Systematics of the nightshade
The systematics of the nightshade provides an overview of the recognized species of the genus nightshade ( Solanum ) and their phylogenetic position within the genus. According to an extrapolation that takes into account the ratio of accepted and published names from current monographs of individual groups within the genus, around 1328 species belong to the nightshade. This makes it one of the largest genus of plants.
The system presented here is based on molecular biological studies, on the basis of which Lynn Bohs divided the genus into twelve clades in 2005 . The assignment of the species to the individual clades is taken from the referenced scientific work. The relationships between the clades determined by this work are shown in the following cladogram :
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Thelopodium clade
The three types of Thelopodium clade characterized by enlarged roots , a growth of a single strain with a few Sympodien and flowers with narrow, tapered and two polymorphic anthers from.
Types within the clade:
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Regmandra clade
In traditional systematics, the Regmandra section is assigned either to the subgenus Potatoe or the subgenus Solanum , the Regmandra clade forms an independent, relatively basal clade within the nightshade. They have a herbaceous growth and often pinnate-like divided, thick leaves with sometimes winged pedicels and stems.
Types within the clade:
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Archaesolanum clade
The species of the Archaesolanum clade, recognized as the subgenus Archaesolanum in traditional systematics, occur exclusively in Australia , New Guinea and New Zealand . As the only representatives of the genus, they have a base chromosome number of n = 23. Their characteristic morphological features are sympodial units of several leaves, wheel-shaped flower crowns with a strong additional tissue between the petals, relatively long stamens and fruits with many stone cells .
Types within the clade:
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Normania clade
The species of the Normania clade were placed in the independent genera Normania and Triguera for a long time , but could be placed in the nightshade through molecular biological studies. The representatives are endemic to Macaronesia and the neighboring areas of Spain and North Africa . They grow as herbaceous or slightly woody plants, have foliage-like, enlarging calyxes , zygomorphic crowns and stamens of almost the same or very different shape . Their anthers have horn-like appendages and jump through both pores at the tips and through longitudinal slits. The fruits are dry or have little pulp and few large seeds . The cob of the pollen grains are united at the poles.
Types within the clade:
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African, non-prickly clade
In this clade, in addition to the species of the subgenus Solanum traditionally placed in the sections Afrosolanum , Quadrangulare and Benderianum , there is also the monotypical subgenus Lyciosolanum with Solanum guineense . Common morphological features are little known, possibly including shrub or climbing habit , undivided or forked trichomes, and purple or white star-shaped corollas.
Types within the clade:
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Potato clade
The potato clade contains only a part of the species listed as the subgenus Potatoe , namely the sections Petota , Anarrhichomenum , Basarthrum , Lycopersicon , Neolycopersicon , Juglandifolia , Etuberosum , Articulatum and Taeniotrichum . In addition, there are the Herpystichum and Pteroidea sections , which traditionally belong to the Bassovia subgenus . Common to the species is the herbaceous to slightly woody, often climbing habit and the occurrence of exclusively unbranched trichomes. In addition, the roots of many species form tubers; Stone cells are missing in the fruits. Another common feature and unique feature of the clade could be the occurrence of solanidine and tomatidine alkaloids .
Types within the clade:
Morelloid / Dulcamaroid clade
The Morelloid and Dulcamaroid clades together again form a monophyletic clade. However, both groups are led individually due to their independence.
Morelloid clade
Within the Morelloid clade are species that were assigned to the sections Solanum , Campanulisolanum , Parasolanum , Episarcophyllum and Chamaesarachidium within the subgenus Solanum . With the exception of the representatives of the Parasolanum section , the species are morphologically very similar, so that a clear separation of the sections is not possible. In addition, phylogenetic studies show that the three representatives of the Parasolanum section also do not form a monophyletic unit, i.e. are each more closely related to other species of the clade. Morphological similarities are herbaceous to slightly woody growth, two- to three-leaf sympodial units, often hairy stamens and styles , as well as small stone cells in the fruits.
Types within the clade:
Dulcamaroid clade
The Dulcamaroid clade is made up of species which, according to the traditional view, were part of three different subgenera ( Potatoe , Solanum and Minon ). As in the Morelloid clade, the boundaries between the sections described are difficult to draw, often they are not monophyletic. Common to the representatives is the often climbing habit, the unbranched, forked or sea urchin-like branched trichomes and the lack of stone cells in the fruits.
Types within the clade:
Wendlandii / Allophyllum clade
This clade consists of the species that were traditionally assigned to the sections Allophyllum and Aculeigerum . Since the morphological similarities between the two sections are not particularly strong, they were usually grouped far apart in the subdivision of the genus. For example, some species in the Allophyllum section were classified in the genus Cyphomandra (now: Solanum sect. Pachyphylla ). The Aculeigerum section was mostly assigned to the subgenus Leptostemonum , although the species lack the typical star-shaped trichomes. All types of clade have in common only the tapering anthers, which open through small terminal pores, the exclusively unbranched trichomes and often pinnately lobed leaves.
Types within the clade:
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Cyphomandra clade
The Cyphomandra clade combines the species of the sections Pachyphylla , Cyphomandropsis and Glaucophyllum . The section Pachyphylla was often led as an independent genus Cyphomandra until 1995 , some authors led the section within the nightshade, but with different classification within the genus. In 1995, however, molecular biological studies showed that it belonged to the nightshade. All species of clade are lignifying shrubs or trees. The dust bags often have an enlarged or protruding connective tissue or similar backsides.
Types within the clade:
Geminata clade
The Geminata clade is made up of species which, according to traditional systematics, were assigned to the subgenus Solanum (there sections Geminata , Delitescens and Diamonon ) or Minon (there section Pseudocapsicum and parts of the Holophylla section ). The species are woody, have unbranched or tree-like branched trichomes, elongated anthers that open through large pores at the tips, and fruits that do not contain stone cells.
Types within the clade:
Brevantherum clade
Traditionally, most species of the clade are assigned to the subgenus Minon . However, since the type species of the subgenus ( Solanum pseudocapsicum ) belongs to the Geminata clade according to molecular biological knowledge, the correct name for a subgenus that corresponds to the scope described here would be Brevantherum . Among the further classified here sections of this subgenus ( Brevantherum , Extensum , Stellatigeminatum and cernuum ), the former belonging to the subgenus grouped Solanum associated section Gonatotrichum , but morphologically very different from the remaining parts of clade. Except for this last group, most species have star-shaped trichomes or fine scales, elongated anthers that open with large pores at the tips and green, yellow or purple colored fruits.
Types within the clade:
Leptostemonum clade
The Leptostemonum clade includes all species that were traditionally included in the subgenus Leptostemonum , with the exception of the Aculeigerum section . It has not yet been possible to determine whether the Herposolanum section also belongs to this clade. Almost all representatives of the Leptostemonum clade have star-shaped trichomes and are studded with spines. The anthers are narrow and pointed, they open through small pores at the tips that do not lengthen into slits.
Types within the clade:
proof
literature
- Lynn Bohs: Major clades in Solanum based in ndhF sequences. In: RC Keating, VC Hollowell, TB Croat (Eds.): A festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 2005, pp. 27-49.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Richard G. Olmstead, Lynn Bohs: A Summary of Molecular Systematic Research in Solanaceae: 1982-2006. In: DM Spooner et al. (Ed.): Solanaceae VI: Genomics Meets Biodiversity. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 745, June 2007, ISBN 978-90-6605-427-1 .
- ↑ Lynn Bohs: Major clades in Solanum based in ndhF sequences. In: RC Keating, VC Hollowell, TB Croat (Eds.): A festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 2005, pp. 27-49.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Thelopodium clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Regmandra clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Archaesolanum clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Normania clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the aftrican non-spiny clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Potato clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ a b c Eric J. Tepe, Lynn Bohs: Three new species of Solanum section Herpystichum (Solanaceae) from Ecuador. In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Volume 3, Number 2, 2009, pp. 511-519.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Morelloid clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Mkabwa LK Manoko include: A new tetraploid species of Solanum L. sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) from Tanzania. In: Phytokeys. Volume 16, 2012, pp. 65-74. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.16.2884
- ^ Sandra Knapp: A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae). In: PhytoKeys. Volume 22, May 10, 2013, pp. 1-428. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.22.4041
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Wendlandii-Allophyllum clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Terri L. Weese, Lynn Bohs: A Three-Gene Phylogeny of the Genus Solanum (Solanaceae). In: Systematic Botany. Volume 32, Number 2, 2007, pp. 445-463. doi: 10.1600 / 036364407781179671
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Cyphomandra clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Geminata clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Brevantherum clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ^ A b Sandra Knapp: New species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from Peru and Ecuador. In: PhytoKeys. Volume 1, 2010, pp. 33-51. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.1.659
- ↑ Stephen Stern, Lynn Bohs: Two new species of Solanum from Ecuador and new Combinations in Solanum section Pachyphylla (Solanaceae). In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Volume 3, Number 2, 2009, pp. 503-510.
- ↑ Accepted taxa in the Leptostemonum clade . From: PBI Solanum , online, accessed January 5, 2011.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rachel Levin, Nicole Myers, Lynn Bohs: Phylogenetic Relationship among the “Spiny Solanums” (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae). In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 93, No. 1, 2006, pp. 157-169.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc According to the data from the entries on the species in PBI Solanum , online, accessed on January 5, 2011.
- ↑ a b Stephen Stern, Lynn Bohs: Two new species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone of southern Ecuador and northern Peru. In: PhyoKeys. Volume 1, 2010, pp. 53-65. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.1.660
- ^ A b Frank T. Farruggia, Lynn Bohs: Two new South American species of Solanum section Crinitum (Solanaceae). In: PhytoKeys. Volume 1, 2010, pp. 67-77. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.1.661