Burke and Hare murders and Slovenia: Difference between pages
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{{goceinuse|date=October 2008}} |
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{{Infobox Country |
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{{article issues |
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|native_name = ''Republika Slovenija'' |
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|disputed = October 2008 |
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|conventional_long_name = Republic of Slovenia |
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|citations missing = October 2008 |
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|common_name = Slovenia |
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|npov = October 2008}} |
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|image_flag = Flag of Slovenia.svg |
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|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Slovenia.svg |
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{{Infobox Serial Killer |
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|image_map = Location Slovenia EU Europe.png |
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| name=William Burke and William Hare |
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|map_caption = {{map_caption|location_color=dark green|country='''Slovenia'''|region=[[Europe]]|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=light green|legend=Location Slovenia EU Europe.png}} |
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| image=Hare and Burke drawing.jpg |
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|national_anthem = {{nowrap|7th stanza of ''[[Zdravljica]]''}} |
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| caption=Hare and Burke |
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|official_languages = [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<sup>1</sup> |
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| birthname= |
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|demonym = Slovenian, [[Slovenes|Slovene]] |
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| alias= |
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|capital = [[Ljubljana]] |
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| birth= |
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|latd=46 |latm=03 |latNS=N |longd=14 |longm=30 |longEW=E |
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| location=[[Ireland]] |
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|largest_city = capital |
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| death={{Dda|1829|01|28|1792|00|00|df=yes}} (Burke) |
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|government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]] |
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| cause= |
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|leader_title1 = [[President of Slovenia|President]] |
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| victims=17 |
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|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Slovenia|Prime Minister]] |
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| country=[[Scotland]] |
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|leader_name1 = [[Danilo Türk]] |
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| states= |
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|leader_name2 = [[Janez Janša]]<!-- remains in position till Pahor is officialy proclamed PM --> |
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| beginyear= |
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|accessionEUdate = 1 May 2004 |
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| endyear= |
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|area_rank = 153rd |
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| apprehended= |
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|area_magnitude = 1_E10 |
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| penalty=[[Capital punishment|Death]] (Burke) |
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|area_km2 = 20,273 |
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|area_sq_mi = 7,827 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|percent_water = 0.6 |
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|population_estimate = 2,023,358 <sup>2</sup> |
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|population_estimate_year = 2008 |
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|population_estimate_rank = 143rd |
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|population_census = 1,964,036 |
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|population_census_year = 2002 |
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|population_density_km2 = 99.6 |
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|population_density_sq_mi = 251 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|population_density_rank = 80th |
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|GDP_PPP_year = 2007 |
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|GDP_PPP = $54.714 billion<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=961&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=67&pr.y=1|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> |
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|GDP_PPP_rank = 83rd |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $27,227<ref name="autogenerated1" /> (IMF) |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 29th |
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|GDP_nominal = $46.084 billion<ref name="autogenerated1" /> |
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|GDP_nominal_rank = 67th |
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|GDP_nominal_year = 2007 |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,932<ref name="autogenerated1" /> (IMF) |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 30th |
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|HDI_year = 2005 |
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|HDI = {{increase}} 0.917 |
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|HDI_rank = 27th |
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|HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> |
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|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |
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|sovereignty_note = from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] |
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|established_event1 = Declared |
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|established_event2 = Recognised |
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|established_date1 = 25 June 1991 |
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|established_date2 = 1992 |
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|currency = [[euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])<sup>3</sup> |
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|currency_code = EUR |
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|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
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|utc_offset = +1 |
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|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
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|utc_offset_DST = +2 |
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|cctld = [[.si]]<sup>4</sup> |
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|calling_code = 386 |
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|ISBN_code = 961, 86 |
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|ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = SI |
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|ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = SVN |
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|ISO_3166-1_num = 705 |
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|alt_sport_code = SLO |
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|vehicle_code = SLO |
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|aircraft_code = S5 |
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|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] are recognised as official languages in the residential municipalities of the Italian or Hungarian national community.<br/><sup>2</sup> Source: [http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?ID=1236 Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Population, Slovenia, 30 June 2007]<br/><sup>3</sup> Prior to 2007: [[Slovenian tolar]]<br/><sup>4</sup> Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states. |
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}} |
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'''Slovenia''' {{Audio-IPA|en-us-Slovenia.ogg|[sloʊˈviniə]}}, officially the '''Republic of Slovenia''' ({{lang-sl|Republika Slovenija}}, {{Audio|Republika-slovenija.ogg|listen}}), is a [[country]] in southern [[Central Europe]] bordering [[Italy]] to the west, the [[Adriatic Sea]] to the southwest, [[Croatia]] to the south and east, [[Hungary]] to the northeast, and [[Austria]] to the north. The capital of Slovenia is [[Ljubljana]]. |
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At various points in Slovenia's history, the country has been part of the [[Roman Empire]], partly the [[Republic of Venice]], the principality [[Carantania]] (only modern Slovenia's northern part), the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[Habsburg Monarchy]], the [[Austrian Empire]] (later known as [[Austria-Hungary]]), the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929); partly [[Kingdom of Italy]], [[Interwar period|between the two World Wars]], occupied by Germany, Italy, Hungary and Croatia (1941-1945), and the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] from 1945 until gaining independence in 1991. |
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<!-- As a courtesy to the original author(s), please maintain British spelling and date format. --> |
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The '''Burke and Hare murders''' (also known as the '''West Port murders''') were [[Serial killer|serial murders]] perpetrated in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]] in 1827 and 1828. The killings are attributed to [[Ireland|Irish]] [[Immigration|immigrants]] William Burke and William Hare, who sold the [[Dead body|corpse]]s of their 17 victims to the [[Edinburgh Medical College]] for [[dissection]]. Their principal customer was Doctor [[Robert Knox]], and their accomplices included Burke's mistress, Helen MacDougal, and Hare's wife, Margaret.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/burke/foursome_2.html |title=William Burke & William Hare}}</ref> |
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Slovenia is the only country once to have formed a part of a [[socialist state]] to be at the same time a member of the [[European Union]], the [[Eurozone]], the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen area]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]], the [[Council of Europe]] and [[NATO]]. |
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==Historical background== |
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{{TOClimit|limit=2}} |
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{{Main|History of anatomy in the 19th century}} |
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== History == |
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Before 1832, an insufficient supply of legitimate [[cadaver]]s was available for the study and teaching of [[anatomy]] in [[United Kingdom|British]] medical schools. As medical science began to flourish in the early [[1800s|19th century]], demand rose sharply, but at the same time, the only legal supply of cadavers—the bodies of executed criminals—was falling due to a sharp reduction in the execution rate in the early 19th century, as compared with the 18th century, brought about by the repeal of the [[Bloody Code]]. This situation attracted criminal elements who were willing to obtain specimens by any means. The activities of [[body-snatching|body-snatchers]] (also called resurrectionists) gave rise to particular public fear and revulsion. |
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{{main|History of Slovenia}} |
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{{seealso|Timeline of Slovenian history}} |
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[[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] ancestors of the present-day [[Slovenes]] settled in the area in the 6th century. The Slavic principality [[Carantania]] was formed in the 7th century. In 745, Carantania was incorporated into the [[Carolingian Empire]], while [[Carantanians]] and other Slavs living in present Slovenia [[christianization|converted to Christianity]]. Carantania retained its internal independence until 828 when the local princes were deposed following the anti-[[Franks|Frankish]] rebellion of [[Ljudevit Posavski]] and replaced by a German (mostly [[Bavaria]]n) ascendancy. Under Emperor [[Arnulf of Carinthia]], Carantania, now ruled by a mixed Bavarian-Slav nobility, shortly emerged as a regional power, but was destroyed by the [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] invasions in the late 9th century. Carantania was established again as an autonomous administrative unit in 976, when Emperor Otto I., "the Great", after deposing the Duke of Bavaria, Henry II."the Quarreller", split the lands held by him and made [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] the sixth duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, but old Carantania never developed into a unified realm. In the century of the second millenium protecting marches were established at the south-eastern borders of the Empire, which in the course of time developed into duchies in their right:{{when}} [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Carniola]] and [[Friuli]], into which the Slovene Lands remained divided up to 1918.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} The Carantanian identity remained alive {{Fact|date=September 2008}} into the 12th century {{Fact|date=September 2008}}when it was slowly replaced by regional identities. The first mentions of a common Slovene ethnic identity, transcending regional boundaries, date from the 16th century. |
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[[Image:Nuremberg chronicles - Organizational Structure of the Empire of the Holy Roman Empire (CLXXXIIIv-CLXXXIIIIr).jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Counts of Celje]] in the structure of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]]] |
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During the 14th century, most of Slovene Lands passed under the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] rule. In the 15th century, the Habsburg domination was challenged by the [[Counts of Celje]], but by the end of the century the great majority of Slovene-inhabited territories were incorporated into the [[Habsburg Monarchy]]. Most Slovenes lived in the region known as [[Inner Austria]], forming the majority of the population of the [[Duchy of Carniola]] and the [[County of Gorizia and Gradisca]], as well as of [[Lower Styria]] and southern [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]]. Slovenes also inhabited most of the territory of the [[Imperial Free City]] of [[Trieste]], although representing the minority of its population. Slovene majorities also existed in the [[Prekmurje]] region of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], and in [[Venetian Slovenia]] and north-western [[Istria]], which were part of the [[Republic of Venice]]. |
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== Burke and Hare== |
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In the 16th century, the [[Protestant Reformation]] spread throughout the Slovene Lands. During this period, the first books in Slovene language were written by the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] preacher [[Primož Trubar]] and his followers, establishing the base for the development of the Slovene standard language. Although almost all Protestants were expelled from the Slovene Lands (with the exception of Prekmurje) by the beginning of the 17th century, they left a strong legacy in the tradition of the Slovene culture, which was partially incorporated in the Catholic [[Counter-Reformation]] in the 17th century. The Slovene cultural tradition was further reinforced in the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] period in the 18th century by the endeavours of the [[Sigmund Zois|Zois Circle]]. |
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Burke (1792 – 28 January 1829) was born in Urney, [[County Tyrone]], Northern Ireland. After trying his hand at a variety of trades there and serving as an officer's servant in the [[County Donegal|Donegal]] Militia, he left his wife and two children in Ireland and emigrated to Scotland about 1817, working as a [[navvy]] for the [[Union Canal (Scotland)|Union Canal]]. He acquired a mistress, Helen MacDougal, and afterwards worked as a labourer, weaver, baker and a cobbler. |
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After a short [[First French Empire|French interim]] between 1805 and 1813, all Slovene Lands were included in the [[Austrian Empire]]. Slowly, a distinct Slovene national consciousness developed, and the quest for a political unification of all Slovenes became widespread. In 1848, a mass political and popular movement for the [[United Slovenia]] (''{{lang|sl|Zedinjena Slovenija}}'') emerged as part of the [[Spring of Nations]] movement within the Austrian Empire. |
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Hare's (born 1792 or 1804) birthplace is variously given as [[Newry]] or [[Derry]], Northern Ireland. Similar to Burke, he emigrated to Scotland and worked as a Union Canal labourer. He then moved to Edinburgh where he met a man named Logue. When Logue died in 1826, he took Margaret Laird, Logue's widow, as his [[common-law marriage#United Kingdom|common-law wife]] and the two ran a lodging house. |
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Between 1848 and 1918, numerous institutions (including theatres and publishing houses, as well as political, financial and cultural organisations) were founded in the so-called [[Slovene National Awakening]]. Despite their political and institutional fragmentation and lack of a proper political representation, the Slovenes were able to establish a functioning and integrated national infrastructure. During this period, the town of Ljubljana, the capital of Carniola, emerged as the undisputed centre of all Slovene Lands, while the Slovenes developed an internationally comparable literature and culture. Nevertheless, the Slovene national question remained unsolved, so the political élite started looking towards other Slavic nations in [[Austria-Hungary]]{{Verify source|date=September 2008}} and the [[Balkans]] in order to engage in a common political action against German and Hungarian [[hegemony]].{{Fact|date=September 2008}} The idea of a common political entity of all [[South Slavs]], known as [[Yugoslavia]], emerged. [[Image:Zemljovid Slovenske dezele in pokrajin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Map of [[United Slovenia]], 1848]] |
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==Murders== |
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[[Image:Jugo-slavia, 1919.png|thumb|left|Map of [[Yugoslavia]] in 1919 showing the provisional borders in the [[aftermath of World War I]] before the treaties of [[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine|Neuilly]], [[Treaty of Trianon|Trianon]] and [[Treaty of Rapallo|Rapallo]]]] |
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In autumn 1927, Burke and MacDougal moved into Hare's lodging house in Tanner's Close, in the West Port area of Edinburgh. It is not known whether the two knew each other from their earlier common employment on the Union Canal; however, once Burke arrived in Tanner's Corner, they became good friends.<ref>Howard, p. 50</ref> According to Hare's later testimony, the first body they sold was that of a dead tenant, an old army [[pensioner]] who owed Hare [[GBP|£]]4 rent. In November 1827, they stole the body from its coffin and sold it to the Edinburgh Medical College for £7, their first meeting with Dr. Robert Knox, a leading Edinburgh [[anatomy|anatomist]]. |
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During World War I, after the Italian attack on Austria-Hungary in 1915, the [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italian front]] opened, and some of the most important battles (the [[Battles of the Isonzo]]) were fought along the river [[Soča]] and on the [[Kras|Kras Plateau]] in the [[Slovenian Littoral]]. |
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With the collapse of the Austria-Hungary in 1918, the Slovenes initially joined the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], which just a few months later merged into the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], in 1929 renamed to [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. The western part of the Slovene Lands (the Slovenian Littoral and western districts of [[Inner Carniola]]) was annexed to the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] and became known under the name of [[Julian March]]. In 1920, in the [[Carinthian Plebiscite]], the majority of [[Carinthian Slovenes]] voted to remain in Austria. Although the Slovenes in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] were submitted to an intolerant [[centralist]] policy trying to eradicate a distinct Slovene national consciousness, they were still better off than Slovenes in Italy, Austria and Hungary, who became victims of policies of [[Cultural assimilation#Forced assimilations|forced assimilation]] and violent persecution. As a reaction to the [[fascist]] violence of the Italian State in the Julian March, the organisation [[TIGR]], regarded as one of the first armed antifascist resistance groups in Europe,{{Fact|date=September 2008}} was founded in 1927. |
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Burke and Hare's next victim was a sick tenant, Joseph the Miller, whom they plied with whisky and then [[suffocation|suffocated]]. When there were no other sickly tenants, they decided to lure a victim from the street. In February 1828, they invited pensioner Abigail Simpson to spend the night before her return to home. Using the same ''[[modus operandi]]'', they engineered her [[intoxication]]{{huh?}}<!-- Further explanation needed --> and then smothered her. Because the corpse was so fresh, they were paid £15. |
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In April 1941, [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia was invaded]] by the [[Axis Powers]]. Slovenia was divided between [[Italian fascism|Fascist Italy]], [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary (Regency)|Horthy's Hungary]] and several villages given to the [[Independent State of Croatia]]. Soon, a liberation movement under the [[Communist Party of Slovenia|Communist]] leadership emerged. Due to political assassinations carried out by the Communist guerrillas as well as the pre-existing radical anti-Communism of the conservative circles of the Slovenian society, a civil war between Slovenes broke out{{when}} in the Italian-occupied south-eastern Slovenia (known as [[Province of Ljubljana]]) between the [[Liberation Front of the Slovenian People]] and the Axis-sponsored anti-communist militia, the [[Slovene Home Guard]], formed to protect villages from attacks by Communist{{Or|date=September 2008}} partisans. The Slovene [[Yugoslav partisans|partisan]] guerrilla managed to liberate large portions of the Slovene Lands, making a contribution to the defeat of [[Nazism]]. |
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Hare's wife, Margaret, invited a woman to the inn, plied her with drink, and then sent for her husband. Next, Burke brought in two [[prostitute]]s, Mary Patterson and Janet Brown, but Brown left when an argument broke out between MacDougal and Burke. When she returned, she was told that Patterson had left with Burke. The next morning, some of the medical students recognized the dead prostitute, possibly because they had used her services. |
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[[Image:T-55 slovenia ypa.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[JNA]] tanks in Slovenia during the [[Ten-Day War]], 1991]] |
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The next victim was an acquaintance of Burke, a beggar woman called "Effie". They were paid £10 for her body. Then Burke "saved" a woman from police by claiming that he knew her. He delivered her body to the medical school just hours later. |
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Following the re-establishment of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, Slovenia became part of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], declared on 29 November 1945. A Communist dictatorship was established, but due to the [[Tito-Stalin split]] economic and personal freedom were better than in the [[Eastern Bloc]]. In 1947, Italy ceded most of the Julian March to Yugoslavia and Slovenia thus regained the [[Slovenian Littoral]], including access to the sea. From the 1950s, the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]] enjoyed a relatively wide autonomy under the rule of the local Communist elite. In 1990, Slovenia abandoned its communist infrastructure, the first free and democratic elections were held and the [[DEMOS coalition]] defeated the former Communist parties. The state reconstituted itself as [[Republic of Slovenia (1990-1991)|Republic of Slovenia]]. In December 1990, the overwhelming majority of Slovenian citizens voted for independence, which was declared on 25 June 1991. A [[Ten-Day War]] followed in which the Slovenians rejected Yugoslav military interference. After 1990, a stable democratic system evolved, with economic liberalisation and gradual growth of prosperity. Slovenia joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. Slovenia was the first post-Communist country to hold the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]], for the first six months of 2008. |
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== Politics == |
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The next two victims were an old woman and a deaf boy. Burke and Hare argued over the boy, but then Burke broke his{{huh?}}<!-- Burke's or the boy's back? --> back and sold both bodies for £8 each. The next two victims were Burke's acquaintance "Mrs. Ostler" and one of MacDougal's relatives, Ann MacDougal. |
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[[Image:Slovenian parliament.JPG|right|thumb|170px|The building of the Slovenian parliament on the Square of the Republic in Ljubljana]] |
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{{main|Politics of Slovenia}}<!--Please add new information to relevant articles of the series--> |
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The Slovenian [[head of state]] is the [[President of Slovenia|president]], who is elected by popular vote every five years. The [[executive branch]] is headed by the [[prime minister of Slovenia|prime minister]] and the council of [[Minister (government)|ministers]] or [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]], who are elected by the [[National Assembly]]. |
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The [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Slovenia]] is characterized by an asymmetric duality, as the Constitution does not accord equal powers to both chambers. It consists of the [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]] (''{{lang|sl|Državni zbor}}''), and the [[National Council (Slovenia)|National Council]] (''{{lang|sl|Državni svet}}''). The National Assembly has ninety members, 88 of which are elected by all the citizens in a system of [[proportional representation]], while two are elected by the indigenous Hungarian and Italian minorities. Elections take place every four years. It is the supreme representative and legislative institution, exercising legislative and electoral powers as well as control over the Executive and the Judiciary. The National Council has forty members, appointed to represent social, economic, professional and local interest groups. Among its best-known powers is the authority of the "postponing [[veto]]" - it can demand that the Parliament re-discusses a certain piece of legislation. |
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Then Hare met elderly prostitute Mary Haldane. When her daughter Peggy inquired about her whereabouts, she ended up accompanying her mother on the medical school cutting table.{{huh?}}<!-- Needs rewording/further explanation for clarity --> However, this particular disappearance did not go unnoticed, since Haldane had been a well-known figure in the neighbourhood. |
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== Administrative divisions == |
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Burke and Hare's next victim was an even better-known person, a [[Mental retardation|retarded]] young man with a limp called "Daft Jamie", who was 18 at the time of his murder. The boy resisted, and the pair had to kill him together. His mother began to ask for her boy. When Dr. Knox uncovered the body the next morning, several students recognized Jamie. His head and feet were cut off after Knox had shown his students the body. Knox denied that it was Jamie, but he apparently began to dissect his face first. |
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[[Image:Sloregions.png|thumb|300px|Slovenia is traditionally divided into eight regions]] |
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The traditional regions of Slovenia based on the former four [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] [[crown land]]s ([[Carniola]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]], and the [[Slovenian Littoral|Littoral]]) are the following{{Fact|date=March 2008}}: |
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{| style="background:transparent;" |
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The last victim was Marjory Campbell Docherty. Burke lured her into the lodging house by claiming that his mother was also a Docherty, but he had to wait because of James and Ann Gray who were lodging with them. The Grays left for the night and neighbours<!--This spelling is correct in British English--> heard the noise of a struggle. |
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|width="150px"| '''English name''' ||width="150px"| '''Native name'''</tr> |
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| [[Upper Carniola]] || ''Gorenjska'' ||align="center"|</tr> |
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| [[Lower Styria]] || ''Štajerska'' ||align="center"|</tr> |
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| [[Prekmurje]] || ''Prekmurje'' ||align="center"|</tr> |
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| [[Carinthia (province)|Carinthia]] || ''Koroška'' ||align="center"|</tr> |
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| [[Inner Carniola]] || ''Notranjska'' ||align="center"|</tr> |
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| [[Lower Carniola]] || ''Dolenjska'' ||align="center"|</tr> |
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| [[Goriška]] || ''Goriška'' ||align="center"|</tr> |
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| [[Slovenian Istria]]{{spaces|2}} || ''Slovenska Istra''{{spaces|2}} ||align="center"|</tr> |
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|} |
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Goriška and Slovenian Istria together are known as the [[Slovenian Littoral|Littoral]] region (''{{lang-sl|Primorska}}''). [[White Carniola]] (''{{lang-sl|Bela krajina}}''), otherwise part of Lower Carniola, is considered a separate region of Slovenia,{{Fact|date=September 2008}} as are [[Zasavje]] and [[Posavje]], the former being a part of Upper Carniola, Lower Carniola and Styria; and the latter part of Lower Carniola and Styria.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} |
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==Detection== |
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The next day, Ann Gray became suspicious when Burke would not let her approach a bed where she had left her stockings. When the Grays were left alone in the house in the early evening, they checked the bed and found Docherty's body under it. On their way to alert the police, they ran into MacDougal who tried to bribe them with an offer of £10 a week. They refused. |
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===Statistical regions=== |
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MacDougal and Margaret Hare alerted their spouses, and Burke and Hare took the body out of the house before the police arrived; however, under questioning, Burke claimed that Docherty had left at 7:00 am, but then MacDougal claimed that she had left in the evening. The police arrested them. An anonymous tip-off led them to Knox's classroom where they found Docherty's body. James Gray identified it. MacDougal and Margaret Hare were [[arrest]]ed soon thereafter. The murder spree had lasted eighteen months. |
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[[Image:Slov-regije.PNG|thumb|right|200px|Slovenia's twelve statistical regions]] |
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[[Image:Piran - overview.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Piran]], a popular tourist destination in Slovenia]] |
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Slovenia's statistical regions exist solely for legal and statistical purposes.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} As of February 2007 there are 12 statistical regions (NUTS-2 level), which are grouped in two macroregions (NUTS-1 level): Mura (''Pomurska''), Drava (''Podravska''), Carinthia (''Koroška''), Savinja (''Savinjska''), Central Sava (''Zasavska''), Lower Sava (''Spodnjeposavska''), Southeast Slovenia (''Jugovzhodna Slovenija''), Inner Carniola-Karst (''Notranjsko-kraška''), Central Slovenia (''Osrednjeslovenska''), Upper Carniola (''Gorenjska''), Gorica (''Goriška''), and Coastal-Karst (''Obalno-kraška'')<ref name="NUTS">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts|title=Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics - NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe|publisher=European Union|accessdate=2008-04-18}}</ref> |
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{| style="background:transparent;" |
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When an Edinburgh paper wrote about the disappearances on 6 November 1828<!--this date is correct in British English-->, Brown heard about it and went to the police. She identified Paterson's clothing. |
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|- valign="top" |
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| <!--column 1--> |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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|+ Vzhodna Slovenija (East Slovenia) - SI01 |
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! Statistical Region !! NUTS code |
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|- |
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|[[Pomurje statistical region|Pomurska]] |
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|align="center"| SI011 |
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|- |
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|[[Podravje statistical region|Podravska]] |
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|align="center"| SI012 |
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|- |
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|[[Koroška statistical region|Koroška]] |
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|align="center"| SI013 |
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|- |
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|[[Savinja statistical region|Savinjska]] |
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|align="center"| SI014 |
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|- |
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|[[Zasavje statistical region|Zasavska]] |
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|align="center"| SI015 |
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|- |
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|[[Spodnje Posavje statistical region|Spodnjeposavska]] |
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|align="center"| SI016 |
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|- |
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|[[Southeastern Slovenia|Jugovzhodna Slovenija]] |
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|align="center"| SI017 |
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|- |
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|[[Notranjska-Kras statistical region|Notranjsko-kraška]] |
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|align="center"| SI018 |
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|} |
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| <!--column 2--> |
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{|class="wikitable" |
|||
|+ Zahodna Slovenija (West Slovenia) - SI02 |
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! Statistical Region !! NUTS code |
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|- |
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|[[Central Slovenian statistical region|Osrednjeslovenska]] |
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|align="center"| SI021 |
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|- |
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|[[Gorenjska statistical region|Gorenjska]] |
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|align="center"| SI022 |
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|- |
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|[[Goriška statistical region|Goriška]] |
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|align="center"| SI023 |
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|- |
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|[[Littoral-Kras statistical region|Obalno-kraška]] |
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|align="center"| SI024 |
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|} |
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|} |
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The government, however, is preparing a plan for new administrative regions. The number of these regions is not yet defined, but is said{{Vague|date=September 2008}} to be between twelve and fourteen. After being unveiled publicly, the plan will undergo parliamentary debate. [[Constitution]]al changes allowing the creation of regions have already been approved by the National Assembly.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} If, however, twelve administrative regions are favored, they will most likely be the same as those already in place.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} |
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[[Image:William Burke Execution.gif|thumb|left|The execution of William Burke on The Lawnmarket, 28 January 1829]] |
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The evidence against the pair was not overwhelming, so [[Lord Advocate]] Sir [[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet|William Rae]] offered Hare [[Prosecutorial immunity|immunity from prosecution]] if he confessed and agreed to testify against Burke. Hare's testimony led to Burke's [[Capital punishment|death sentence]] in December 1828. He was [[hanged]] on 28 January 1929, after which he was publicly dissected at the Edinburgh Medical College.<ref>Howard, p. 54</ref> His skeleton, death mask, and items made from his tanned skin are displayed at the college's museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandandmedicine.com/site/CMD=PICDETAIL/PICID=248/838/default.aspx|title=Burke's skin pocket book|publisher=Scotland Medicine|accessdate=2008-10-11|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5bUW8rrX2 |archivedate=2008-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst354.html|title=William Burke|publisher=Gazetteer for Scotland|accessdate=2008-10-11|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5bUWKr0cS |archivedate=2008-10-11}}</ref> |
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On 24 May 2007 the government proposed a reform in the [[local government]] system, introducing administrative regions with limited [[home rule]]. It has been stated{{Vague|date=September 2008}} that 13 will be the maximum allowed number of such regions (or provinces), but their actual names, territories and capitals have yet to be exactly determined. As the passage of necessary legislation has stalled, the process of [[devolution]] has been postponed, probably till 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/6075/6103/ |title=PM Jansa: Government to resubmit the law establishing regions with partial amendments |publisher=Government Communication Office |date=2008-02-14 |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref> |
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MacDougal was released, since her complicity to the murders was [[not proven|not provable]]. Knox was not prosecuted, despite a public uproar, since no [[Evidence (law)|evidence]] existed that he had known of the origin of the corpses. |
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===Municipalities=== |
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== Aftermath == |
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{{main|Municipalities of Slovenia}} |
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MacDougal returned to her house but was almost [[lynching|lynched]] by an [[angry mob]]. She fled to [[England]], but her reputation preceded her. She was rumoured to have left for [[Australia]] where she died around 1868. Margaret Hare also escaped lynching and reputedly returned to Ireland. Nothing more is known about her. |
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Slovenia is divided into 210 local municipalities, eleven of which have urban status. |
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== Geography == |
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Hare was released in February 1829, and many popular tales tell of him as a blind beggar on the streets of [[London]] having been mobbed and thrown in a [[Lime (mineral)|lime]] pit. However, none of these reports were ever confirmed. The last known sighting of him was in the English town of [[Carlisle]]. |
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{{Unreferencedsection|date=September 2008}} |
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<!--should not be included unless the border with Croatia is drawn correctly (regarding Savudrija): [[Image:Slovenia-map-CIA.png|right|300px]] --> |
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[[Image:TriglavSnow2007.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Triglav]], the highest mountain in Slovenia]] |
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[[Image:Predjama Castle-5.JPG|thumb|250px|Hills of [[Postojna]]]] |
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{{main|Geography of Slovenia}} |
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{{seealso|Protected areas of Slovenia}} |
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Four major European geographic regions meet in Slovenia: the [[Alps]], the [[Dinaric Alps|Dinarides]], the [[Pannonian Plain]], and the [[Mediterranean]]. Slovenia's highest peak is [[Triglav]] (2,864 m; 9,396 ft); the country's average height above sea level is 557 metres (1,827 ft). Although on the shore of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], most of Slovenia is in the [[Black Sea]] [[drainage basin]]. The [[geographical centre]] of Slovenia is at the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] 46°07'11.8" N and 14°48'55.2" E. It lies in [[Spodnja Slivna]] near [[Vače]] in the [[municipality]] of [[Litija]]. Slovenia's coastline measures 47km (29 mi). |
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Around half of the country (11,691 km²; 4,514 sq mi) is covered by forests; the third most forested country in Europe, after [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]]. Remnants of primeval forests are still to be found, the largest in the [[Kočevje]] area. Grassland covers 5,593 square kilometres (2,159 sq mi) and fields and gardens 2,471 square kilometres (954 sq mi). There are 363 square kilometres (140 sq mi) of orchards and 216 square kilometres (83 sq mi) of vineyards. |
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Knox kept silent about his dealings with Burke and Hare, but his popularity among students decreased. His applications for other positions in the Edinburgh Medical School were rejected. He moved to the Cancer Hospital in London and died in 1862. |
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Its [[climate]] is [[sub-mediterranean climate|sub-mediterranean]] on the coast, [[alpine climate|alpine]] in the mountains and [[continental climate|continental]] with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaux and valleys to the east. Average temperatures are -2 °C (28 °F) in January and 21 °C (70 °F) in July. The average rainfall is 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) for the coast, up to 3,500 millimetres (137.8 in) for the Alps, 800 millimetres (31.5 in) for south-east and 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for central Slovenia. |
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==Political consequences== |
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===Natural regions=== |
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The murders highlighted the crisis in medical education and led to the subsequent passing of the [[Anatomy Act 1832]], which expanded the legal supply of medical cadavers to eliminate the incentive for such behaviour. About the law, the Lancet editorial stated: |
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[[Image:Si-4geographic-regions.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Landscape types in Slovenia |
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{{legend|#F6E4B4|Alpine landscape|border=#dc9}} |
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{{legend|#A6D4CA|Panonnian landscape}} |
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{{legend|#FAC1B8|Dinaric landscape}} |
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{{legend|#A7B4D6|Mediterranean landscape}} |
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]] |
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The first regionalisations of Slovenia were made by geographers [[Anton Melik]] (1935-1936) and [[Svetozar Ilešič]] (1968). The newer regionalisation by [[Ivan Gams]] divides Slovenia in the following macroregions:{{Fact|date=September 2008}} |
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* the [[Alps]] (visokogorske Alpe) |
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<blockquote>"Burke and Hare ... it is said, are the real authors of the measure, and that which would never have been sanctioned by the deliberate wisdom of parliament, is about to be extorted from its fears ... It would have been well if this fear had been manifested and acted upon before sixteen human beings had fallen victims to the supineness of the Government and the Legislature. It required no extraordinary sagacity to foresee, that the worst consequences must inevitably result from the system of traffic between resurrectionists and anatomists, which the executive government has so long suffered to exist. Government is already in a great degree, responsible for the crime which it has fostered by its negligence, and even encouraged by a system of forbearance." <ref>''Lancet'' editorial, 1828-9 (1), pp 818-21, 28.3.1829.</ref></blockquote> |
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* the [[Prealpine Hills]] (predalpsko hribovje) |
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* the [[Ljubljana Basin]] (Ljubljanska kotlina) |
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* Submediterranean ([[Littoral]]) Slovenia (submediteranska - primorska Slovenija) |
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* the [[Dinaric Alps|Dinaric]] [[Karst]] of inner Slovenia (dinarski kras notranje Slovenije) |
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* [[Subpannonian Slovenia]] (subpanonska Slovenija) |
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According to a newer natural geographic regionalisation, the country consists of four [[macroregion]]s. These are the Alpine, the Mediterranean, the Dinaric, and the [[Pannonia]]n landscapes. Macroregions are defined according to major relief units (the Alps, the Pannonian plain, the Dinaric mountains) and climate types (submediterranean, temperate continental, mountain climate).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zrc-sazu.si/Zgds/glasgow/9.pdf |title=Modern climate change in Slovenia |accessdate=2008-04-01 |last=Ogrin |first=Darko |year=2004 |month=August |work=Slovenia: a geographical overview |publisher=Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia}}</ref> These are often quite interwoven. |
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==Burke and Hare in popular culture == |
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== Economy == |
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The murders were adapted into a 1948 [[film]] with the working title ''Crimes of Burke and Hare''; however, the [[British Board of Film Censors]] deemed its topic too disturbing and insisted that references to Burke and Hare be excised. The film was [[dubbing (filmmaking)|redubbed]] with alternative dialogue and characters, and was released as ''[[The Greed of William Hart]]''.<ref>{{imdb title|title=The Greed of William Hart (1948)|id=0040401}}</ref> |
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{{Refimprovesect|date=September 2008}} |
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{{update-section}} |
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{{main|Economy of Slovenia}} |
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Slovenia has a high-income [[developed country|developed economy]] which enjoys the second highest (after Cyprus) [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita ($28,010.76 estimate for 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=13&pr.y=15&sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C158%2C122%2C542%2C124%2C137%2C156%2C138%2C423%2C196%2C128%2C142%2C172%2C182%2C132%2C576%2C134%2C961%2C174%2C184%2C532%2C144%2C176%2C146%2C178%2C528%2C436%2C112%2C136%2C111&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>) of the new EU countries which is 93% of the EU average.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Although the country's relatively high [[inflation]] declined to 2.3% in 2006 (prior to adoption of the euro), it recently{{when}} reached 5.1% year-on-year, exceeding the average in the [[eurozone]]. Slovenia's economy has started to [[Economic growth|grow]] more strongly in the last few years (7.2% in first quarter of 2007, 5.7% in 2006, 4.1% in 2005), after relatively slow growth in 2003 (2.8%). |
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Despite economic success, Slovenia faces challenges. Much of the economy remains in state hands and [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in Slovenia is one of the lowest in the EU per capita. [[Tax]]es are relatively high, the [[labor market]] is seen as inflexible, and industries are losing sales to China, India, and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/si.html#Econ|title=The World Factbook 2007 -- Slovenia, Economy}}</ref> |
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The 1960 film ''[[The Flesh and The Fiends]]'' starred [[Peter Cushing]] as Knox, [[Donald Pleasence]] as Hare and [[George Rose]] as Burke.<ref>{{imdb title|title=The Flesh and the Fiends (1960)|id=0052811}}</ref> The following year, ''[[The Anatomist]]'' featured [[Alastair Sim]] as Knox.<ref>{{imdb title|title=The Anatomist (1961)|id=0054626}}</ref> |
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During the 2000s, [[privatization]]s were seen in the [[banking]], [[telecommunications]], and public utility sectors. Restrictions on foreign investment are being dismantled, and [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) is expected to increase. Slovenia is the economic front-runner of the countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and was the first new member which adopted the [[euro]] on 1 January 2007. |
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In the 1964 Jack Lemmon comedy film ''[[Good Neighbor Sam]]'' Lemmon's character works for the advertising firm of Burke & Hare. |
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[[Image:2008 Slovenia 3 Euro Presidency front.JPG|thumb|160px|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Slovenia)|The 3 euro European Presidency commemorative coin]] minted in 2008]] |
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The 1971 film ''[[Burke and Hare (film)|Burke and Hare]]'' starred [[Derren Nesbitt]]. Burke and Hare also made an appearance in the [[Hammer Horror]] film ''[[Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde]]''. |
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== Demographics == |
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In 1985, [[Freddie Francis]] directed a film version of the events entitled ''[[The Doctor and the Devils]]''.<ref>{{imdb title|title=The Doctor and the Devils (1985)|id=0089034}}</ref> |
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{{main|Demographics of Slovenia}} |
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{{seealso|Roman Catholicism in Slovenia|History of the Jews in Slovenia|Izbrisani|l3=The erased immigrants}} ({{lang-sl|Izbrisani}}) |
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{{bar box |
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|width = 370px |
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|float = right |
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|title = Ethnic composition of Slovenia |
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|titlebar = #ddd |
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|bars = |
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{{bar percent|Slovene|teal|83.06}} |
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{{bar percent|Serbian|teal|1.98}} |
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{{bar percent|Croatian|teal|1.81}} |
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{{bar percent|Bosnian|teal|1.10}} |
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{{bar percent|Hungarian|teal|0.32}} |
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{{bar percent|Albanian|teal|0.31}} |
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{{bar percent|Macedonian|teal|0.20}} |
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{{bar percent|Romani|teal|0.17}} |
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{{bar percent|Montenegrin|teal|0.14}} |
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{{bar percent|Italian|teal|0.11}} |
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{{bar percent|other minorities|teal|1.9}} |
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{{bar percent|undeclared or unknown|gray|8.9}} |
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|caption = <small>source: [http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7 2002 census]</small> |
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}} |
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Slovenia's main ethnic group is [[Slovenes|Slovene]] (83%). Nationalities from the [[former Yugoslavia]] ([[Serbs|Serbian]], [[Croats|Croatian]], [[Bosniaks|Bosnian]], [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]], [[Montenegrins|Montenegrin]]) form 5.3%, and the [[Magyars|Hungarian]], [[Albanians|Albanian]], [[Romani people|Roma]], [[Italians|Italian]] and other minorities form 2.8% of the population. Ethnic affiliation of 8.9% was either undeclared or unknown. |
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Life expectancy in 2003 was 72.2 years for men and 80 years for women. Slovenia ranks number 8 on the [[list of countries by suicide rate]]. |
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A 1963 episode of ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'', "[[The New Exhibit]]", featured wax museum statues of Burke and Hare as part of a collection of notorious [[serial killers]]. |
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{{bar box |
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|width = 370px |
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|float = center |
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|title = Religion in Slovenia |
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|titlebar = #ddd |
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|bars = |
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{{bar percent|Roman Catholic|teal|57.8}} |
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{{bar percent|undeclared or unknown|teal|22.8}} |
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{{bar percent|Atheist|teal|10.1}} |
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{{bar percent|Agnostic|teal|3.5}} |
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{{bar percent|Islam|teal|2.4}} |
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{{bar percent|Orthodox|teal|2.3}} |
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{{bar percent|Evangelical|teal|0.8}} |
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{{bar percent|other religions|teal|0.3}} |
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{{bar percent|Jewish|teal|0.0}} |
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|caption = <small>source: [http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=8 2002 census]</small> |
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}} |
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With 99 inhabitants per square kilometre (256/sq mi), Slovenia ranks low among the European countries in population density (compared to 320/km² (829/sq mi) for the [[Netherlands]] or 195/km² (505/sq mi) for [[Italy]]). The [[Notranjska-Kras statistical region]] has the lowest population density while the [[Central Slovenian statistical region]] has the highest. Approximately 51% of the population lives in urban areas and 49% in rural areas. |
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The official language is [[Slovene language|Slovene]], which is a member of the [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic language group]]. [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] enjoy the status of official languages in the ethnically mixed regions along the Hungarian and Italian borders. |
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The November 23, 1964 episode of ''[[The Alfred Hitchcock Hour]]'', "[[List_of_Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents_episodes#Season_3|The McGregor Affair]]" featured Burke and Hare as characters. [[Andrew Duggan]] starred as McGregor,{{huh?}}<!-- Who is McGregor? --> Burke was played by [[Arthur Malet]], and Hare by [[Michael Pate]]. |
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By religion, Slovenes are traditionally largely [[Roman Catholic]] (57.8% according to the 2002 Census). According to the most recent [[Eurobarometer|Eurobarometer Poll]] 2005,<ref name=EUROBAROMETER>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|title=Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 - page 11|accessdate=2007-05-05}}</ref> 37% of Slovenian citizens responded that "they believe there is a god", whereas 46% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 16% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". |
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In the 1989 children Series ''[[TUGS]]'', there are two characters parodied off of Burke and Hare named Burke and Blair who are scrap dealers, a clear equivalent to selling bodies for [[tugboat]]s.{{fact|date=October 2008}} |
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== Culture == |
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The murders, particularly those of Mary Patterson and Daft Jamie, are the main plot point in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' audio drama ''[[Medicinal Purposes]]'', starring [[Colin Baker]], [[Leslie Phillips]] and [[David Tennant]]. |
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{{main|Culture of Slovenia}} |
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{{seealso|List of Slovenians|Holidays in Slovenia|Slovene literature|Music of Slovenia}} |
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Slovenia's first book was printed by the Protestant reformer [[Primož Trubar]] (1508-1586). It was actually two books, {{lang-la|Catechismus}} (a [[catechism]]) and [[Abecedarium (Trubar)|Abecedarium]], which was published in 1550 in [[Tübingen]], [[Germany]]. |
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The Edinburgh-based [[Australian Rules Football|football]] club [[Edinburgh Body Snatchers|the Body Snatchers]] is named after Burke and Hare. |
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The central part of the country, namely [[Carniola]] (which existed as a part of [[Austria-Hungary]] until the early 20th century) was ethnographically and historically well-described in the book ''[[The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola]]'' (''{{lang-de|Die Ehre deß Herzogthums Crain}}'', ''{{lang-sl|Slava vojvodine Kranjske}}''), published in 1689 by Baron [[Janez Vajkard Valvasor]] (1641-1693). |
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==See also== |
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[[Image:France Prešeren-foto1.jpg|thumb|170px|left|[[France Prešeren]], considered Slovenia's national poet]] |
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*[[Robert Knox]] |
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*[[Dr. Thomas Sewall]] |
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*[[London Burkers]] |
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Some of Slovenia's greatest literates were the poets [[France Prešeren]] (1800-1849), [[Oton Župančič]], [[Srečko Kosovel]], [[Edvard Kocbek]] and [[Dane Zajc]], as well as the writers [[Ivan Cankar]] (1876-1918) and [[Vladimir Bartol]], [[Alojz Rebula]], [[Drago Jančar]], [[Boris Pahor]], [[Tomaž Šalamun]] and [[Aleš Debeljak]] are the leading names of contemporary Slovene literature, while [[Aleš Šteger]] is one of the most noticeable name among newcomers. The most important Slovene painters include [[Jurij Šubic]] and [[Anton Ažbe]] in late 19. century. [[Ivana Kobilca]], [[Rihard Jakopič]], [[Ivan Grohar]] worked in the beginning of 20. century while [[Avgust Černigoj]], [[Lojze Spacal]], [[Anton Gojmir Kos]], [[Riko Debenjak]], [[Marij Pregelj]], exceptional [[Gabrijel Stupica]], [[Janez Bernik]] worked mostly in the second part of 20. century. Contemporary artists are [[Emerik Bernard]], [[Metka Krašovec]], [[Ivo Prančič]], [[Gustav Gnamuš]], [[group IRWIN]] and [[Marko Peljhan]]. World fame obtained [[Zoran Mušič]] who worked in Paris and Venice. The most important Slovene sculptors were [[Fran Berneker]], [[Lojze Dolinar]], [[Zdenko Kalin]], [[Slavko Tihec]], [[Janez Boljka]] and now [[Jakov Brdar]] and [[Mirsad Begić]]. The most famed Slovene architects were [[Jože Plečnik]] and [[Max Fabiani]] and later [[Edo Ravnikar]] and [[Milan Mihelič]]. |
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==Bibliography== |
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[[Image:Iacobus Handl Gallus.GIF|thumb|170px|right|[[Jacobus Gallus]], composer]] |
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*{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Norman |title=Scottish Bodysnatchers |publisher=Goblinshead| date=2002 |isbn=1899874402}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Brian |title=Burke and Hare: The Year of the Ghouls |publisher=[[Mainstream Publishing|Mainstream]] |date=2002 |isbn=1840185759}} |
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Slovenia is a homeland of numerous musicians and composers, including [[Renaissance]] composer [[Jacobus Gallus]] (1550-1591), who greatly influenced Central European classical music, and the violin virtuoso [[Giuseppe Tartini]]. In the twentieth century, [[Bojan Adamič]] was a renowned film music composer and [[Ivo Petrić]] (born 16 June 1931), is a composer of European classical music. |
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*{{cite book |last=Douglas |first=Hugh |title=Burke and Hare |publisher=Hale |date=1973 |isbn=070913777X}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Owen Dudley |title=Burke and Hare |publisher=[[Mercat Press]] |date=1993 |isbn=1873644256}} |
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Contemporary popular musicians have been [[Slavko Avsenik]], [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]], [[Vlado Kreslin]], [[Pero Lovšin]], [[Pankrti]], [[Zoran Predin]], [[Lačni Franz]], [[New Swing Quartet]], [[DJ Umek]], [[Valentino Kanzyani]], [[Siddharta (band)|Siddharta]], [[Big Foot Mama]],[[Terrafolk]], [[Katalena]], [[Magnifico]] and others. |
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*{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Amanda|coauthors=Martin Smith|title=River of Blood: Serial Killers and Their Victims|publisher=[[Universal Publishers|Universal]]|date=2004|chapter=William Burke and William Hare|isbn=1581125186|accessdate=2008-10-11}} |
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*{{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Helen |title=Human Remains: Episodes in Human Dissection |publisher=[[Melbourne University Publishing|Melbourne University Press]] |date=2005 |isbn=0522851576}} |
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Slovene cinema has more than a century-long tradition with [[Karol Grossmann]], [[Janko Ravnik]], [[Ferdo Delak]], [[France Štiglic]], [[Mirko Grobler]], [[Igor Pretnar]], [[France Kosmač]], [[Jože Pogačnik]], [[Matjaž Klopčič]], [[Jane Kavčič]], [[Jože Gale]], [[Boštjan Hladnik]] and [[Karpo Godina]] as its most established filmmakers. Contemporary film directors [[Janez Burger]], [[Jan Cvitkovič]], [[Damjan Kozole]], [[Janez Lapajne]] and [[Maja Weiss]] are most notable representatives of the so-called "[[Renaissance of Slovenian cinema]]". |
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*{{cite book|last=MacGregor|first=George|title=The History of Burke and Hare and of the Resurrectionist Times: A Fragment from the Criminal Annals of Scotland|publisher=T.D. Morison|date=1884|accessdate=2008-10-11}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Menefee|first=Samuel Pyeatt|coauthors=Simpson, Allen D.C.|title=Book of the Old Edinburgh Club|publisher=The Old Edinburgh Club|date=1994|volume=3|pages=ns 63–81|chapter=The West Port Murders and the Miniature Coffins from Arthur's Seat}} |
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Famous Slovene scholars include the chemist and [[Nobel prize]] laureate [[Friderik - Fritz Pregl]], physicist [[Joseph Stefan]], philosophers [[Slavoj Žižek]] and [[Milan Komar]], linguist [[Franc Miklošič]], physician [[Anton Marko Plenčič]], mathematician [[Jurij Vega]], sociologist [[Thomas Luckmann]], theologian [[Anton Strle]] and rocket engineer [[Herman Potočnik]]. |
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*{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Ruth |title=Death, Dissection and the Destitute: The Politics of the Corpse in Pre-Victorian Britain |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press|Chicago University Press]] |date=2001 |isbn=0226712400}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Roughead |first=William |coauthors=Sante, Luc |title=Classic Crimes: A Selection from the Works of William Roughead |publisher=[[New York Review of Books]] |date=2000 |chapter=The West Port Murders |isbn=0940322463}} |
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== Biodiversity == |
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[[Image:Forest1.jpg|thumb|240px|A deciduous forest in Lower Carniola]] |
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Although Slovenia is a small country, there is an exceptionally wide variety of habitats. In the north of Slovenia are the [[Alps]] (namely, [[Julian Alps]], [[Karavanke]], [[Kamnik Alps]]), and in the south stand the [[Dinaric Alps]]. There is also a small area of the [[Pannonian plain]] and a [[Littoral Region]]. Much of southwestern Slovenia is characterized by [[Kras|Classical Karst]], a very rich, often unexplored underground habitat containing diverse [[Flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]]. |
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About 58% of the country is covered by forests. The forests are an important natural resource, but logging is kept to a minimum, as Slovenians also value their forests for the preservation of natural diversity, for enriching the soil and cleansing the water and air, for the social and economic benefits of recreation and tourism, and for the natural beauty they give to the Slovenian landscape. In the interior of the country are typical [[Central Europe]]an forests, predominantly [[oak]] and [[beech]]. In the mountains, [[spruce]], [[fir]], and [[pine]] are more common. The [[tree line]] is at 1,700 to 1,800 metres (or 5,575 to 5,900 ft). |
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Pine trees also grow on the Kras plateau. Only one third of Kras is now covered by pine forest. Before that Kras was covered by oak forest. It is said that most of the forest was chopped down long ago to provide the wooden piles on which the city of [[Venice]] now stands. The Kras and [[White Carniola]] are well known for the mysterious [[olm|proteus]]. The [[tilia|lime/linden]] tree, also common in Slovenian forests, is a national symbol. |
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In the Alps, flowers such as ''[[Daphne blagayana]]'', various [[gentian]]s (''[[Gentiana clusii]]'', ''[[Gentiana froelichi]]''), ''[[Primula auricula]]'', [[Leontopodium alpinum|edelweiss]] (the symbol of Slovene mountaineering), ''[[Cypripedium calceolus]]'', ''[[Fritillaria meleagris]]'' (snake's head fritillary), and ''[[Pulsatilla grandis]]'' are found. |
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[[Image:MC Steinbock.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Female [[Alpine ibex]], photographed in the [[Julian Alps]]]] |
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The country's fauna includes [[marmot]]s, [[Alpine ibex]], and [[chamois]]. There are numerous [[deer]], [[roe deer]], [[boar]], and [[hare]]s. The [[edible dormouse]] is often found in the Slovenian beech forests. Hunting these animals is a long tradition and is well described in the book ''[[The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola]]'' ({{lang-sl|Slava vojvodine Kranjske}}, 1689), written by [[Janez Vajkard Valvasor]] (1641-1693). Some important carnivores include the [[Eurasian lynx]] (reintroduced to the [[Kočevje]] area in 1973), European [[wild cat]]s, [[fox]]es (especially the [[red fox]]), and the rare [[jackal]].<ref>{{sl icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.gea-on.net/clanek.asp?ID=608 |title="Šakali" |author=Maja Berden Zrimec |year=2005 |month=May |publisher=[[GEA (journal)]] |accessdate=2006-04-06}}</ref> There are also [[hedgehog]]s, [[marten]]s, and snakes such as [[Viperinae|viper]]s and [[grass snake]]s. As of March 2005, Slovenia also has a limited population of [[wolves]] and around four hundred [[brown bear]]s. |
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There is a wide variety of birds, such as the [[Tawny Owl]], the [[Long-eared Owl]], the [[Eagle Owl]], [[hawk]]s, and [[Short-toed Eagle]]s. Various other birds of prey have been recorded, as well as a growing number of [[raven]]s, [[crow]]s and [[magpie]]s migrating into [[Ljubljana]] and [[Maribor]] where they thrive. Other birds include (both Black and Green) [[Woodpecker]]s and the [[White Stork]], which nests in [[Prekmurje]]. |
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The indigenous Slovenian fish is the [[marble trout]] or marmorata (''Salmo marmoratus''). Extensive breeding programmes have been introduced to repopulate the marble trout into lakes and streams invaded by non-indigenous species of [[trout]]. |
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The only regular species of [[cetacea]]ns found in the northern Adriatic sea is the [[bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morigenos.org/index.php?path=Delfini_pri_nas |title=Delfini pri nas |publisher=Morigenos |accessdate=2006-04-06 |language=Slovene}}</ref> |
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Domestic animals originating in Slovenia include the [[Carniolan honeybee]], the indigenous [[Karst Shepherd]] and the [[Lipizzan]] horse. The exploration of various cave systems has yielded discoveries of many cave-dwelling insects and other organisms. |
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Slovenia is a veritable cornucopia of forest, cavern and mountain-dwelling wildlife. Many species that are endangered or can no longer be found in other parts of Europe can still be found here. |
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== Education == |
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{{main|Education in Slovenia}} |
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[[Image:Univerza Ljubljana.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[University of Ljubljana]]]] |
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The Slovenian education system consists of: |
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*pre-school education |
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*basic education (single structure of primary and lower secondary education) |
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*(upper) secondary education: vocational and technical education, secondary general education |
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*higher vocational education |
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*higher education |
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Specific parts of the system: |
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*adult education |
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*music and dance education |
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*special needs education |
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*programmes in ethnically and linguistically mixed areas |
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Currently there are three public universities in Slovenia: |
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*[[University of Ljubljana]] |
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*[[University of Maribor]] |
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*[[University of Primorska]] |
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In addition, there is the private [[University of Nova Gorica]]. |
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The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]], coordinated by the [[OECD]], currently ranks Slovenia's education as the 12th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf |title=Table: Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale |date=2007-12-04 |accessdate=2008-04-15|work=PISA 2006 |publisher=OECD}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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{{portal}} |
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* [[Communications in Slovenia]] |
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* [[Constitution of Slovenia]] |
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* [[Foreign relations of Slovenia]] |
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* [[Music of Slovenia]] |
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* [[National symbols of Slovenia]] |
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* [[Military of Slovenia]] |
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* [[Tourism in Slovenia]] |
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* [[Transportation in Slovenia]] |
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== References == |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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{{sisterlinks|Slovenia}} |
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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Burke, William}} |
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* [http://www.gov.si/ The Republic of Slovenia]. Government links. |
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*[http://heritage.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1267&id=2340362005 Buried secrets of the city murder dolls] |
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* [http://www.zrc-sazu.si/agss/Slovenia.htm Slovenia: a geographical overview]. Published by the Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia. |
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*[http://archive.scotsman.com/article.cfm?id=TSC/1829/01/31/Ar00601 Newspaper clipping of the notice of execution of Burke] |
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* [http://www.stat.si/eng/ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia] |
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*[http://nyam.org/library/pages/historical_collections_resurrectionists Searchable collection of printed materials from the New York Academy of Medicine, related to the murders, trial, and execution of Burke] |
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* [http://www.slovenia.info/ The Slovenian Tourist portal]. Published by the Slovenian Tourist Board. |
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* [http://www.mojaslovenija.si/ Slovenia - Landmarks]. A site featuring virtual reality panoramas of various spots in the country. |
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Revision as of 14:19, 11 October 2008
Republic of Slovenia Republika Slovenija | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: 7th stanza of Zdravljica | |
![Location of Slovenia (dark green) – in Europe (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union (light green) – [Legend]](/wiki/File:Location_Slovenia_EU_Europe.png) Location of Slovenia (dark green) – in Europe (light green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Ljubljana |
| Official languages | Slovene1 |
| Demonym(s) | Slovenian, Slovene |
| Government | Parliamentary republic |
| Danilo Türk | |
| Janez Janša | |
| Independence from Yugoslavia | |
• Declared | 25 June 1991 |
• Recognised | 1992 |
| Area | |
• Total | 20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi) (153rd) |
• Water (%) | 0.6 |
| Population | |
• 2008 estimate | 2,023,358 2 (143rd) |
• 2002 census | 1,964,036 |
• Density | 99.6/km2 (258.0/sq mi) (80th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate |
• Total | $54.714 billion[1] (83rd) |
• Per capita | $27,227[1] (IMF) (29th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate |
• Total | $46.084 billion[1] (67th) |
• Per capita | $22,932[1] (IMF) (30th) |
| HDI (2005) |  0.917Error: Invalid HDI value (27th) |
| Currency | euro (€)3 (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Calling code | 386 |
| ISO 3166 code | SI |
| Internet TLD | .si4 |
1 Italian and Hungarian are recognised as official languages in the residential municipalities of the Italian or Hungarian national community. 2 Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Population, Slovenia, 30 June 2007 3 Prior to 2007: Slovenian tolar 4 Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states. | |
Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: Republika Slovenija, ), is a country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north. The capital of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
At various points in Slovenia's history, the country has been part of the Roman Empire, partly the Republic of Venice, the principality Carantania (only modern Slovenia's northern part), the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire (later known as Austria-Hungary), the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929); partly Kingdom of Italy, between the two World Wars, occupied by Germany, Italy, Hungary and Croatia (1941-1945), and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 until gaining independence in 1991.
Slovenia is the only country once to have formed a part of a socialist state to be at the same time a member of the European Union, the Eurozone, the Schengen area, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe and NATO.
History
Slavic ancestors of the present-day Slovenes settled in the area in the 6th century. The Slavic principality Carantania was formed in the 7th century. In 745, Carantania was incorporated into the Carolingian Empire, while Carantanians and other Slavs living in present Slovenia converted to Christianity. Carantania retained its internal independence until 828 when the local princes were deposed following the anti-Frankish rebellion of Ljudevit Posavski and replaced by a German (mostly Bavarian) ascendancy. Under Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia, Carantania, now ruled by a mixed Bavarian-Slav nobility, shortly emerged as a regional power, but was destroyed by the Hungarian invasions in the late 9th century. Carantania was established again as an autonomous administrative unit in 976, when Emperor Otto I., "the Great", after deposing the Duke of Bavaria, Henry II."the Quarreller", split the lands held by him and made Carinthia the sixth duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, but old Carantania never developed into a unified realm. In the century of the second millenium protecting marches were established at the south-eastern borders of the Empire, which in the course of time developed into duchies in their right:[when?] Styria, Carniola and Friuli, into which the Slovene Lands remained divided up to 1918.[citation needed] The Carantanian identity remained alive [citation needed] into the 12th century [citation needed]when it was slowly replaced by regional identities. The first mentions of a common Slovene ethnic identity, transcending regional boundaries, date from the 16th century.
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During the 14th century, most of Slovene Lands passed under the Habsburg rule. In the 15th century, the Habsburg domination was challenged by the Counts of Celje, but by the end of the century the great majority of Slovene-inhabited territories were incorporated into the Habsburg Monarchy. Most Slovenes lived in the region known as Inner Austria, forming the majority of the population of the Duchy of Carniola and the County of Gorizia and Gradisca, as well as of Lower Styria and southern Carinthia. Slovenes also inhabited most of the territory of the Imperial Free City of Trieste, although representing the minority of its population. Slovene majorities also existed in the Prekmurje region of the Kingdom of Hungary, and in Venetian Slovenia and north-western Istria, which were part of the Republic of Venice.
In the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation spread throughout the Slovene Lands. During this period, the first books in Slovene language were written by the Protestant preacher Primož Trubar and his followers, establishing the base for the development of the Slovene standard language. Although almost all Protestants were expelled from the Slovene Lands (with the exception of Prekmurje) by the beginning of the 17th century, they left a strong legacy in the tradition of the Slovene culture, which was partially incorporated in the Catholic Counter-Reformation in the 17th century. The Slovene cultural tradition was further reinforced in the Enlightenment period in the 18th century by the endeavours of the Zois Circle.
After a short French interim between 1805 and 1813, all Slovene Lands were included in the Austrian Empire. Slowly, a distinct Slovene national consciousness developed, and the quest for a political unification of all Slovenes became widespread. In 1848, a mass political and popular movement for the United Slovenia (Zedinjena Slovenija) emerged as part of the Spring of Nations movement within the Austrian Empire.
Between 1848 and 1918, numerous institutions (including theatres and publishing houses, as well as political, financial and cultural organisations) were founded in the so-called Slovene National Awakening. Despite their political and institutional fragmentation and lack of a proper political representation, the Slovenes were able to establish a functioning and integrated national infrastructure. During this period, the town of Ljubljana, the capital of Carniola, emerged as the undisputed centre of all Slovene Lands, while the Slovenes developed an internationally comparable literature and culture. Nevertheless, the Slovene national question remained unsolved, so the political élite started looking towards other Slavic nations in Austria-Hungary[verification needed] and the Balkans in order to engage in a common political action against German and Hungarian hegemony.[citation needed] The idea of a common political entity of all South Slavs, known as Yugoslavia, emerged.
During World War I, after the Italian attack on Austria-Hungary in 1915, the Italian front opened, and some of the most important battles (the Battles of the Isonzo) were fought along the river Soča and on the Kras Plateau in the Slovenian Littoral.
With the collapse of the Austria-Hungary in 1918, the Slovenes initially joined the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which just a few months later merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, in 1929 renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The western part of the Slovene Lands (the Slovenian Littoral and western districts of Inner Carniola) was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy and became known under the name of Julian March. In 1920, in the Carinthian Plebiscite, the majority of Carinthian Slovenes voted to remain in Austria. Although the Slovenes in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were submitted to an intolerant centralist policy trying to eradicate a distinct Slovene national consciousness, they were still better off than Slovenes in Italy, Austria and Hungary, who became victims of policies of forced assimilation and violent persecution. As a reaction to the fascist violence of the Italian State in the Julian March, the organisation TIGR, regarded as one of the first armed antifascist resistance groups in Europe,[citation needed] was founded in 1927.
In April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis Powers. Slovenia was divided between Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Horthy's Hungary and several villages given to the Independent State of Croatia. Soon, a liberation movement under the Communist leadership emerged. Due to political assassinations carried out by the Communist guerrillas as well as the pre-existing radical anti-Communism of the conservative circles of the Slovenian society, a civil war between Slovenes broke out[when?] in the Italian-occupied south-eastern Slovenia (known as Province of Ljubljana) between the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People and the Axis-sponsored anti-communist militia, the Slovene Home Guard, formed to protect villages from attacks by Communist[original research?] partisans. The Slovene partisan guerrilla managed to liberate large portions of the Slovene Lands, making a contribution to the defeat of Nazism.
Following the re-establishment of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, Slovenia became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, declared on 29 November 1945. A Communist dictatorship was established, but due to the Tito-Stalin split economic and personal freedom were better than in the Eastern Bloc. In 1947, Italy ceded most of the Julian March to Yugoslavia and Slovenia thus regained the Slovenian Littoral, including access to the sea. From the 1950s, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia enjoyed a relatively wide autonomy under the rule of the local Communist elite. In 1990, Slovenia abandoned its communist infrastructure, the first free and democratic elections were held and the DEMOS coalition defeated the former Communist parties. The state reconstituted itself as Republic of Slovenia. In December 1990, the overwhelming majority of Slovenian citizens voted for independence, which was declared on 25 June 1991. A Ten-Day War followed in which the Slovenians rejected Yugoslav military interference. After 1990, a stable democratic system evolved, with economic liberalisation and gradual growth of prosperity. Slovenia joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. Slovenia was the first post-Communist country to hold the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, for the first six months of 2008.
Politics
The Slovenian head of state is the president, who is elected by popular vote every five years. The executive branch is headed by the prime minister and the council of ministers or cabinet, who are elected by the National Assembly.
The bicameral Parliament of Slovenia is characterized by an asymmetric duality, as the Constitution does not accord equal powers to both chambers. It consists of the National Assembly (Državni zbor), and the National Council (Državni svet). The National Assembly has ninety members, 88 of which are elected by all the citizens in a system of proportional representation, while two are elected by the indigenous Hungarian and Italian minorities. Elections take place every four years. It is the supreme representative and legislative institution, exercising legislative and electoral powers as well as control over the Executive and the Judiciary. The National Council has forty members, appointed to represent social, economic, professional and local interest groups. Among its best-known powers is the authority of the "postponing veto" - it can demand that the Parliament re-discusses a certain piece of legislation.
Administrative divisions
The traditional regions of Slovenia based on the former four Habsburg crown lands (Carniola, Carinthia, Styria, and the Littoral) are the following[citation needed]:
| English name | Native name | |
| Upper Carniola | Gorenjska | |
| Lower Styria | Štajerska | |
| Prekmurje | Prekmurje | |
| Carinthia | Koroška | |
| Inner Carniola | Notranjska | |
| Lower Carniola | Dolenjska | |
| Goriška | Goriška | |
| Slovenian Istria | Slovenska Istra |
Goriška and Slovenian Istria together are known as the Littoral region (Slovene: Primorska). White Carniola (Slovene: Bela krajina), otherwise part of Lower Carniola, is considered a separate region of Slovenia,[citation needed] as are Zasavje and Posavje, the former being a part of Upper Carniola, Lower Carniola and Styria; and the latter part of Lower Carniola and Styria.[citation needed]
Statistical regions
Slovenia's statistical regions exist solely for legal and statistical purposes.[citation needed] As of February 2007 there are 12 statistical regions (NUTS-2 level), which are grouped in two macroregions (NUTS-1 level): Mura (Pomurska), Drava (Podravska), Carinthia (Koroška), Savinja (Savinjska), Central Sava (Zasavska), Lower Sava (Spodnjeposavska), Southeast Slovenia (Jugovzhodna Slovenija), Inner Carniola-Karst (Notranjsko-kraška), Central Slovenia (Osrednjeslovenska), Upper Carniola (Gorenjska), Gorica (Goriška), and Coastal-Karst (Obalno-kraška)[2]
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The government, however, is preparing a plan for new administrative regions. The number of these regions is not yet defined, but is said[vague] to be between twelve and fourteen. After being unveiled publicly, the plan will undergo parliamentary debate. Constitutional changes allowing the creation of regions have already been approved by the National Assembly.[citation needed] If, however, twelve administrative regions are favored, they will most likely be the same as those already in place.[citation needed]
On 24 May 2007 the government proposed a reform in the local government system, introducing administrative regions with limited home rule. It has been stated[vague] that 13 will be the maximum allowed number of such regions (or provinces), but their actual names, territories and capitals have yet to be exactly determined. As the passage of necessary legislation has stalled, the process of devolution has been postponed, probably till 2010.[3]
Municipalities
Slovenia is divided into 210 local municipalities, eleven of which have urban status.
Geography
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Four major European geographic regions meet in Slovenia: the Alps, the Dinarides, the Pannonian Plain, and the Mediterranean. Slovenia's highest peak is Triglav (2,864 m; 9,396 ft); the country's average height above sea level is 557 metres (1,827 ft). Although on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, most of Slovenia is in the Black Sea drainage basin. The geographical centre of Slovenia is at the coordinates 46°07'11.8" N and 14°48'55.2" E. It lies in Spodnja Slivna near Vače in the municipality of Litija. Slovenia's coastline measures 47km (29 mi).
Around half of the country (11,691 km²; 4,514 sq mi) is covered by forests; the third most forested country in Europe, after Finland and Sweden. Remnants of primeval forests are still to be found, the largest in the Kočevje area. Grassland covers 5,593 square kilometres (2,159 sq mi) and fields and gardens 2,471 square kilometres (954 sq mi). There are 363 square kilometres (140 sq mi) of orchards and 216 square kilometres (83 sq mi) of vineyards.
Its climate is sub-mediterranean on the coast, alpine in the mountains and continental with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaux and valleys to the east. Average temperatures are -2 °C (28 °F) in January and 21 °C (70 °F) in July. The average rainfall is 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) for the coast, up to 3,500 millimetres (137.8 in) for the Alps, 800 millimetres (31.5 in) for south-east and 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for central Slovenia.
Natural regions
The first regionalisations of Slovenia were made by geographers Anton Melik (1935-1936) and Svetozar Ilešič (1968). The newer regionalisation by Ivan Gams divides Slovenia in the following macroregions:[citation needed]
- the Alps (visokogorske Alpe)
- the Prealpine Hills (predalpsko hribovje)
- the Ljubljana Basin (Ljubljanska kotlina)
- Submediterranean (Littoral) Slovenia (submediteranska - primorska Slovenija)
- the Dinaric Karst of inner Slovenia (dinarski kras notranje Slovenije)
- Subpannonian Slovenia (subpanonska Slovenija)
According to a newer natural geographic regionalisation, the country consists of four macroregions. These are the Alpine, the Mediterranean, the Dinaric, and the Pannonian landscapes. Macroregions are defined according to major relief units (the Alps, the Pannonian plain, the Dinaric mountains) and climate types (submediterranean, temperate continental, mountain climate).[4] These are often quite interwoven.
Economy
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Slovenia has a high-income developed economy which enjoys the second highest (after Cyprus) GDP per capita ($28,010.76 estimate for 2008[5]) of the new EU countries which is 93% of the EU average.[citation needed] Although the country's relatively high inflation declined to 2.3% in 2006 (prior to adoption of the euro), it recently[when?] reached 5.1% year-on-year, exceeding the average in the eurozone. Slovenia's economy has started to grow more strongly in the last few years (7.2% in first quarter of 2007, 5.7% in 2006, 4.1% in 2005), after relatively slow growth in 2003 (2.8%).
Despite economic success, Slovenia faces challenges. Much of the economy remains in state hands and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Slovenia is one of the lowest in the EU per capita. Taxes are relatively high, the labor market is seen as inflexible, and industries are losing sales to China, India, and elsewhere.[6]
During the 2000s, privatizations were seen in the banking, telecommunications, and public utility sectors. Restrictions on foreign investment are being dismantled, and foreign direct investment (FDI) is expected to increase. Slovenia is the economic front-runner of the countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and was the first new member which adopted the euro on 1 January 2007.
Demographics
(Slovene: Izbrisani)
Slovenia's main ethnic group is Slovene (83%). Nationalities from the former Yugoslavia (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Montenegrin) form 5.3%, and the Hungarian, Albanian, Roma, Italian and other minorities form 2.8% of the population. Ethnic affiliation of 8.9% was either undeclared or unknown.
Life expectancy in 2003 was 72.2 years for men and 80 years for women. Slovenia ranks number 8 on the list of countries by suicide rate.
With 99 inhabitants per square kilometre (256/sq mi), Slovenia ranks low among the European countries in population density (compared to 320/km² (829/sq mi) for the Netherlands or 195/km² (505/sq mi) for Italy). The Notranjska-Kras statistical region has the lowest population density while the Central Slovenian statistical region has the highest. Approximately 51% of the population lives in urban areas and 49% in rural areas.
The official language is Slovene, which is a member of the South Slavic language group. Hungarian and Italian enjoy the status of official languages in the ethnically mixed regions along the Hungarian and Italian borders.
By religion, Slovenes are traditionally largely Roman Catholic (57.8% according to the 2002 Census). According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005,[7] 37% of Slovenian citizens responded that "they believe there is a god", whereas 46% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 16% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".
Culture
Slovenia's first book was printed by the Protestant reformer Primož Trubar (1508-1586). It was actually two books, Latin: Catechismus (a catechism) and Abecedarium, which was published in 1550 in Tübingen, Germany.
The central part of the country, namely Carniola (which existed as a part of Austria-Hungary until the early 20th century) was ethnographically and historically well-described in the book The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola (German: Die Ehre deß Herzogthums Crain, Slovene: Slava vojvodine Kranjske), published in 1689 by Baron Janez Vajkard Valvasor (1641-1693).
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Some of Slovenia's greatest literates were the poets France Prešeren (1800-1849), Oton Župančič, Srečko Kosovel, Edvard Kocbek and Dane Zajc, as well as the writers Ivan Cankar (1876-1918) and Vladimir Bartol, Alojz Rebula, Drago Jančar, Boris Pahor, Tomaž Šalamun and Aleš Debeljak are the leading names of contemporary Slovene literature, while Aleš Šteger is one of the most noticeable name among newcomers. The most important Slovene painters include Jurij Šubic and Anton Ažbe in late 19. century. Ivana Kobilca, Rihard Jakopič, Ivan Grohar worked in the beginning of 20. century while Avgust Černigoj, Lojze Spacal, Anton Gojmir Kos, Riko Debenjak, Marij Pregelj, exceptional Gabrijel Stupica, Janez Bernik worked mostly in the second part of 20. century. Contemporary artists are Emerik Bernard, Metka Krašovec, Ivo Prančič, Gustav Gnamuš, group IRWIN and Marko Peljhan. World fame obtained Zoran Mušič who worked in Paris and Venice. The most important Slovene sculptors were Fran Berneker, Lojze Dolinar, Zdenko Kalin, Slavko Tihec, Janez Boljka and now Jakov Brdar and Mirsad Begić. The most famed Slovene architects were Jože Plečnik and Max Fabiani and later Edo Ravnikar and Milan Mihelič.
Slovenia is a homeland of numerous musicians and composers, including Renaissance composer Jacobus Gallus (1550-1591), who greatly influenced Central European classical music, and the violin virtuoso Giuseppe Tartini. In the twentieth century, Bojan Adamič was a renowned film music composer and Ivo Petrić (born 16 June 1931), is a composer of European classical music.
Contemporary popular musicians have been Slavko Avsenik, Laibach, Vlado Kreslin, Pero Lovšin, Pankrti, Zoran Predin, Lačni Franz, New Swing Quartet, DJ Umek, Valentino Kanzyani, Siddharta, Big Foot Mama,Terrafolk, Katalena, Magnifico and others.
Slovene cinema has more than a century-long tradition with Karol Grossmann, Janko Ravnik, Ferdo Delak, France Štiglic, Mirko Grobler, Igor Pretnar, France Kosmač, Jože Pogačnik, Matjaž Klopčič, Jane Kavčič, Jože Gale, Boštjan Hladnik and Karpo Godina as its most established filmmakers. Contemporary film directors Janez Burger, Jan Cvitkovič, Damjan Kozole, Janez Lapajne and Maja Weiss are most notable representatives of the so-called "Renaissance of Slovenian cinema".
Famous Slovene scholars include the chemist and Nobel prize laureate Friderik - Fritz Pregl, physicist Joseph Stefan, philosophers Slavoj Žižek and Milan Komar, linguist Franc Miklošič, physician Anton Marko Plenčič, mathematician Jurij Vega, sociologist Thomas Luckmann, theologian Anton Strle and rocket engineer Herman Potočnik.
Biodiversity
Although Slovenia is a small country, there is an exceptionally wide variety of habitats. In the north of Slovenia are the Alps (namely, Julian Alps, Karavanke, Kamnik Alps), and in the south stand the Dinaric Alps. There is also a small area of the Pannonian plain and a Littoral Region. Much of southwestern Slovenia is characterized by Classical Karst, a very rich, often unexplored underground habitat containing diverse flora and fauna.
About 58% of the country is covered by forests. The forests are an important natural resource, but logging is kept to a minimum, as Slovenians also value their forests for the preservation of natural diversity, for enriching the soil and cleansing the water and air, for the social and economic benefits of recreation and tourism, and for the natural beauty they give to the Slovenian landscape. In the interior of the country are typical Central European forests, predominantly oak and beech. In the mountains, spruce, fir, and pine are more common. The tree line is at 1,700 to 1,800 metres (or 5,575 to 5,900 ft).
Pine trees also grow on the Kras plateau. Only one third of Kras is now covered by pine forest. Before that Kras was covered by oak forest. It is said that most of the forest was chopped down long ago to provide the wooden piles on which the city of Venice now stands. The Kras and White Carniola are well known for the mysterious proteus. The lime/linden tree, also common in Slovenian forests, is a national symbol.
In the Alps, flowers such as Daphne blagayana, various gentians (Gentiana clusii, Gentiana froelichi), Primula auricula, edelweiss (the symbol of Slovene mountaineering), Cypripedium calceolus, Fritillaria meleagris (snake's head fritillary), and Pulsatilla grandis are found.
The country's fauna includes marmots, Alpine ibex, and chamois. There are numerous deer, roe deer, boar, and hares. The edible dormouse is often found in the Slovenian beech forests. Hunting these animals is a long tradition and is well described in the book The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola (Slovene: Slava vojvodine Kranjske, 1689), written by Janez Vajkard Valvasor (1641-1693). Some important carnivores include the Eurasian lynx (reintroduced to the Kočevje area in 1973), European wild cats, foxes (especially the red fox), and the rare jackal.[8] There are also hedgehogs, martens, and snakes such as vipers and grass snakes. As of March 2005, Slovenia also has a limited population of wolves and around four hundred brown bears.
There is a wide variety of birds, such as the Tawny Owl, the Long-eared Owl, the Eagle Owl, hawks, and Short-toed Eagles. Various other birds of prey have been recorded, as well as a growing number of ravens, crows and magpies migrating into Ljubljana and Maribor where they thrive. Other birds include (both Black and Green) Woodpeckers and the White Stork, which nests in Prekmurje.
The indigenous Slovenian fish is the marble trout or marmorata (Salmo marmoratus). Extensive breeding programmes have been introduced to repopulate the marble trout into lakes and streams invaded by non-indigenous species of trout.
The only regular species of cetaceans found in the northern Adriatic sea is the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).[9]
Domestic animals originating in Slovenia include the Carniolan honeybee, the indigenous Karst Shepherd and the Lipizzan horse. The exploration of various cave systems has yielded discoveries of many cave-dwelling insects and other organisms.
Slovenia is a veritable cornucopia of forest, cavern and mountain-dwelling wildlife. Many species that are endangered or can no longer be found in other parts of Europe can still be found here.
Education
The Slovenian education system consists of:
- pre-school education
- basic education (single structure of primary and lower secondary education)
- (upper) secondary education: vocational and technical education, secondary general education
- higher vocational education
- higher education
Specific parts of the system:
- adult education
- music and dance education
- special needs education
- programmes in ethnically and linguistically mixed areas
Currently there are three public universities in Slovenia:
In addition, there is the private University of Nova Gorica.
The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Slovenia's education as the 12th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average.[10]
See also
- Communications in Slovenia
- Constitution of Slovenia
- Foreign relations of Slovenia
- Music of Slovenia
- National symbols of Slovenia
- Military of Slovenia
- Tourism in Slovenia
- Transportation in Slovenia
References
- ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
- ^ "Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics - NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe". European Union. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ "PM Jansa: Government to resubmit the law establishing regions with partial amendments". Government Communication Office. 2008-02-14. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
- ^ Ogrin, Darko (2004). "Modern climate change in Slovenia" (PDF). Slovenia: a geographical overview. Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
- ^ "The World Factbook 2007 -- Slovenia, Economy".
- ^ "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 - page 11" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-05-05.
- ^ Template:Sl icon Maja Berden Zrimec (2005). ""Šakali"". GEA (journal). Retrieved 2006-04-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Delfini pri nas" (in Slovene). Morigenos. Retrieved 2006-04-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Table: Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale" (PDF). PISA 2006. OECD. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
- The Republic of Slovenia. Government links.
- Slovenia: a geographical overview. Published by the Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia.
- Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
- The Slovenian Tourist portal. Published by the Slovenian Tourist Board.
- Slovenia - Landmarks. A site featuring virtual reality panoramas of various spots in the country.
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