this was the human rights violations in the civil war in Syria.

Human rights organizations

The most famous organizations in Russia are

There are also numerous regional non-governmental organizations

Human rights activists

reception

literature

Literature on FSB terror

Literature on human rights in Chechnya

Web links

German

English

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Constitution of the Russian Federation ( Memento of the original from January 30, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Embassy of the Russian Federation; Retrieved July 9, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.russianembassy.org
  2. ↑ The legal order of Russia and the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights (PDF) European Institute of Saarland University , 1996
  3. ↑ The Russian Declaration of Human Rights ( Memento of the original of September 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( German translation ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sras.org
  4. ^ Basic teaching of the Russian Orthodox Church on dignity, freedom and human rights
  5. ↑ a b c Rough Justice: The law and human rights in the Russian Federation (PDF) Amnesty International 2003, ISBN 0-86210-338-X ; Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  6. ↑ a b c d Amnesty Report 2009 - Russia Amnesty International , 2009; Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  7. ↑ a b c Torture and ill-treatment Amnesty International ; Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  8. ^ A b UN Committee against Torture Must Get Commitments From Russia to Stop Torture Human Rights Watch, November 12, 2006; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  9. ↑ a b Journalists killed: Statistics and Background ( Memento of the original of July 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Committee to Protect Journalists ; Retrieved July 9, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cpj.org
  10. ^ Dedovshchina - a word from the New Russian News & Information Agency Novosti, January 27, 2006; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  11. ^ Nina Baumann: The Army of Horror Focus , November 1, 2007; Retrieved July 14, 2009.
  12. ↑ Abandoned to the State - Cruelty and Neglect in Russian Orphanages (PDF; 1.1 MB) Human Rights Watch, 1998, ISBN 1-56432-191-6 ; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  13. ^ Children's rights . Amnesty International ; Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  14. ^ Ethnic minorities under attack Amnesty International ; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  15. ↑ a b 'Documenty!': Discrimination on grounds of race in the Russian Federation . (PDF) Amnesty International 2003, ISBN 0-86210-322-3 ; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  16. ↑ Christina Hebel: Murders of women in Russia: Where violence is at home. In: Spiegel Online . December 18, 2019, accessed December 19, 2019 .
  17. ↑ Our Supporters Freedom House, accessed October 29, 2016
  18. ↑ Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties; Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  19. ↑ Laza Kekic: The Economist Intelligence Unit index of democracy (PDF; 101 kB) The World in 2007; Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  20. ↑ 2009 Index of Economic Freedom - Ranking the Countries The Heritage Foundation, 2009; Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  21. ^ A b Russian Federation Preliminary briefing to the UN Committee against Torture Amnesty International , March 31, 2006; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  22. ^ The Constitution of the Russian Federation Chapter 7. Judiciary, Article 128 Democracy.Ru; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  23. ^ Torture in Russia, Amnesty International , June 25, 2009; Retrieved July 16, 2009.
  24. ^ Torture in Russia Amnesty International , April 2, 1997; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  25. ↑ a b Prison guards filmed torturing a prisoner , SRF, July 25, 2019
  26. ↑ Justice with Lottery Elements. Will the torture video change the system? , Republic.ru, July 23, 2018
  27. ↑ Недоросли в кожаных передниках , Novaya Gazeta, February 12, 2020
  28. ↑ Marat Hayrullin: The Entire city what beaten Novaya Gazeta , January 10, 2005; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  29. ↑ Marat Hayrullin: A profession: to mop up the Motherland Novaya Gazeta , 17 March 2005; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
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  32. ↑ The Consequences of Dedovshchina , Human Rights Watch Report, 2004; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  33. ↑ Vyacheslav Ismailov Terrible Dedovshchina in General Staff Novaya Gazeta , July 10, 2006; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  34. ^ Conscript's Prostitution Claims Shed Light On Hazing Radio Free Europe March 21, 2007; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  35. ^ Tanya Frisby, "The Rise of Organized Crime in Russia: Its Roots and Social Significance," Europe-Asia Studies , 50, 1, 1998, p. 35.
  36. ^ Scott Peterson: A vote for democracy, Putin-style The Christian Science Monitor , March 12, 2004; Retrieved March 21, 2009.
  37. ↑ Ekaterina Shcherbakova: Russian demographic barometer Demoscope Weekly, March 19, 2007; Retrieved March 22, 2009.
  38. ↑ World statistics of murders per capita NationMaster.Com; Retrieved March 22, 2009.
  39. ^ Roy Wamsley: World Prison Population List (PDF) King's Kollege, October 2006; Retrieved March 21, 2009.
  40. ↑ Vladislav Inozemtsev : Big Costs and Little Security Moscow Times, December 22, 2006.
  41. ↑ Alexei Napylov: Утраченные секреты горения Rambler , Lenta.Ru , March 24, 2003; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  42. ^ Human Rights Situation in Chechnya: Case study: Igor Sutiagin Human Rights Watch ; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  43. ^ Physicist Found Guilty American Association for the Advancement of Science, Nov. 12, 2004; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
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  45. ^ Physicist Ordered to Pay $ 132,000 The Moscow Times, Aug. 9, 2006.
  46. ↑ The case of Grigory Pasko index.org.ru; Retrieved March 23, 2009.
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  48. ↑ Sabrina Tavernise: Russian Court Frees Reporter In Case About Nuclear Waste New York Times , January 24, 2003; Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  49. ↑ a b Counterintelligence Cases GlobalSecurity.org; Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  50. ↑ Just out of Mother Russia , Republic , May 29, 2018
  51. ^ Vladimir Voronov: Service, part III ; Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  52. ↑ Vladimir Voronov: Die Presse on "The Case" Sutyagin November 18, 2003; Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  53. ↑ Researchers Throw Up Their Arms July 28, 2006.
  54. ↑ The Trepashkin case ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Foundation for Civil Liberties; Retrieved July 10, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eng.trepashkin.ru
  55. ^ Brian Whitmore: Russia: 'Phallic' Case Threatens Internet Freedom June 2, 2006; Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  56. ↑ PRISONED DIRECTOR OLEG SENTSOV ON HUNGER STRIKE SINCE 14 MAY . In: Amnesty International . May 25, 2018 ( amnesty.de [accessed February 24, 2019]).
  57. ↑ Russia Should Free Oleg Sentsov Before FIFA World Cup . In: Human Rights Watch . May 24, 2018 ( hrw.org [accessed February 24, 2019]).
  58. ↑ FAZ.net: Russia and Ukraine exchange prisoners
  59. ↑ According to Turkish mediation: Russia releases two Crimean Tatars. In: Spiegel Online . October 25, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2018 .
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  61. ↑ Aleksander Podrabinek: ФСБ СЛУЖИТ ИСЛАМУ (FSB serves Islam) Novaya Gazeta , October 30, 2006; Retrieved March 24, 2009.
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  67. ^ Agent unknown Novaya Gazeta , October 30, 2006; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
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  69. ↑ Yushenkov: A Russian Idealist BBC News , April 17; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
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  72. ↑ Peter Finn: In Russia, Psychiatry Is Again a Tool Against Dissent Washington Post, September 30, 2006; Retrieved July 10, 2009.
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  75. ↑ Valentina's Mite: Budanov Case Raises Questions Over Use Of Psychiatry ( Memento of the original from August 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. June 12, 2002; Retrieved July 11, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cdi.org
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  78. ↑ What made Chechen schoolchildren ill? The Jamestown Foundation, North Caucasus Analysis, Volume 7, Issue 13, March 30, 2006; Retrieved July 11, 2009.
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  81. ↑ Ruben Galliego and Marian Schwartz (Translator) White on Black Harcourt 2006, ISBN 0-15-101227-X
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  87. ↑ a b c d e f g Vladimir Lukin: The Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation for the Year 2005 ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 2006; Retrieved on March 31, 2009. Russian language version ( Memento of the original from February 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ombudsman.gov.ru @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ombudsman.gov.ru
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  92. ↑ Report of the UN Human Rights Committee: Russia uses anti-extremism law against Jehovah's Witnesses . jw.org, 2016; accessed on March 21, 2017.
  93. ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses" reported 2018 searches in the homes of supporters of the organization in 2018 . Novaya Gazeta, January 16, 2019
  94. ↑ Gleb Yakunin: Declaration of the Committee for Defense of Freedom of Conscience regarding the Russian State Duma's adoption of the draft of the law "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations" 2006; Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  95. ↑ Resolution 1455 ( Memento of the original from March 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of PACE , June 2005; Retrieved April 1, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / assembly.coe.int
  96. ↑ Anna Politkowskaya: One may not pray too often (Russian) Novaja Gazeta , March 14, 2005; Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  97. ↑ Anna Politkowskaya: A man who was killed 'just in case' (Russian) Novaya Gazeta , July 10, 2006; Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  98. ↑ rsf.org Press Freedom Index 2018 Reporters Without Borders; accessed on February 3, 2019
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  101. ↑ Amnesty mourns the loss of Stanislaw Markelow and Anastasia Baburowa Amnesty International, January 21, 2009; Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  102. ↑ Бывший резидент КГБ Олег Гордиевский не в сомневается причастности к отравлению Литвиненко российских спецслужб Radio Svoboda 20 November 2006; Retrieved April 4, 2009.
  103. ↑ Christopher Andrew , Vasili Mitrokhin , The Mitrokhin Archive : The KGB in Europe and the West , Gardners Books (2000), ISBN 0-14-028487-7
  104. ↑ Jewgenija Albaz, interviewed by Eduard Steiner: What should I fear? . In: Contact . Erste Bank Group. 2007-2004. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 16, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kontakt.erstebankgroup.net
  105. ^ The Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe builds its work in Russia on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities , European document, ratified by Russia in 1998.
  106. ↑ a b c d e f g h Resolution on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ( Memento of the original dated June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, 2 May 2007; Retrieved April 5, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.coe.int
  107. ^ Bernhard Clasen: Human rights in the Crimea: murder, torture and expulsions . In: The daily newspaper: taz . October 12, 2016, ISSN  0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed January 27, 2018]).
  108. ^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com): UN denounces Russia's human rights violations in Crimea | Currently Europe | DW | 09/25/2017. Retrieved January 27, 2018 .
  109. ↑ Urgent Action: CRIMEAN TATAR ACTIVIST FORCIBLY DISAPPEARED . Amnesty International.
  110. ↑ CRIMEAN TATAR: NEVER SILENT IN THE FACE OF INJUSTICE . In: Amnesty International .
  111. ↑ Amnesty International: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENSES WITHOUT MEDICAL SUPPLY. Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
  112. ↑ Front Line Defenders: ARREST OF SERVER MUSTAFAYEV. Retrieved May 26, 2020 (English).
  113. ↑ Konstantin Romodanowski: fms.gov.ru February 13, 2008; Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  114. ↑ Vladimir Jemeljanenko: fms.gov.ru profile, February 8, 2008; Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  115. ↑ Meskhetian Turk resettlement: the view from Krasnodar Krai ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , September 19, 2005 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.churchworldservice.org
  116. ↑ a b Vladimir Lukin: The Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation for the Year 2006 (MS Word) 2007. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved on July 10, 2009. Russian language version ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ombudsman.gov.ru @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ombudsman.gov.ru
  117. ↑ Xenophobia in Russia Becoming Dangerously Common ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.voanews.com
  118. ↑ Год нетерпимости: 500 пострадавших, 44 убитых Radio Svoboda December 26, 2006; Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  119. ↑ Russian Federation: Racism and xenophobia rife in Russian society , Amnesty International , May 4, 2006; Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  120. ↑ Juir Zarakhowic: From Russia With Hate Time Europe Magazine, August 1, 2004; Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  121. ↑ Facism  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Public Opinion Foundation, March 30, 2006; Retrieved July 16, 2009.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / bd.english.fom.ru  
  122. ↑ Characteristics of the state of crime (Russian)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Ministry of Interior of the Russian Federation, February 8, 2008; Retrieved July 16, 2009.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mvd.ru  
  123. ↑ Убийство в Бирюлево . In: Кавказский Узел . ( kavkaz-uzel.eu [accessed October 5, 2017]).
  124. ↑ n24.de
  125. ↑ Russia criminalizes "lies" about World War II Süddeutsche Zeitung, April 24, 2014
  126. ↑ New laws in Russia: protection against "net terrorists"? , Tagesschau.de, March 7, 2019
  127. ↑ In the series: We'll Watch , Echo Moskvy, March 9, 2019
  128. ↑ Members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation have submitted a bill to the State Duma on the responsibility of officials for insulting citizens , Novaya Gazeta, April 10, 2019
  129. ↑ Russian court sentences Ildar Dadin to 3 years under new anti-protest law , information page of the Kharkiv human rights group, December 8, 2015
  130. ^ The forced marriage that highlights russia's repressive new law , Euronews, December 24, 2015
  131. ^ The Constitutional Court is examining Dadin's complaint against the law on rallies , Novayagazeta , January 24, 2017
  132. ↑ playing in "Gebnju" , Novaya Gazeta, May 3, 2018
  133. ↑ a b The Russian Federation: Denial of Justice (PDF) Amnesty International , 2002; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  134. ^ The Constitution of the Russian Federation Chapter 7. Judiciary, Article 128 Democracy.Ru; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  135. ^ Politkovskaya, Anna (2004) Putin's Russia
  136. ↑ Olga Kudeshkina: Open letter to President Putin (Russian) Novaya Gazeta , March 14, 2005; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  137. ↑ Russia - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, February 23, 2001; Retrieved March 19, 2009.
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  142. ↑ Anna Politkowskaja: It is forbidden even to speak about the Strasbourg Court Novaya Gazeta , June 26, 2006; Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  143. ↑ World Prison Brief; Russian Federation
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  145. ↑ Russia Condemned for 'Disappearance' of Chechen
  146. ↑ a b Human Rights Situation in Chechnya - Abuses by Russian forces . Human Rights Watch , April 7, 2003; Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  147. ↑ Five people abducted in Chechnya . BBC , January 5, 2004; Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  148. ^ Widespread Torture in the Chechen Republic, Human Rights Watch , Nov. 13, 2006; Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  149. ^ Anna Neistat: Diary London Review of Books July 6, 2006; Retrieved March 26, 2009.
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  151. ^ Anna Politkovskaya: Stalinism Forever The Washington Post , April 1, 2006; Retrieved March 28, 2009.
  152. ^ Attacks on the Press in 2007 , Committee to Protect Journalists , February 5, 2008; Retrieved on March 28, 2009. "Fourteen journalists have been slain in direct relation to their work during Putin's tenure, making Russia the world's third-deadliest nation for the press."
  153. ↑ David Hearst: Obituary: Anna Politkowskaja The Guardian , October 9, 2006; accessed on March 31, 2009.
  154. ^ Central Europe and the Republics of the Former Soviet Union ( en ) Committee to Protect Journalsits. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  155. ↑ Journalists Killed in 1995: 51 Confirmed ( en ) CPJ. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
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  157. ↑ 24 Journalists Killed For Their Work IN 2000. Highest Tolls in Colombia, Russia, and Sierra Leone ( en ) CPJ. January 4, 2001. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  158. ↑ Assassinations Continue In Dagestan ( English ) The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  159. ↑ Official court website (German)
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  162. ↑ Steven Lee Myers: Russia Moves to Increase Control Over Charities and Other Groups The New York Times , November 23, 2005; accessed on March 31, 2009.
  163. ↑ Peter Finn: Russia Halts Activities of Many Groups From Abroad . In: The Washington Post , October 19, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2009. 
  164. ^ Alastair Gee: Crackdown on NGOs pushes 600 charities out of Russia The Independent , August 22, 2007; accessed on March 31, 2009.
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  167. ↑ Russia is his seat los taz, October 30, 2016
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