Paris Agreement

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Paris Agreement

Title (engl.): Paris Agreement
Date: December 12, 2015
Come into effect: November 4, 2016, according to Art. 21
Reference: UN Treaty Collection
Vol. II Chap. 27; 7d Paris Agreement
Reference (German): Switzerland: SR 0.814.012
Liechtenstein: LR-No 0.814.012
Austria: Federal Law Gazette III No. 197/2016
EU: ABl . L 282 of October 19, 2016
Contract type: International
Legal matter: environment
Signing: 184, in force (Jan. 4, 2019)
Germany: Nov. 4, 2016
Liechtenstein: Oct. 20, 2017
Austria: Nov. 4, 2016
Switzerland: Nov. 5, 2017
EU: Nov. 4, 2016
USA: Nov. Nov 2016
Ratification : 195 (Jan. 4, 2019)
Ratification status

The Paris Agreement is based on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Please note the note on the applicable contract version .

Symbolic signing on Earth Day ( April 22, 2016 ) in New York

The Paris Convention ( French Accord de Paris , english Paris Agreement is) an agreement of 195 Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with the aim of climate protection in succession to the Kyoto Protocol .

The agreement was passed on December 12, 2015 at the UN climate conference in Paris by all contracting parties of the UNFCCC, 195 states and the European Union at the time, and provides for the limitation of man-made global warming to well below 2 ° C compared to pre-industrial values. An overview study by Steffen et al. (2018) suggests, however, that the 2-degree target may not be enough to eliminate irreversible feedback from tilting elements in the Earth systemsafe to prevent, which would then transfer the earth's climate into a hot period, the temperature of which would be several degrees above today's temperature. Therefore, according to the authors, a more ambitious temperature limit should be aimed for in order to minimize these risks as far as possible. The IPCC's special report of 1.5 ° C global warming from 2018 also warns of irreversible consequences in this context, as well as of the further increase in heat extremes, heavy precipitation and droughts, and an additional rise in sea levels.

As of November 7, 2017, all countries except Syria recognize the Paris Agreement. In the same month, Syria also announced its intention to join. Even Nicaragua had joined after it had initially rejected the candidate because it considered the commitments in the contract to be too weak. US President Trump announced the withdrawal of the US from the agreement on June 1, 2017 .

The Paris Agreement came into force on November 4, 2016, 30 days after 55 countries, which also cause at least 55% of emissions, had ratified . On November 3, 2016, one day before the agreement came into force, a total of 92 states had ratified the agreement. In addition, 163 countries had drawn up climate protection plans, for the Federal Republic of Germany this is the Climate Protection Plan 2050 with a long list of politically controversial individual measures. In Switzerland, the CO 2 law that has been in force since 2000 is being adapted; The core element remains the financially neutral CO 2 incentive tax; interim targets are set and checked ( evaluation), air traffic within Switzerland as well as to and from countries in the European Economic Area is also required.

Legal instruments can be enacted in the Framework Convention on Climate Change in order to achieve the objectives of the Convention. For the period from 2008 to 2020, greenhouse gas reduction measures have already been agreed with the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and its 2012 Doha amendments . From 2020, the regulations of the Paris Agreement will apply.

The World Climate Conference and the Paris Agreement received the Princess of Asturias Prize for International Cooperation for 2016.

Objectives of the Convention

The aim of the Convention is set out in Article 2 "Improving Implementation" of the UNFCCC as follows:

(a) Limit the rise in global mean temperature to well below 2 ° C above pre-industrial levels; Efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 ° C above pre-industrial levels. This should significantly reduce the risks and effects of climate change ;
(b) increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change , promoting resilience to climate change and promoting development that is low in greenhouse gas emissions while not threatening food production;
(c) Compatibility of financial flows with a path towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate resilient development.

The objectives of the convention in detail

(a) 1.5 degree target: The countries have set themselves the goal of limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees as possible. The tightening of the target (previously 2 degrees) was due in particular to pressure from the southern countries, as they are already suffering from enormous damage due to long periods of drought, elsewhere from massive storms and floods and have recorded many deaths. Low-lying states such as Bangladesh or many island states are threatened by the rising sea level . Accordingly, the states have decided to try to limit the warming to 1.5 degrees instead of the previous 2 degrees.

Before the climate negotiations began in Paris, 187 countries submitted national climate action plans and corresponding CO 2 reduction targets to the UN . However, the CO 2 reduction targets submitted so far are not sufficient for this, they would lead to global warming of around 2.7 degrees.

In order to stay within the set limits, the contracting states must increase their reduction commitments accordingly. The so-called "lifting mechanism" should ensure this. It works like this:

Under the transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, the contracting states have to report regularly on the progress of target implementation, and the reports are subjected to an international assessment. The information gathered in the transparency framework is then fed into the global stocktake , in which the collective progress towards achieving the long-term goals is balanced. The results of this inventory should in turn be taken into account when determining the national climate protection contributions and thus contribute to an increase in ambition. 

(b) Promotion of climate resistance: The climatic conditions will change and adaptation measures will be required, for example in order to adapt dikes to rising sea levels. Agriculture must adapt to the shift in climatic zones. Cities have to adapt and avoid inner-city heat islands through cold air corridors. Water retention systems, streams and rivers have to cope with heavy rain . Transformers must not fail at high temperatures. The energy supply must not be jeopardized by rivers carrying cooling water during hot spells in summer and low water levels. Roads and highways have to be built heat-resistant.

Promotion of lower greenhouse gas emissions: In order to be able to achieve the 2-degree target , the emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases must be gradually eliminated. Fossil CO 2 emissions are reduced, for example, by adding 5–10% bioethanol to the E-10 fuel . The replacement of fossil fuels with renewable raw materials should not endanger the food production of the growing world population . Another contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions could be the introduction of global CO 2-Be tax , as the IMF boss Christine Lagarde demands.

(c) Compatibility of financial flows with climate targets: The Paris Agreement set the overarching goal of "reconciling financial flows with a path towards low-greenhouse gas-emission and climate-resilient development" - and thus away from carbon-intensive ones Investments.

In connection with so-called climate finance , i.e. the financing of climate protection and adaptation in developing countries, it was also agreed that the industrialized countries would spend 100 billion dollars annually between 2020 and 2025 for restructuring their energy supply, but also to help repair the damage caused by climate change. However, a large part of this money will probably flow into developing countries as private-sector investments and only a comparatively small proportion from public sources for the repair of climate-related damage that is already necessary today. By 2025, other more developed emerging economies such as B. China also provide support on a “voluntary basis”. Starting in 2026, a new climate fund, which will exceed 100 billion US dollars, is to be launched, in which the emerging countries are also to make a binding contribution.

Regulation of climate-related losses and damage : Although the established climate fund already contains money - albeit in an insufficient amount - that can be used to remedy climate damage, the USA in particular has explicitly avoided making the compensation for climate change-related damage binding in the Convention is regulated.

Necessary measures to achieve the goals

Necessary paths to reduce emissions in order to meet the two-degree target agreed in the Paris Agreement without negative emissions, depending on the emission peak

Translated into scientific terms, the agreement means adhering to the two-degree target with a probability of more than 66% and at the same time having a 50% chance of the 1.5 ° C limit. This results in a fixed CO 2 budget , i.e. an upper limit for the maximum emissions that can still be released. Including a small risk buffer for feedback that will reinforce climate change or delays in the use of negative emissions , a maximum of 700 billion tons of carbon dioxide may be emitted worldwide by 2100.

The climate scientist Glen Peters sums up the challenges that negative emissions pose to decision-makers as follows: “The media is teeming with images of wind turbines and solar panels. That is all well and good, but if we are to achieve the goals set in the Paris Agreement, what are known as negative emissions are required - so that we are removing CO 2 already released into the atmosphere and removing it on a large scale. But little is said about it, although politicians are beginning to understand the enormous task this is. ”Indeed, achieving the Paris goals is not possible without negative emissions.

On the basis of this initial data, a roadmap with concrete climate protection steps was published in Science in 2017 , with which the Paris goals can be met. Accordingly, global greenhouse gas emissions must peak by 2020 at the latest and then halve every decade. This means that emissions must fall from 40 billion tons in 2020 to 20 billion tons in 2030, 10 billion tons in 2040 and 5 billion tons in 2050. In parallel, the proportion of carbon dioxide-free energy sources must be doubled every five to seven years, which is the historical development of renewable energiesin the past decade (doubling every 5.4 years). In addition, negative emissions will be necessary for this scenario before the middle of the 21st century. H. the active removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. If negative emissions are not used, the energy transition must be completed by 2040 at the latest.

According to the UN's “Emissions Gap Report 2017”, an important factor in achieving the agreed climate protection targets is that strong climate protection measures are implemented quickly. In addition, the large gap between the agreed climate protection goals and the promised measures must be closed. As of October 2017, the states' climate protection measures include only a third of the emission reductions that would be necessary to achieve the agreed 2-degree target. If this gap is not closed by 2030 at the latest, it is unrealistic to still achieve the 2-degree target. The UNEP names the expansion of wind and solar energy and the increase in energy efficiency as the most important measuresin applications and in automobiles, reforestation of forests, and stopping deforestation.

In its special report of 1.5 ° C global warming, the IPCC assesses the national reduction targets set in the agreement as clearly too low. "Paths reflecting these targets would not limit global warming to 1.5 ° C, even if supplemented with very ambitious increases in the scope and targets of emissions reductions after 2030". An additional reduction of around twice as much is required to meet the 1.5 degree target.

Ratification and Entry into Force

During the UN Climate Change Conference in 2011 , the so-called Durban Platform (and the ad-hoc working group for the Durban Platform for the purpose of more detailed measures) was founded with the aim of negotiating a legal instrument that will then define climate protection measures from 2020.

Paris Agreement signed and ratified Signed but not yet ratified Signatory and ratifying states of the European Union




The agreement was adopted on December 12, 2015 at the UN climate conference in Paris . In April 2016, 175 states, including the United States, China and Germany, signed the convention. At the beginning of September 2016, the US adopted the treaty and the People's Republic of China ratified it, one day before the G-20 summit in China . The two are the countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions . Before that, some small states and many island states had already completed the ratification process. On September 21 - International Day of Peace - 31 other states, including Brazil , Mexico ,Argentina and the United Arab Emirates . This means that 60 countries have joined, which are responsible for around 48% of emissions. In Germany , the Bundestag and Bundesrat approved ratification at the end of September 2016; the formal conclusion of the ratification by handing over the documents to the UN took place on October 5, 2016. On October 2, 2016, the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi , India ratified the agreement as the third largest greenhouse gas producer, whereby 62 states have ratified, accepted, approved or acceded that cause 51.89 percent of emissions.

The European Union , Canada and Nepal ratified the treaty on October 5, 2016 . At this point in time, 71 states, which are responsible for around 57% of global greenhouse gas emissions, had joined the agreement, which means that the two thresholds 55% of emissions and 55 states are met. Therefore, the agreement came into force on November 4, 2016, 30 days after the two thresholds were exceeded.

As of November 17, 2016, when the United Kingdom acceded, a total of 111 states had ratified the agreement.

On May 8, 2017, with the ratification by Georgia, 145 states corresponded to a total of 82.95 percent of global emissions.

After the G20 summit in Hamburg in 2017 , Turkish President Erdoğan questioned his country's ratification of the agreement. It should not be passed in parliament as long as the "promises made to Turkey" are not fulfilled.

Switzerland ratified the agreement on October 6, 2017 and entered into force on November 5, 2017.

On May 13, 2018, 176 states ratified the agreement.

Completed and announced resignations

United States of America

On June 1, 2017, US President Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement. The contract is very unfair to the US. Therefore he wants to conduct new negotiations. He was elected to represent Pittsburgh, not Paris. The day before it became known that a committee with the cooperation of the then EPO head Scott Pruitt would coordinate the further steps for the exit. In the 2016 election campaign , Trump announced the US would withdraw from the agreement. Trump also stated in the speech that the US would stop implementing all the commitments made at the Paris meeting “from today”, including payments to theGreen Climate Fund .

The exit process was initiated on November 4, 2019.

The Trump administration was divided on the issue of withdrawal. The head of the EPA's environmental protection agency, Scott Pruitt, and then advisors Stephen Bannon and Stephen Miller were considered the most vehement supporters of an exit . Trump himself had claimed that man-made climate change was invented by China in order to economically harm American factories. The then Foreign Minister Rex Tillerson , Trump's daughter Ivanka and her husband Jared Kushner are said to be in favor of remaining in the agreementhave pronounced. In opinion polls, 71% of Americans and 57% of Republicans said the US should stay in the deal. Many of the largest US companies, including oil and coal companies, also wanted to remain in the agreement. The fossil fuel industry was split over the decision of what reflected the two basic strategies in dealing with global warming: Part of the industry continues to try to level the research results by cherry-picking and launch attacks on the UN processes, while another part of the research results and instead tries to convince politicians of “clean coal” and energy efficiency and thus political support for new coal-fired power plantswith “low emissions”. In contrast, a group of 22 Republican senators, who have received more than 10 million US dollars from the fossil energy industry in the past five years , campaigned for a resignation. Among these were u. a. Mitch McConnell (* 1942), James Inhofe (* 1934), Rand Paul (* 1963) and the Texan Ted Cruz .

Trump's decision to leave has been criticized by senior politicians and bosses of very large companies around the world. UN General Secretary António Guterres , Chancellor Angela Merkel , French President Emmanuel Macron , Italy's Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni and EU Energy Commissioner Miguel Arias Cañete expressed their regret at the decision. Former US President Barack Obama criticized the Trump administration as joining “a small handful of nations that deny the future”. The Catholic Bishops' Conference in the USAexpressed outrage and stressed that the decision would not only damage the US, but the entire world and especially the poorest communities. Even before Trump's official exit announcement, many countries with significant climate policy such as the PR China , India , France and Canada declared that they would adhere to the agreement regardless of Trump's decision.

A Guardian commentator wrote that the decision was the climate denial industry's biggest success to date . Several of her key figures such as B. Myron Ebell even received an invitation to the Annunciation in the White House Rose Garden . It is now time to take this denial industry seriously. The New York Times mentioned the resignation in an editorial"Shameful", writing that the only clear winners were "hardcore climate deniers" like Scott Pruitt and Stephen Bannon and fossil fuel stakeholders. Only future generations will be able to appreciate the full extent of Trump's “incredibly short-sighted approach to climate change”. The exit is a "terrible decision", which "in large neon letters" shows that Trump has nothing about climate research, Know or care little about environmental damage and the problems that arise from it; that he is not aware that the US is historically the largest producer of carbon dioxide and therefore has a special obligation; that it was not clear to him what further diplomatic damage the decision would cause; that his breach of official duties could lead other states to withdraw from the agreement or to reduce their obligations. Perhaps most amazing of all, however, is that, as the astute businessman he claims to be, he appears to be blind to the damage his exit decision is having on American economic interests.

Climate change researcher Benjamin D. Santer called Trump's retreat speech an "amazing concentrate of some of the worst arguments put forward by climate confounders and fossil energy lobbyists," and that was politely put. According to fact checks by the media, almost all of the sentences in Trump's exit declaration were incorrect and contained misrepresentations or distortions.

Three US state governors announced on June 1, 2017 that they would form an alliance of states that would continue to adhere to the Paris Agreement. The governors are Jay Inslee for Washington State , Andrew Cuomo for New York State, and Jerry Brown for California . The next day, six governors announced that their respective states would join the alliance: Dannel Malloy ( Connecticut ), Charlie Baker ( Massachusetts ), Phil Scott ( Vermont ), Gina Raimondo (Rhode Island ), Kate Brown ( Oregon ), and David Ige ( Hawaii ). In June, the United States Climate Alliance was joined by Governors Terry McAuliffe ( Virginia ), Mark Dayton ( Minnesota ) and John C. Carney Jr. ( Delaware ) as well as Puerto Rico , a suburb of the USA, through its Governor Ricky Rosselló . In July, the Governor announced Colorado , John Hickenlooper , the accession of the state.

Representatives of several American cities, states and companies announced that they would commit themselves to the United Nations to continue to adhere to the Paris Agreement.

On November 4, 2020, the USA officially withdrew from the climate agreement.

Brazil

Jair Bolsonaro , who was elected as the new President of Brazil at the end of October 2018 , also announced in his election campaign that his country might withdraw from the world climate agreement.

Human rights and climate action

The significance of the Paris Agreement for the question of human rights and the possibilities for legal action that can be derived from the climate protection obligations cannot yet be conclusively assessed. In this context, a report by the Research Center for Sustainability and Climate Policy (Leipzig / Berlin) under the direction of Felix Ekardt deals with the goals of the Convention, which are binding under international law, and the possibilities of demanding the proposed climate protection goals.

In November 2018 it became known that eleven individual plaintiffs, including the CSU politician Josef Göppel , the actor Hannes Jaenicke and the renewable energy researcher Volker Quaschning , as well as the Association for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany (BUND) and the solar energy support association Germany ( SFV) filed a constitutional complaint against the federal government at the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhesurveyed: Germany is failing in terms of environmental protection by definitely missing its climate targets for 2020 and because there are no “suitable legal provisions to combat climate change”; In doing so, it violates the "duty to protect" life and physical integrity, the freedom of action and property of the population as well as a fundamental right to an "ecological subsistence level" claimed by the complainants. The court is now examining the acceptance or admissibility of the claim.

Disputes over climate issues are increasingly being settled in court. In 2017, 884 processes were pending in 24 countries around the world in which climate issues play a role.

literature

  • Jörg Sommer , Michael Müller (Ed.): Below 2 degrees? What the world climate treaty really brings . S. Hirzel, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-7776-2570-6 .
  • Felix Ekardt , Jutta Wieding, Anika Zorn: Paris Agreement, Precautionary Principle and Human Rights. Zero Emissions in Two Decades . In: Sustainability . tape 10 , no. 8 , 2018, 2812, doi : 10.3390 / su10082812 (English).
  • Henning Laux : Clockwork Society: The World Climate Conference in Paris as an arena of social synchronization. In: space and time. Sociological observations on social space-time. Special issue of the journal for theoretical sociology. Beltz Juventa, 2017, ISBN 978-3-7799-3519-3 , pp. 246-279.

Web links

Commons : Paris Agreement  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ United Nations, Collection of International Treaties: Paris Agreement. July 28, 2020, accessed on July 15, 2020 (July 2020: 194 countries and the European Union).
  2. ↑ UNFCCC : Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change: 195 Nations Set Path to Keep Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius ( Memento from January 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). Press release of December 12, 2015. Accessed January 17, 2016.
  3. ^ Maria Ivanova: B. Politics, Economics, and Society . In: Daniel Klein, María Pía Carazo, Meinhard Doelle, Jane Bulmer, Andrew Higham (Eds.): The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Analysis and Commentary . Oxford University Press, July 2017, pp. 17 (English): "[...] 196 Parties to the Convention (195 nations and the European Union (EU)) unanimously adopted the Paris Agreement [...]."
  4. ^ Will Steffen et al .: Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 2018, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1810141115 (English).
  5. ^ Nicaragua to sign Paris Agreement, leaving America and Syria as the only countries not in it . In: The Independent , September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
  6. ↑ Syria signs Paris climate agreement and leaves US isolated . In: The Guardian , November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  7. ^ Report on climate protection. Uno warns of human tragedy . In: Spiegel-Online , November 3, 2016. Accessed November 3, 2016.
  8. ↑ Consultation from August 31 , 2016 to November 30, 2016 on Switzerland's future climate policy , FOEN on admin.ch , updated August 19, 2016. Accessed November 7, 2016.
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  35. ↑ the largest city in the industrial region of the Appalachians and iconic for the Rust Belt (formerly Manufacturing Belt).
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  47. ↑ White House debate on Paris was never about climate change . In: Climatechangenews , June 2, 2017. Accessed June 2, 2017.
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  49. ↑ Everyone is against Trump in the Paris Agreement . In: Der Tagesspiegel, June 1, 2017. Accessed June 2, 2017.
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  72. ↑ Sybille Klormann: climate policy of the federal government to court. In: zeit.de . November 23, 2018, accessed March 3, 2018 .
  73. ↑ Sandra Kirchner: Constitutional Complaint: Accusation: Failed climate policy endangers fundamental rights. Because politicians are not keeping their climate protection promises, several plaintiffs now want to increase the pressure to act and are taking the federal government and parliament to court. But the hurdles for constitutional complaints are enormous. www.klimareporter.de, December 3, 2018, accessed on March 3, 2019 .
  74. ↑ Christian Rath: Constitutional action for the climate: It's about life, property, the environment. Environmentalists are calling the Federal Constitutional Court so that Germany can finally take climate protection seriously. There are successful role models. taz.de , November 23, 2018, accessed on March 3, 2019 .
  75. ↑ Bernhard Pötter: Families against EU: For the climate in front of the court. Ten families are suing the EU because they want to achieve stricter CO2 targets. This is the trend: around the world, politics is made in around 1,000 processes. taz.de, May 26, 2018, accessed on May 27, 2018 .