Buttercup

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Buttercup
Field buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis), illustration

Field buttercup ( Ranunculus arvensis ), illustration

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Ranunculeae
Genre : Buttercup
Scientific name
Ranunculus
L.

The species-rich plant genus Ranunculus , including Ranunculus ( lat. Ranunculus ), belongs to the family of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It occurs almost worldwide.

etymology

The common name buttercup refers to the bird's foot-like leaves. Since the Middle Ages, it has been used as a hanenvuoz, mostly for Ranuncula acees with three- to five-part leaves.

The botanical genus name Ranunculus is derived from the Latin word ranunculus for "little frog", either because many of the species thrive particularly in damp locations - where frogs also live, or because of their tadpole-shaped fruits ("little frog" = "tadpole").

description

Vegetative characteristics

Buttercup species grow as annual or perennial herbaceous plant . Most species thrive terrestrially, some species as swamp plants and a few species as flooding aquatic plants . Depending on the species, tuberous storage roots, rhizomes , stolons or a tuberous stem base can be formed. The upright, rising to prostrate, rarely flooding stem is usually leafy.

Most alternate, both basal and on the stem arranged distributed leaves can be stalked. The top pair of leaves is rarely opposite ( Ranunculus sect. Flammula ). The petiole has a leaf sheath at its base. The leaf blade can be undivided, usually it is more or less deeply divided. The leaf margin is smooth, notched, serrated or serrated.

Inflorescence and flowers

The flowers are solitary or two to fifty in terminal or lateral, simple or branched, up to 25 cm large, zymous inflorescences together. There may be small to large foliage-like bracts .

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry . The base of the flower (receptaculum) is more or less convex. The flower base sometimes forms an androgynophore , for example in Ranunculus angustisepalus . There are usually five (three to seven) free, 1 to 15 mm long sepals which are mostly green, sometimes dark red to purple, yellow or white; they are mostly flat and usually decay faster than the petals. Very rarely, in Ranunculus angustisepalus the sepals have appendages, or in Ranunculus ficaria the base is sack-shaped. The usually five (three to ten) free petals are often referred to as nectar leaves, they are nailed, flat, with a length of 1 to 26 mm linear to circular and have a nectar gland at their base, which is usually covered by a scale. The nectar leaves are often yellow and, due to drops of oil in the outermost epidermis, glossy inside, in some species they are also white, but then with a yellow center, very rarely they are red. There are usually many, rarely only five to ten, fertile stamens . The mostly many (4 to 250) free carpels are rarely stalked , for example in Ranunculus podocarpus . Each carpel contains only one basal ovule . Usually a stylus can also be seen on the fruit , rarely none is developed. Usually stigmatic tissue is distributed on the stylus, rarely a discernible scar is formed.

Fruits and seeds

There are many achenes together. The spherical, egg-shaped or cylindrical, more or less flattened achenes have a mostly smooth, sometimes warty or prickly surface and often a straight or curved 0 to 4.5 mm long fruit beak (= the durable stylus), sometimes they are edged at the seam or angular. The achenes are mostly green, only in Ranunculus melanogynus they are black. The seeds have a lot of endosperm and a small embryo .

Inheritance

The basic chromosome number is rarely x = 7, usually x = 8. Ranunculus has different levels of ploidy . Apomixis and interspecific hybridization occur in many groups (for example Ranunculus polyanthemos group, Ranunculus subg. Batrachium , Ranunculus sect. Pseudadonis ).

Burning buttercup ( Ranunculus flammula )

Ingredients and toxicity

All Ranunculus species are poisonous ( protoanemonin ). Because of their pungent taste, they are avoided by cattle. However, the toxins are broken down by drying, so that hay, which contains dried buttercups, is harmless. Mown stems can cause skin irritation on contact ( meadow dermatitis ).

Because of their caustic effect (from ranunculin or ranunculol and anemonin ) , buttercups were used medicinally , especially for some skin diseases. In particular, Asian buttercups , sharp buttercups , burning buttercups, and venom buttercups were previously used to treat genital warts , hemorrhoids, and skin ulcers .

distribution

The genus Ranunculus is distributed almost worldwide with over 600 species and occurs on all continents except Antarctica . Ranunculus species thrive from tropical to high-arctic regions. The main distribution area are the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . There are around 76 species in North America . Over 60 species can be found in Central Europe . There are 125 species in China , 66 of them only there.

Ranunculus species thrive in dry to moist locations and as flooding aquatic plants. They occur from the lowlands to the high alpine altitudes . In the tropics, however, they only thrive in higher mountain areas, but are absent in the lowlands.

Systematics

Ranunculus abnormal
Monkshood buttercup ( Ranunculus aconitifolius )
Alpine buttercup ( Ranunculus alpestris )
White buttercup ( Ranunculus amplexicaulis )
Asiatic buttercup ( Ranunculus asiaticus )
Mountain buttercup ( Ranunculus breyninus )
Flower of the bulbous buttercup ( Ranunculus bulbosus ) with sepals folded back
Ranunculus bullatus
Ranunculus bupleuroides
Ranunculus californicus
Carinthian buttercup ( Ranunculus carinthiacus )
Spreading water crowfoot ( Ranunculus circinatus )
Ranunculus cortusifolius
Ranunculus demissus
Ranunculus eschscholtzii
Flooding buttercup ( Ranunculus fluitans )
Glacier buttercup ( Ranunculus glacialis )
Grass-leaved buttercup ( Ranunculus gramineus )
Ivy-leaved water crowfoot ( Ranunculus hederaceus )
Bastard buttercup, Ranunculus hybridus
Ranunculus hyperboreus
Flower of the Illyrian buttercup ( Ranunculus illyricus ) with sepals turned back
Woolly buttercup ( Ranunculus lanuginosus )
Tongue buttercup ( Ranunculus lingua )
Ranunculus lyallii , a New Zealand species
Mountain buttercup ( Ranunculus montanus )
Ranunculus ollissiponensis
Ranunculus ophioglossifolius
Ranunculus paludosus
Heart-leaved buttercup ( Ranunculus parnassiifolius )
Ranunculus parviflorus
Shield water crowfoot ( Ranunculus peltatus )
Ranunculus pollinensis
Ranunculus pseudomontanus
Dwarf buttercup ( Ranunculus pygmaeus )
Pyrenean buttercup ( Ranunculus pyrenaeus )
Rough buttercup ( Ranunculus sardous )
Venom buttercup ( Ranunculus sceleratus )
Seguier buttercup ( Ranunculus seguieri )
Shield-leaved buttercup ( Ranunculus thora )

The genus name Ranunculus was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Ranunculus auricomus L. was established as the lectotype in 1913 . The genus Ranunculus belongs to the tribe Ranunculeae in the subfamily Ranunculoideae within the family Ranunculaceae .

The structure of the genus Ranunculus is controversial, with some authors the sub-genera are listed as separate genera; This is also one of the reasons for the wide range in the specification of the number of species (from 300 to over 600). Synonyms for Ranunculus L. s. l. are: Aphanostemma A. St.-Hil. , Arcteranthis Greene , Batrachium (DC.) Gray , Casalea A. St.-Hil. , Gampsoceras Steven , Peltocalathos Tamura . According to K. Emadzade et al. In 2010 the tribe Ranunculeae contains a large genus Ranunculus with over 600 species and many small genera, newly or re-separated from it, with a total of around 50 species.

There are over 600 Ranunculus species (selection):

The genus does not include, for example:

  • Ficaria ficarioides (Bory & Chaub.) Halácsy (Syn .: Ranunculus ficarioides Bory & Chaub. )
  • Lesser celandine ( Ficaria verna Huds. ) (Syn .: Ranunculus ficaria L. )

Combat

In agriculture, there are few buttercups such as T. as " weeds ". For example, buttercups are combated with the herbicide glyphosate in spring or with glufosinate or MCPA in late summer .

swell

literature

  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 146-149 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 , p. 279-299 .
  • Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 4: Dicotyledones (Lauraceae - Rhamnaceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1989, ISBN 2-8277-0154-5 , pp. 417-441 (on- line ).
  • Wang Wencai, Michael G. Gilbert: Ranunculus. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 391 (English, online ). (Section description)
  • Alan T. Whittemore: Ranunculus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 88-133 (English, online ). (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • Khatere Emadzade, Carlos Lehnebach, Peter Lockhart, Elvira Hörandl: A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae). In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 3, 2010, pp. 809-828 ( PDF file ). (Section systematics)
  • Khatere Emadzade: Molecular phylogeny, evolution and biogeography of Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) and related genera. Dissertation at the University of Vienna, January 2010 ( PDF file; 6.5 MB ). (Distribution section)
  • Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , pages 1672–1676.
  • Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , pp. 117-221.

Web links

Commons : Buttercup ( Ranunculus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 396-400 .
  2. ↑ Josef Domes: Notes on the pharmacology of the buttercup. In: Würzburger medical historical reports 7, 1989, p. 337 f.
  3. ↑ Ranunculus in BoDD - Botanical Dermatology Database
  4. ^ Josef Domes (1989)
  5. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 548 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D548%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  6. ^ Ranunculus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ^ A b Ranunculus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  8. ↑ Entry in ThePlantList .
  9. ↑ Münchner Gold-Ranunculus Ranunculus monacensis Description Systematics. Retrieved April 18, 2020 .
  10. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , p. 119.
  11. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , p. 120.
  12. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , p. 122.
  13. ↑ Karl Heinz Rechinger, Jürgen Damboldt (ed.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, completely revised edition. Volume III. Part 3: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 1 (Nymphaeaceen, Ceratophyllaceen, Magnoliaceae, Paeoniaceen, Ranunculaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-446-10432-1 , p. 232–317 (published in deliveries 1965–1974).
  14. ↑ Work diary 2014 of the fruit growing research institute Jork , p. 185.