Schnewlin

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Coat of arms of the Lords of Schnebelin (Schnewlin)

The Schnewlin family , also known as Snewlin or Snewelin , was a southern German patrician dynasty from Freiburg im Breisgau and one of the most influential families in Breisgau . The coats of arms of the 14 lines differed by a different helmet ornament, the shield was always divided equally by gold and green.

history

The Schnewlin gentlemen are considered to be the oldest Freiburg patrician family, which, as a widely branched family with 14 lines in the Freiburg im Breisgau area , owned extensive fiefs . The exact origin of the gender is not clearly established. Joseph Bader and Peter Paul Albert question the noble freedom of the Snewlins. According to their theory, they came to Freiburg as servants in the wake of the Counts of Urach from Swabia . Helmut Maurer initially looks at the Snewlins Ministeriales based on the oldest constitutional documents of Freiburg . He later corrected himself and then assumed that the Snewlins go back to merchants, as there is no evidence of a ministerial position in Freiburg. In addition, according to Konrad von Zähringen's market law document, the law of the Cologne merchants was to be applied in the merchant town of Freiburg, which ministerial authorities only allowed living with the consent of the citizens or after their release by their master.

Current historical research assumes that the Snewlin are descendants of Hohenstaufen ministerials who, in order to become citizens of Freiburg, severed their legal ties to ministeriality. This assumption is based, among other things, on the fact that they are often mentioned together with other ministerials and that they were related to the Staufer Vogt von Mühlhausen, who belonged to the Staufer ministeriality. The time at which the Snewlins came to Freiburg must be before the first evidence of 1215, as it is very unlikely that the new citizens of Schnewlin were appointed mayor in the city's highest office after only five years in 1220 .

The Snewlin family with the brothers Hermann and Konrad Snewlin is mentioned for the first time in a list of witnesses from May 1, 1215 as "cunradus Snewli, frater eius hermannus" . In 1220, Konrad was named as "Chonradus Sneuwelinus scultetus" as the mayor of the city of Freiburg. In 1217 the abbess of the Waldkirch monastery, Konrad Snewlin (I), and his heirs awarded the Neubruch tithes on the Schlierberg . This is also the first attested grant of a right to a citizen of Freiburg by a clergy or secular lord. In 1235/36 the family is mentioned in Alsatian documents. The second attested award to Konrad Snewlin (I) is a real vasallitic fiefdom, the tithe in Biengen . Only 270 years later this fief fell back to the abbey through the death of Bartholomäus Snewlin. In the 16th century, Sebastian Münster reported in his Cosmographey about both the family and the snow castle . Other reports can be found in the Historia nigrae Silvae the abbot of St. Blaise , Martin Gerbert , of a certificate Emperor Leopold I reported.

In the 13th century, the Schnewlins acquired extensive property in the Breisgau. These included farms in Kirchhofen , Umkirch , Bischoffingen , Krozingen , houses in the Salzgasse in Freiburg, d. H. the family was interested in goods and rights that would guarantee them regular income. They bought land and real estate from the original fiefdoms who had run into financial difficulties. These included the Lords of Staufen , the Lords of Üsenberg and the Bishops of Strasbourg . They are also bailiffs of the Oberrieder monastery .

In the 14th century, the focus was on the acquisition of castles, around 1300 Landeck Castle , around 1317 the village of Ebnet , 1318 Wiesneck Castle , 1323 Wiger Castle near Emmendingen, 1327 Zähringen Castle , 1328 Neu-Falkenstein Castle and at the latest 1336 a share in the Ganerbeburg Castle Keppenbach .

In 1310 the Counts of Freiburg sold the Bergregal in Möhlintal to Schnewlin von Bernlapp. Johannes Schnewlin (the Gresser) built the Birchiburg there in 1347 with a 3.5 meter thick shield wall . In a punitive action, the city of Freiburg had the castle destroyed in 1377. It is believed that the Schnewlins had violated the sales regulation of 1258, which forbade the sale of silver from the Black Forest to mints other than Freiburg with the threat of heavy penalties. Conrad Schnewlin had the castle rebuilt in 1406 and a branch of the Schnewlins was called Schnewlin von Birchiberg from then on.

How did the family's wealth come about? Starting from a base wealth, which came from the income from ministeriality and the income that the Snewlin acquired as mayors and councilors, they lent money to ecclesiastical and secular lords. At the beginning of the 14th century, Schnewlin von Bernlapp, Johann Snewlin the Gresser, Schnewlin von Wißneck and Konrad Dietrich Snewlin are creditors of the Lords of Falkenstein , the Counts of Freiburg, the Lords of Keppenbach , the Duke of Teck , the Lords of Üsenberg and other lords and monasteries. The family was involved in pits in the Obermünstertal, in the Todtnau area, on the Birkenberg, near Keppenbach Castle, in Zähringen and in Ehrenstetten . There were also pawn shops.

In the dispute between the Habsburgs and the Confederates , Messrs. Schnewlin fought on the side of the Habsburgs in the Battle of Sempach . Three, possibly even four representatives of the sex were killed. The coats of arms of the fallen can still be seen in the battle chapel of Sempach today ( "Her Thomann vo Berenlapp" and "Dietrich un Hans Schnewelii" ). In 1378 the Schnewlins appointed the mayor of Freiburg and nine patricians of this house had a seat and vote on the Freiburg city council. After the bloodletting of Sempach initially only eight patricians remained in the city council, but in 1388 there were nine members of the Snewlin family again.

The origin of the gender name cannot be clearly determined. It is possible to derive from mhd. Snê, which means snow, or from mhd. Snebelîn, diminutive of mhd. Snabel, which means beak. In Alemannic usage , woodworking by carving is called sniffing . What is certain is that the name cannot be derived from the Wild Snow Castle, as it was only built by the Snewlins in the 14th century. Snewli, Snewelin, Snewlin, Schneblin, Schnewlin, Schnebelin, Snewelin and Schnewlin are different spellings of the same name.

The last offspring of the Schnewlin family from Breisgau, Franz Xavier Bernlapp Freiherr von Bollschweil, died in Freiburg in 1837 and is buried in the old cemetery . During his lifetime he had returned all of his fiefs to the Baden state . The Merzhausen Castle was one of his possessions .

Lines of sex

The 13th century Snewlins

  • Konrad Snewlin I, mayor of Freiburg 1220 to 1227
    • Konrad Snewlin called in Curia or in the court mayor of Freiburg 1248/1249, 1251–1256 has property in Adelhausen
      • Knight Dietrich Snewlin, Konrad's eldest son, bought large estates from the Wettingen monastery for 1,000 silver marks , including the farm in Riehen north of Basel. It was the largest documented purchase of land by a single Freiburg citizen in the 13th century. Three years later he exchanged a large part of this property with the Bishop of Basel for properties in Bischoffingen, Kirchhofen and Umkirch.
    • Konrad Snewlin called junior or the boy is married to Junta. He has properties in Oberried and Schliengen .
      • Konrad Snewlin is also known as the boy, he is the tenant owner of the Murbacher Widemhof and the Dinghof in Schliengen.
      • Konrad Snewlin is probably the cleric Konrad Snewlin, who was in a dispute with Magister Konrad von Freiburg over the Wolfenweiler parish church, which he lost through a decision by Pope Alexander IV , evidenced by a letter dated July 15, 1255.
      • Johann Snewlin, Vogt of the Oberrieder monastery, is not proven, but he sealed important documents of the monastery, such as the sales deed of April 6, 1293.
      • On June 10, 1308, Johann Snewlin is explicitly referred to as the voget over the same closter .
    • Johann Snewlin with no witnessed descendants
    • Anna
  • A Konrad D. Snewlin, knight, appears as the husband of Suse von Stauffenberg between 1351 and 1400 .

The Snewlins of the 14th and 15th centuries

Schnewlin from Bernlapp

  • Knight Schnewlin von Bernlapp (also Berenlapp or Bärenlapp) is the grandson of Konrad Snewlin the Elder. J. He was mayor of Freiburg from 1313 to 1319 and from 1320 to 1342. Bollschweil and Sölden belonged to his property . The possession of a permanent house has been proven since 1303, as von Bernlapp allied himself with Freiburg with his hus zu Bolswiler on January 14, 1303 . On July 26, 1317, he and his cousin Schnewlin von Wießneck acquired all the fiefs that Konrad Kolman had given up in Herdern , including all rights in fiefdoms wis and fiefdoms . In 1327 von Bernlapp bought the Freiburg Count Konrad and Friedrich Zähringen Castle with the villages of Gundelfingen , Holdental, Wildtal and Zähringen for 303 silver marks and moved his ancestral home to the castle. However, since this was an imperial pledge, von Bernlapp agreed on a right of repurchase with the counts at the time of purchase, if the empire would force the counts to buy back. With the acquisition of the castle the right to high jurisdiction in Gundelfingen was connected. Thus all sovereign rights that the dukes of Zähringen once had in the hands of the Freiburg patrician. Part of the Keppenbach Castle also belonged to the acquired property, but the size of the part and how it came into the possession of Bernlapps can no longer be traced. It is possible that the indebted Keppenbachers had to sell or pledge a part, or that von Bernlapp came into possession through his marriage to Anna, the daughter of Dietrich von Keppenbach. This connection is proven by a document dated September 12, 1306. No other major acquisitions by the family are documented. However, in addition to their father's property, von Bernlapp's sons inherit extensive possessions from their father's brother, Johann Snewlin the Gresser. These include the villages of Eschbach , Tunsel , Schmidhofen and Weiler.

Johann Snewlin the Great

  • Knight Johann Snewlin der Gresser was mayor of Freiburg from 1327/28 and from 1330 until his death in 1347. Johann Snewlin's will of October 9, 1347 gives an overview of the wealth of the patrician. Most of the inheritance went to the Carthusian monks after Johann had already made the foundation of the Freiburg Charterhouse possible with large donations of money. The inherited silver dishes were to be used to make goblets, one of which has been preserved and is part of the Freiburg Cathedral Treasury. He also considered two altar pledges in the will, each with 60 silver marks. He is the founder of the Anne Altar (1364), the Schnewlin Altar (1479) and the Schnewlin Chapel (1528) in the Freiburg Minster . His only living son Clewi receives a benefice of 30 silver marks from the Augustinian canons, and the son of his falconer and the Eglin also receive a benefice. He bequeaths the Birchiburg to the sons of his brother Konrad Snewlin von Oberlinden, since his only son is an Augustinian monk. From then on, this branch of the family is called "von Birchiberg". The origin of the nickname of the Gresser is not clear. It can be assumed that it derives from the Latin Crassus = stout, fat - but this in the sense of "rich in property".

Schnewlin from Wiger

  • The Schnewlin von Wiger (also Weiher) had their headquarters in Weyher (Wiger) near the city of Emmendingen . The towns of Ballrechte and Dottingen belonged to their property . Knight Konrad Dietrich Schnewlin received on May 28, 1314 from Margrave Heinrich III. von Hachberg the right to build a castle in Breisgau with the special permission to build it on the property of the margrave. This privilege was not used, but on June 13, 1323, the margrave and his son granted permission to buy the castle ze Emmutingen, which (one) speaks ze Wyier, from the Freiburg Johanniterhaus . The Commander of the Johanniterhaus confirmed on January 2, 1325 the sale of the religious festivals for 55 silver marks. Connected with this was the promise made by Konrad Dietrich and his son Ottemann von Kaisersberg on August 23, 1324, that they would never turn against the Hachberg rule with their festivities , even if there were to be a dispute between Freiburg and Hachberg. In the period that followed, Konrad acquired further property near the castle, including 10 Jauchert vines from the Tennenbach Monastery and goods that Johann and Heinrich Rechtenbach had previously managed. In 1343 Konrad built another mill, which, however, was only allowed to grind for the needs of the castle, subject to a condition from the margrave. In Freiburg, Konrad owned a house on Turnergasse and another at Lehener Tor . Konrad's descendants were not so successful. Son Johann is known as the caretaker of the Malterschen property. His three sons Oswald, Konrad Dietrich and Werner were able to acquire Meiertum in Simonswald , but in the following years they lost the rule in Kirchhofen and the jurisdiction in Krozingen. In 1387 Konrad Dietrich sold his share in the king's tenth in Eschbach to Johann Tygensheim von Elzach. In addition, there was a dispute with the Hornbergers about the inheritance of the mother Beate - who was born von Hornberg. It was about the rights to the snow castle on the Schönberg and to the village of Ebringen . The dispute was settled when the brothers waived all claims for 200 guilders. After the death of the last male descendants, the Wigerschloss fell to Magdalena zum Wiger, the daughter of Erasmus Schnewlin zum Weyer (1450–1512) and his wife Catherine von Staufen (1465–1500). Magdalena was married to Claudius Böcklin von Böcklinsau . They sold it to Snewlin von Landeck in 1536.

Schnewlin from Schneuburg

  • Schnewlin von Schneuburg is the oldest line in the family. This emerges from a document from 1674, which was passed from Emperor Leopold I to Baron Wolfgang Wilhelm Bernlapp von Bollschweil. It shows that the family has existed since 1070 and was divided into 14 branches. It is not clearly proven which of the two castles, the snow castle near Ehaben or the wild snow castle near Oberried, was the ancestral seat.

Schnewlin from Landeck

  • Schnewlin von Landeck (also Landegg) acquired Landeck Castle from Heinrich von Geroldseck in 1300 by swapping it for possessions in Schliengen. The exchange took place against the will of his brother Walter von Geroldseck. After all, both brothers had agreed a mutual right of first refusal on parts of their properties. The sale of the castle was associated with a considerable loss of power for the Geroldsecker, because the building was of great strategic importance, as the castle was located on a narrow point of the Hachberg possessions. Walter von Geroldseck tried in 1301 to win back the castle by military means. The deal was not concluded until 1308, after the abbot of Murbach Monastery , fiefdom of the Schliengen court, had given his consent to the purchase. Schnewlin von Landeck had three sons: Snewli, Johann and Johann. On December 9, 1311, they sold the forest at Kappel, which the father had acquired from the Freiburg German rulers , for 40 silver marks to the Günterstal monastery, thereby paying off their debts there. There were other big sales in 1311, including all possessions to Kappel, Minrenbach, Reichenbach, Littenweiler , Oberried and the areas ane ane the castle and the violence, which the geburen give Darzu and other possessions, including all rights. The term ane die Burg refers to the Wilde Schneeburg, but it can be proven that it was not owned by the Schnewlins: Two letters of atonement from 1315 indicate that the Kolman family, who did not belong to the Schnewlin family, had the Castle owned. In 1328 the younger Johann Schnewlin acquired three quarters of the "Turm zu Falkenstein" (= Neu-Falkenstein Castle) including all rights from Werner von Staufen. This Johann was also the master of Landeck, at the latest after his brother died in 1312 without a male heir. It is noticeable that Johann was never referred to as Herr zu Landeck , but always as Johann Snewlin der Ellende . He had two sons, Konrad and Hanmann, of whom Konrad called himself Herre zu Landeg in 1350 . Hanmann Snewlin was first referred to as Herr zu Ebnet in 1348 , although Ebnet originally belonged to the rulership of the Counts of Freiburg. It is not known whether he had bought Ebnet or whether his father had already bought it. In 1350 Hanmann acquired Hochdorf . Hanmann's sons are not known. His brother Konrad had four sons: Hanmann Snewlin the elder, Hanmann, Dietrich and Ottemann. In 1517 David Schnewlin von Landeck bought Falkenbühl Castle .

Further

  • The Schnewlin von Kollman had their headquarters in the Wild Snow Castle. This is proven in a judgment of 1315, according to which the city of Freiburg had to replace all damage to the castle.
  • The Schnewlin von Weiler are named after the place of the same name. This fief went to the von Kageneck family in the 17th century .
  • The Schnewlin in the courtyard were based in Freiburg, as they were nicknamed Freiburg .
  • The Schnewlin von Wißneck, cousins ​​of the Schnewlin von Bernlapp, had their seat in Wiesneck , which they had acquired in 1320 from Turner von Freiburg . In 1322 they acquired Hasala ( Haslach ), which they then handed over to the St. Märgen Monastery in 1329 . Documents show that they only owned half of Wiesneck until 1450 and only acquired the other half from Engelhart von Blumeneck in the same year .
  • There are no separate documents for the following four Schnewlin houses: Schnewlin von Wißwihl, Schnewlin von Kranzenau, Schnewlin Kung and Schnewlin zur Tanne, but a large number of Freiburg mayors, mayors and councilors came from these families.

Historical coat of arms variants

Castles and Palaces

As a deposit:

literature

Web links

Commons : Schnewlin  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e Hermann Nehlsen: The Freiburg family Snewlin. Freiburg im Breisgau 1967.
  2. ↑ a b c Stefan Inderwies: The rise of the Snewlin family in the 13th and 14th centuries. GRIN, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-640-20708-4 .
  3. ↑ a b c d History of the KK Front Austrian States. First part. Princely Imperial Monastery of St. Blasi. 1790.
  4. ↑ Friedrich Hefele (Ed.): Freiburger Urkundenbuch. Issue 1 No. 29.
  5. ↑ Friedrich Hefele (Ed.): Freiburger Urkundenbuch. Issue 1 No. 36.
  6. ^ Hermann Nehlsen: The Freiburg family Snewlin. Freiburg im Breisgau 1967. Mentio hic etiam iniicienda est amplissimae familiae nobilis, cui genericum veluti noun Schneulin passim innotuit. Ex ea iam an. 1070. rami quatuordecim, quibus singulis peculiare nomen ex castris totidem in Brisgoia fuisse notatur in tabulis publicis a Leopoldo I. Imp. Datis an. 1674. Wolf. Wilhelmo Bernlapp de Bollschweil Biezighofen & Weitenau, qui solus tunc superstes esse dici. In: Historia nigrae Silvae Vol. I, p. 212.
  7. ^ Heiko Steuer : June 30, 1372: The Freiburg counts regulate mining . In: For year and day. Freiburg's history in the Middle Ages. Freiburg 2013, pp. 101–122.
  8. ↑ Citizens buy noble castles: The example of the Snewlin family in Freiburg , minutes of the seminar meeting on June 29, 2005, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg , historical seminar, regional history department, Prof. Dr. Thomas Zotz
  9. ↑ Johann Baptist Kolb estimates in his historical-statistical-topographical encyclopedia of the Grand Duchy of Baden (1814): The current population of all of the places that Messrs. Schnewlin together in the 14th and 15th centuries, owned partly as an allodial property, partly as a fief, amounts to over 25,000 souls, that is about the 6th part of the Breisgau. In: Hist.-stat.-top. Lexicon. III, p. 178.
  10. ^ Heinrich Maurer: The constitutional upheaval in the city of Freiburg i. Br. In 1388 , in: Journal of the Society for the Advancement of History, Ancient and Folklore 10, 43, 1891
  11. ^ Badischer Architecten- und Ingenieur- Verein (Ed.): The city and its buildings. Publisher HM Poppen and Son, Freiburg im Breisgau 1898, p. 412.
  12. ↑ Badischen Universallexikon 1844, p. 158.
  13. ↑ see Rappoltsteiner Chronicle
  14. ^ Hermann Nehlsen: The Freiburg family Snewlin . Freiburg im Breisgau 1967, p. 174.
  15. ↑ Round, protruding tenons bear the coat of arms of the founder and the inscription “Ds KEL / ICh. K / A. VOI / OhSD / EGRe Ss / “. Illustration and description of this oldest Freiburg chalice from the High Gothic period by Hermann Gombert : The Freiburg Minster Treasure . Freiburg 1965, p. 54 No. 6 Fig. 3 ( digitized version of the Heidelberg University Library ).
  16. ^ Sibylle Groß: The Schnewlin Altar and the Baldung Workshop - Studies on the history of the furnishings of the choir chapels in the Freiburg Minster. In: Freiburger Diözesan-Archiv 112, 1992, pp. 43–86 ( digitized version of the Freiburg University Library ); Schnewlin Chapel ( memento from November 30, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Landeskunde online, Landesverein Badische Heimat
  17. ↑ Magdalena Schnewlin zum Weyer at geneanet.org
  18. ↑ I am also supposed to give Heinrich the castle at Landecke nyt uffen en wake up is that I need it, so I should sell it or move it and offer it to my brother Walthere or his heirs first. JJ Reinhard: Pragmatic History of the House of Geroldseck , 1766, p. 40.
  19. ^ Entry on Falkenbühl in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
  20. ↑ History of the KK Front Austrian States , 1790, p. 533