Amnesty International

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Amnesty International
logo
founding May 28, 1961
founder Peter Benenson
Seat London , UKUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom 
main emphasis Human rights organization
people FranceFrance Agnès Callamard
(International Secretary General) Peter Benenson (Founder)
United KingdomUnited Kingdom 
sales 309,000,000 euros (2018)
Members about 10,000,000
Website www.amnesty.org

Amnesty International (from English amnesty , pardon, penalty, amnesty ) is a non-governmental (NGO) and non-profit organization that campaigns for human rights worldwide. Its work is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other human rights documents, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . The organization researches human rights violations and conducts public relations and lobbying workand organizes, among other things, letter and signature campaigns for all areas of their work.

Founding history

The sculpture Bogside '69 was created by Hans-Jürgen Breuste on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of AI in 1981

Amnesty International was founded in London in 1961 by the English lawyer Peter Benenson . The idea of ​​founding it should have come to him when he read repeatedly in the newspaper about torture and violent repression, with which governments acted against politically different people. In an interview conducted in 1983, Benenson recalled that the article was about two Portuguese students who had toasted freedom in a restaurant in Lisbon and were subsequently sentenced to prison terms. Subsequent research revealed that it was possibly a note in The Times dated December 19, 1960, which did not, however, contain any details about the "subversive activities" of the convicts. On May 28, 1961, Benenson published the article "The Forgotten Prisoners" in the British newspaper The Observer, naming several cases, including Constantin Noica , Agostinho Neto and József Mindszenty , and calling on readers to to campaign for the release of these prisoners through letters to the respective governments. He wrote: “You can open your newspaper any day of the week and you will find in it an account of someone captured, tortured, or executed anywhere in the world because their government does not like their beliefs or religion. “The Appeal for Amnesty, 1961 action that resulted from this article is considered to be the beginning of Amnesty International. Founding members included Eric Baker and the Irish politician Seán MacBride , who was also president of the organization from 1961 to 1974.

Although Amnesty International describes itself as an organization open to people of all nationalities and religions, its members initially came mainly from the English-speaking world and Western Europe. This limitation could be explained by the Cold War. Attempts to set up Amnesty groups in Eastern Europe have met with great difficulties. This was not only due to state repression, but also to the different interests pursued by Western and Eastern European human rights activists.

Organization old logo
70 Pf - special stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost (1974) for Amnesty International

The logo is a candle wrapped in barbed wire. It was created by English artist Diana Redhouse , who was inspired by the saying It's Better To Light A Candle Than Complaining About The Darkness .

The German section had already decided in the 1970s to no longer use this logo for itself. Instead, a blue and white logo with lowercase letters was used until 2008. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, a spelling with lowercase letters and abbreviations, which is no longer used today, was used until mid-2008: amnesty international , ai or amnesty . In mid-2008, a new, uniform layout was introduced internationally, using the colors yellow and black. The logo contains the words Amnesty International in capital letters and the candle wrapped in barbed wire.

Foundation in Germany

The German section was founded in Cologne at the end of June 1961, two months after the founding of the international organization, by journalists Gerd Ruge , Carola Stern and Felix Rexhausen , and was recognized as the first section in July 1961. The German AI office resided for decades in Domstrasse in Cologne's Agnesviertel , where Stern lived at the time. Initially, the group called itself "Amnesty Appeal". For example, she campaigned for political prisoners imprisoned in the GDR. After the fall of the wall , the organization was also active in the new federal states, where it was banned until then. As of 2020 it is based in Berlin. Markus N. Beeko has been Secretary General of Amnesty International in Germany since 2016 (as of 2020).

Foundation in Austria

Amnesty International Austria was founded on May 4th 1970. On November 14, 2001, AI Austria was one of the first 44 organizations to receive the Austrian Donation Seal of Approval. Secretary General is Heinz Patzelt (as of January 2016).

Foundation in Switzerland

The Swiss section was officially founded in 1970. But the first section existed in Geneva as early as 1964, initiated by Seán MacBride , then Secretary General and co-founder of Amnesty International. The first employee was hired in 1976, and today there are 70 employees for Amnesty Switzerland . In addition, 1,500 volunteers are actively involved in more than seventy local and themed groups. The current managing director is Alexandra Karle .

Structure of the organization

International

Numbers and other data about the organization

Worldwide Sections of Amnesty International, 2005 (52)
Former Secretary General Salil Shetty

Amnesty International claims to have more than seven million members and supporters in more than 150 countries. There are sections in 53 states that guarantee continuous human rights work. The larger sections usually have a secretariat with full-time employees. The section coordinates the work of the members and is the liaison between the groups and the International Secretariat in London. The sections send representatives to the Global Assembly (until 2017 International Council Meeting and English International Council Meeting (ICM) ), the supreme body of Amnesty at the international level, which occurs every two years. The Global Assembly defines Amnesty's strategy and operation, and elects the international board to manage the day-to-day running of the organization. The International Secretariat in London, headed by the International Secretary General, is also under the responsibility of the International Board of Directors. From 2010 to August 2018 this was Salil Shetty , who is from India . He initiated a change in the organization by increasing the presence in countries of the global south through the establishment of offices and research work anchored there, while the headquarters in London was downsized. His successor in 2018 and 2019 was Kumi Naidoo from South Africa, former director of Greenpeace .

General Secretaries

Surname Term of office
Peter BenensonUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom Peter Benenson 1961-1966
Eric BakerUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom Eric Baker 1966-1968
Martin EnnalsUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom Martin Ennals 1968-1980
Thomas HammarbergSwedenSweden Thomas Hammarberg 1980-1986
Ian MartinUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom Ian Martin 1986-1992
Pierre SanéSenegalSenegal Pierre Sané 1992-2001
Irene KhanBangladeshBangladesh Irene Khan 2001-2010
Salil ShettyIndiaIndia Salil Shetty 2010-2018
Kumi NaidooSouth AfricaSouth Africa Kumi Naidoo 2018-2019
Julie VerhaarNetherlandsNetherlands Julie Verhaar 2019-2021
Agnes CallamardFranceFrance Agnes Callamard since 2021

German section

Membership and structures are regulated in the statutes and a working framework. Members can join a group. Active efforts are expected from groups through targeted campaigns on site, letter writing, public relations work and fundraising. All members also receive offers to join in independently of group activities. There are around 30,000 members in Germany, of which around 9,000 are in over 600 local groups divided into 43 districts. There are also so-called coordination groups that coordinate work on individual countries or specific human rights issues across the section. Around 70,000 sponsors support the organization with regular contributions. The German section is managed and represented externally by an honorary board of directors consisting of seven members. The board spokeswoman is Gabriele Stein, who together with the board member responsible for finance, Roland Vogel, represents the association legally.

In 1999 Amnesty International Germany moved into rooms in the “ House of Democracy and Human Rights ” on Greifswalder Strasse in Berlin . In 2012 the secretariat finally gave up its seat in Bonn . For reasons of space, however, only the Berlin-Brandenburg district office and the East Regional Office are located in the “House of Democracy and Human Rights”; the section's secretariat is now on Zinnowitzer Strasse. In addition, there are regional offices in Munich (since 2011) and in Düsseldorf (since 2016) that support members in southern and western Germany.

The secretariat carries out administrative tasks for the members, carries out public relations and takes on lobbying work. It employs over 60 part-time and full-time employees and is headed by Markus N. Beeko as General Secretary, who replaced Selmin Çalışkan in September 2016 .

The annual meeting of the German section takes place once a year over two and a half days at Pentecost. All members are entitled to propose and vote, groups have additional voting rights. Sponsors have no voting rights and cannot participate. The annual meeting elects the seven-member honorary board and decides on the main topics of the work of the section. The discussions are confidential ("internal"), individual resolutions can only be made public if the annual meeting decides.

The German section is financed mainly from membership and sponsorship contributions and donations, to a lesser extent from inheritances, sales proceeds, fines and collections. The organization has been conducting “ direct dialogues ” in cities since around 2010 in order to attract sponsors; sometimes external companies are hired for this. In 2016, around 20.3 million euros were collected. Of this, around 5.9 million euros were transferred to the international secretariat. To support the work of Amnesty International, the Human Rights Foundation - Amnesty International Foundation, based in Berlin, was established in May 2003 .

The Amnesty International Annual Report is published annually and describes the human rights situation in around 160 countries and territories. The German version appears a few months later by S. Fischer Verlag .

Goals and way of working

The organization continuously researches the human rights situation worldwide and carries out actions against specific human rights violations. The organization's annual report (Amnesty International Report) contains an overview of the human rights situation in almost every country in the world.

The organization has seven goals under the motto Globalize Justice! set:

  1. Building mutual respect and fighting discrimination
  2. Demand for justice
  3. Ensuring the physical and mental integrity of all people
  4. Protection of human rights in armed conflict
  5. Protection of the rights of refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons and migrants
  6. Protection of the rights of women and girls
  7. Promotion of economic, social and cultural rights

From 2005 to 2009 the international campaign “Preventing violence against women” ran against the various forms of violence against women, both on the part of the state and in the domestic environment. After a difficult and controversial internal discussion, the Organization's 2007 international council meeting in Morelos, Mexico, adopted a limited position on abortion. Complete decriminalization is to be demanded and states are to be called upon to legalize abortion in the event of rape, sexual assault, incest and in the case of grave danger to a woman's life. The organization affirms that many social factors and constraints contribute to unwanted pregnancies and thus also to the decision of women - about 26 million illegal cases worldwide every year.

In May 2016, the organization, including all of its national associations, took up the call to legalize prostitution . One campaigns for the human rights of sex workers, not for a right to sex for sale. The decision was preceded by three years of reviewing research reports from various institutions such as the WHO , UNAIDS and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Physical and Mental Health and a decision by the decision-making body International Council Meeting .

Typical forms of action of the organization include:

  • Casework: This has been carried out since the organization was founded and includes long-term care of a prisoner of conscience by one or more amnesty groups, ideally until their release. One principle was that Amnesty groups should not work on issues in their own country.
  • Urgent Actions : These were introduced in 1973 in order to be able to react quickly to threatened human rights violations. If possible, members and supporters are mobilized within 48 hours to appeal to the responsible government agencies. In 2005 there were 326 of these actions.
  • Letters against oblivion: three cases from different countries are presented each month, often involving violent government enforced disappearances , long-term imprisonment or convictions due to unfair trials.
  • Public relations and lobbying : A wide range of activities by the groups and the work of the national secretariat aim to raise public awareness of human rights violations and to publicize human rights violations, thereby gaining support for the cause. The annual Ambassador of Conscience Award draws attention to the work of Amnesty .
  • Human rights education: Actions in schools, public lectures, etc. to anchor knowledge about human rights.
  • Online campaigns: Amnesty is increasingly using the Internet as a protest medium for its campaign work with e-collecting campaigns and online petitions .

Actions and campaigns

The organization repeatedly carries out large and small, international themed campaigns, some of which are set up over several years.

Major international priorities are currently (2018/19):

  • Courage needs protection!
  • 70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Amnesty was involved in the Control Arms campaign until 2013, when the Arms Trade Treaty was signed on April 2, 2013 .

In 1988 there was an international Amnesty concert tour entitled Human Rights Now! . On December 10, 2005 - International Human Rights Day - a new music project called Make Some Noise was started. Well-known international artists, including The Black Eyed Peas , Serj Tankian and The Cure , published cover versions of John Lennon songs exclusively on the Amnesty website. In parallel to the music, specific campaigns and cases are presented there.

Ambassador of conscience

Since 2003, Amnesty International gives the undoped Price Ambassador of Conscience Award ( English Ambassador of Conscience ). Vaclav Havel was the first winner, in 2019 the award went to Greta Thunberg and Fridays for Future .

Human rights award

The German section has been awarding the Amnesty International Human Rights Prize every two years since 1998 . In 2016 the award was given to the Indian lawyer Henri Tiphagne . In 2018, the award was given to the Nadeem Center for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Violence and Torture in Cairo.

criticism

Criticism of the strategic approach

Governments and related commentators, who are critical of Amnesty International in their reports, have on various occasions criticized Amnesty. Amnesty, for example, For example, China , Russia and the Congo accused of one-sidedness against non-Western countries in their assessments and that the security needs (e.g. in the fight against rebels) were not sufficiently taken into account. Conversely, Amnesty was z. B. attacked by the American Jewish Congress after criticism of Israeli politics in the Gaza Strip . When an Amnesty report in May 2005 placed the United States at the forefront of human rights violations (see Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Detention Center ), a White House spokesman described this as ridiculous and claimed that the information provided was incorrect.

In addition to allegations of one-sidedness, there were critical voices complaining that Amnesty was too focused on public relations. In 2002, law professor Francis Boyle (former AI executive committee member in the USA) accused Amnesty that publicity would come first , then donations and members would be recruited, there would be internal power struggles, and human rights as The goal would only come at the end.

At the international council meeting in Dakar in August 2001, it was decided to extend the mandate to also work for economic, social and cultural rights. Afterwards, some members said that AI was losing its profile and expanding its field of activity too much. AI could mutate into a "human rights general store" and lose credibility. AI should continue to focus on civil and political rights. These concerns were addressed in a 2010 BBC broadcast on the organization's 50th birthday. It alleged that Amnesty International had failed to attract any significant number of members outside of Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

Criticism on individual points

  • Amnesty International fell for the incubator lie before the Second Gulf War (1990–1991) - the story, fabricated by a US PR firm, that Iraqi troops tore babies from incubators in a Kuwaiti hospital.
  • In 2002, Amnesty was charged with never condemning the apartheid system in South Africa as a whole.
  • In April 2007, AI announced that it would henceforth advocate decriminalization of abortion within certain limits as well as the right to abortion in the event of rape , incest or serious danger to the mother's health or life. The Curia Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church , Renato Raffaele Martino , said in an interview that Catholics and church organizations should consider whether they could continue to support AI. Amnesty International responded by advocating not a universal right to abortion, but the decriminalization of women in need. In implementing this policy, AI described a complete ban on abortion as torture in the sense of the anti-torture convention in 2009. In 2018, Amnesty decided that not only must abortion be decriminalized, but that access to abortion must be legal for women, girls and "people who can get pregnant". In this context, Amnesty also lobbied against the right to life before birth by sending a letter to the UN Human Rights Committee arguing that a right to life before birth is incompatible with human rights. ("Amnesty International recommends that the General Comment makes clear that the right to life protection under the Covenant extends only after birth.") Since 2020, Amnesty International has called for unhindered access to and the right to legal abortion for any pregnant person who so wishes , regardless of the reasons and until birth. Neither gender-selective abortions should be prohibited, nor should medical personnel refuse to perform abortions for reasons of conscience.
  • Since 2010, numerous critics have accused Amnesty International of an uncritical attitude towards political Islam. In 2010, when the then head of the women's rights department, Gita Sahgal, criticized Amnesty for publicly appearing with Islamists without clearly distancing themselves from their ideology, she was subsequently dismissed. A similarly serious controversy, albeit without layoffs, sparked an English-language video by the organization in the summer of 2019, which supported the thesis that hijabs, burqas and headscarves were exclusively a question of the freedom of choice of the individuals concerned.
  • In 2014, Amnesty International carried out an internal consultation on whether prostitution and its environment should be decriminalized. The internal documents leaked to the public and sparked a heated international debate. In Germany criticized inter alia. the feminist magazine Emma is considering decriminalizing brothels and employers from prostitution. A corresponding document, which was adopted at the meeting of the International Council of Human Rights Organizations from 7 to 11 August 2015 in Dublin, again attracted international attention. Criticism of the Amnesty position on prostitution comes among others. from Catholic and feminist circles, as well as from former prostitutes, whereby in this context the term “human rights organization” is also called into question.
  • At the beginning of 2017, Amnesty International criticized the operational measures taken by the Cologne police on New Year's Eve 2016/17 as racist (" racial profiling "), while the police and most politicians contradicted such allegations and praised the prevention of a repetition of group-wise sexual assaults like New Year's Eve 2015/16 .
  • In May 2019, Amnesty International's Secretary General Kumi Naidoo admitted a hole in the organization's budget of up to £ 17 million in missing donation funds by the end of 2020. In response to the budget crisis, Naidoo announced to employees that the organization's headquarters had cut nearly 100 jobs as part of an urgent restructuring. Unite the Union, the UK's largest union, said the layoffs were a direct result of "excessive spending by the organization's management team" and "despite an increase in income". Unite, who represents the workforce, feared the cuts would be most severe on lower-income employees. It said that Amnesty International's top 23 earners received a total of £ 2.6 million last year - an average of £ 113,000 a year. Unite requested a review of the need to have that many leaders in the organization. A short time later, the organization fired five of the seven members of the Executive Board in London. With this, the human rights organization reacted according to its own statements to a report on "toxic" working conditions. The report on working conditions was commissioned after the accumulation of suicides by employees in Geneva and Paris in 2018. When it was published in January, external experts confirmed that the company had "weak points in the organizational culture and management". Employees have complained of intense pressure and stress and often described the working conditions as "toxic". Thereupon General Secretary Naidoo announced consequences.

Awards

magazine

literature

  • Amnesty International (Ed.): Amnesty International Report 2015/2016. S. Fischer, Frankfurt / Main 2016, ISBN 978-3-10-002509-8 .
  • Egon Larsen : A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International . London, 1978. ISBN 0-393-01213-1 .
    • Egon Larsen: Amnesty International: in the name of human rights. The story of Amnesty International . Foreword by Peter Benenson . Kindler, Munich 1980. ISBN 3-463-00790-8 .
  • Roland Brauckmann: Amnesty International as an enemy of the GDR (PDF; 276 kB) (Series of publications by the Berlin State Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former GDR, Volume 3), Berlin 1996.
  • Uta Devries: Amnesty International against Torture - a critical assessment . In: Contributions to Political Science . Vol. 71, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-631-32748-X .
  • Jürgen Wüst: «Imperialist human rights cry». The fight of the MfS against the International Society for Human Rights (ISHR) and Amnesty International (AI) , in: Germany Archive , No. 3/1998, pp. 418–427
  • KE Cox: Should Amnesty International Expand its Mandate to Cover Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights? In: Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law. Vol. 16, T.2, pp. 261-284, 1999.
  • Heike Alefsen, Wolfgang Behlert, Stefan Keßler, Bernd Thomsen: 40 years for human rights . Neuwied / Kriftel 2001, ISBN 3-472-04738-0 , collection of articles, ed. by Amnesty International
    (including an essay: interference, one-sidedness and lack of balance - comments on criticism of Amnesty international , pp. 34–44).
  • Anja Mihr: Amnesty International in the GDR: the Stasi targeting human rights. Ch. Links, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-86153-263-8 .
  • Stephen Hopgood: Keepers of the Flame. Understanding Amnesty International . Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY 2006, ISBN 0-8014-7251-2 , ( Summary : Keepers of the Flame ).
  • ai Bibliography - Index: Publications on Health and Human Rights Themes . 1985-2005
  • Ingrid Heinrich-Jost: Amnesty Adventure. Freedom and human dignity. Carl Ueberreuter, Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-8000-1458-0 .
  • Aryeh Neier: The international human rights movement: a history. Princeton University Press, Princeton 2012.

Web links

Commons : Amnesty International  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Portal: Amnesty International  - In The News

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Dr Agnès Callamard appointed as Secretary General of Amnesty International , Amnesty International press release, March 29, 2021, accessed March 29, 2021.
  2. ↑ the portrait: Agnes Callamard annoys dictators and leads Amnesty International . In: The daily newspaper: taz . March 29, 2021, ISSN  0931-9085 , p. 2 ( taz.de [accessed on March 29, 2021]).
  3. ↑ Information on Amnesty International
  4. ↑ Bill Shipsey, The "Toast to Freedom" That Led to Amnesty International , Huffington Post, September 22, 2011
  5. ↑ The Guardian : The Forgotten Prisoners
  6. ^ Benjamin Nathans: Moscow Human Rights Defender to Amnesty International. In: Sources on the history of human rights. Working Group Human Rights in the 20th Century, May 2015, accessed on January 11, 2017 .
  7. ↑ Carola Stern in conversation ( memento of August 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 22, 2012.
  8. ↑ Jürgen Salz: Network for Human Rights. In: networks . Title 2/2015 of the parish letter for St. Agnes, St. Kunibert, St. Ursula, St. Gertrud, pp. 12–13 (here: p. 13).
  9. ↑ 40 years of Amnesty International , accessed on November 22, 2012
  10. ↑ 1961-1970: How it all began. In: www.amnesty.de. Retrieved January 4, 2017 .
  11. ↑ Facts and figures on the Swiss section . Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  12. ↑ Alexandra Karle succeeds Manon Schick . Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  13. ^ About ai , accessed March 21, 2011
  14. ^ Outcomes from the International Council Meeting. August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2018 .
  15. ↑ South African Kumi Naidoo takes over as Amnesty's new general secretary. The South African Kumi Naidoo takes over the office of Secretary General of Amnesty International: The environmental and human rights activist will succeed the Indian Salil Shetty on Wednesday. In: chrismon.evangelisch.de. Joint project of Evangelische Publizistik gGmbH (GEP), August 14, 2018, accessed on April 1, 2021 .
  16. ^ Statutes and working framework of Amnesty Germany www.amnesty.de ( Memento from December 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  17. ↑ List of AI districts in Germany , accessed on June 21, 2013
  18. ↑ The honorary board on amnesty.de
  19. ↑ Annual meeting elected new board
  20. ↑ Amnesty International - Annual Report 2015 ( Memento of July 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ↑ Markus Beeko becomes Secretary General of Amnesty International in Germany , September 1, 2016
  22. ↑ Customer list at dialogdirect.de, accessed on August 16, 2018
  23. ↑ Annual report 2016
  24. ↑ Presentation of the 2015/16 report , accessed on September 3, 2016
  25. ↑ Owen Bowcott: Amnesty International global programs to decriminalize sex work. In: theguardian.com. May 26, 2016, accessed May 26, 2016 .
  26. ↑ Global movement votes to adopt policy to protect human rights of sex workers. In: amnesty.org. August 11, 2015, accessed May 26, 2016 .
  27. ↑ http://www.amnesty.de/kampagnen?destination=startseite
  28. ^ Climate activists Greta Thunberg and the Fridays for Future movement honored with top Amnesty International award. Amnesty International, June 7, 2019, accessed June 7, 2019 .
  29. ↑ zeit.de: Human rights award for Indian lawyer
  30. ↑ https://www.amnesty.de/menschenrechtspreis-2018
  31. ^ The US and China This Week , US-China Policy Foundation, February 16, 2001.
  32. ^ Press Briefing By Scott McClellan , The White House, May 25, 2005
  33. ↑ a b Dennis Bernstein: Interview: Amnesty on Jenin - Dennis Bernstein and Dr. Francis Boyle Discuss the Politics of Human Rights. (No longer available online.) Covert Action Quarterly, 2002, archived from the original on August 5, 2009 ; Retrieved December 28, 2010 .
  34. ^ Annual Report Ai 2004, Section Promotion of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  35. ↑ Nina Streeck: Can you help an Amnesty, please . World Week, No. 1/2006
  36. ↑ To enlarge the campaign to concern itself with "prisoners of poverty" makes it so large and all-embracing as to be virtually meaningless. John Tusa: Mid-life crisis for Amnesty? , BBC News, Dec. 28, 2010
  37. ^ How PR sold the war in the Persian Gulf. prwatch.org, accessed January 1, 2018
  38. ↑ Original quote: "AI never condemned apartheid per se "
  39. ↑ Vatican Radio : Vatican: Moving away from Amnesty International? ( Memento of September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) June 13, 2007
    Spiegel Online: Vatican calls for a boycott of Amnesty International
  40. ↑ www.amnesty.org ( Memento of July 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ↑ https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/07/amnesty-international-adopts-abortion-and-drug-control-stance/
  42. ↑ https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CCPR/Discussion/2015/AI.pdf , page 21ff
  43. ↑ https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/ccpr/pages/gc36-article6righttolife.aspx - see list of contributions submitted by NGOs therein.
  44. ^ Amnesty International: Amnesty International's Updated Abortion Policy: FAQs. September 28, 2020, accessed November 28, 2020 .
  45. ↑ "Amnesty fights for the oppression of women" , frauensicht.ch of September 25, 2019, accessed October 21, 2019
  46. ^ Amnesty International for traffickers. Emma , accessed March 27, 2014
  47. ↑ 32nd International Council Meeting Circular No. 18 ( Memento from July 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  48. ↑ http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/amnesty-international-103.html ( Memento from August 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  49. ^ Prostitution: Celebrities protest against Amnesty . In: sueddeutsche.de . ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed January 4, 2017]).
  50. ↑ Women's rights organization Solwodi against the legalization of prostitution | domradio.de. In: www.domradio.de. Retrieved January 4, 2017 .
  51. ↑ Amnesty International is no longer a human rights organization . ( kath.net [accessed January 4, 2017]).
  52. ^ Administrator Ines Holthaus: TERRE DES FEMMES - Human Rights for Women eV - Current information on prostitution: TDF in contrast to Amnesty International. Retrieved May 15, 2018 .
  53. ^ Prostitution: Broad protest against Amnesty! | EMMA. Retrieved May 15, 2018 .
  54. ↑ Peter Berger, Steven Geyer: Allegations after New Year's Eve mission: Greens boss for police scolding in the criticism . In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger . ( ksta.de [accessed on January 4, 2017]).
  55. ↑ Serious allegations of mass controls among North Africans: Now the police union is resisting. In: The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2017 .
  56. ↑ Amnesty calls for an independent review of police controls. In: www.evangelisch.de. Retrieved January 4, 2017 .
  57. ↑ Amnesty International to make almost 100 staff redundant. June 6, 2019, accessed April 18, 2020 .
  58. ^ Robert Booth Social affairs correspondent: Amnesty International staff braced for redundancies . In: The Guardian . April 27, 2019, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed April 18, 2020]).
  59. ↑ DER SPIEGEL: "Toxic" working conditions: Amnesty exchanges leadership - DER SPIEGEL - Job & Career. Retrieved April 18, 2020 .
  60. ^ "Toxic working conditions." Amnesty International exchanges management personnel. faz, May 29, 2019.
  61. ↑ Hans Böckler Prize . In: Hans Böckler Foundation . ( boeckler.de [accessed on January 4, 2017]). Hans Böckler Prize ( Memento from October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive )