Buer (Westphalia)

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Today's districts of the city of Gelsenkirchen; all parts of the city north of the Emscher except Horst belonged to Buer from 1920 to 1928 and earlier; Horst belonged to the Buer office until 1891.

Buer [ buːɐ̯ ] ( Dehnungs-e ) is a former municipality in Vest and the Recklinghausen district and a former city and city in Westphalia . The mayor's office Buer , later the Buer office , was established in 1816 and was responsible for the future city of Gladbeck until 1885, for the Horst Freedom until 1891 and for the Westerholt Freedom until 1911 - today a district of Herten  .

In 1928 Buer, Horst and Gelsenkirchen, which is adjacent to the south, were merged to form the new town of Gelsenkirchen-Buer , which was renamed Gelsenkirchen as early as 1930 . Since then, Buer or Gelsenkirchen-Buer has mostly been understood to mean the northern half of Gelsenkirchen in the surrounding area . In the meantime, however, Gelsenkirchen-Buer is nominally only one of 18 districts (one of the 8 parts north of the Emscher ) in the Gelsenkirchen-Nord district. Only the old town center (with the areas of the former farming communities Löchter , Bülse and Heege ) is referred to as Buer .

geography

Up to 1928 Buer was independent as " Freiheit " (from 1448) and as the city "Buer in Westphalia" (from 1911). While the boundaries of the Buer area constantly shifted until the middle of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century the location of the then city of Buer including the Horst office can be described as follows: In the south it borders on the independent cities of Herne and Essen . The Emscher , in whose old river bed the Rhine-Herne Canal runs parallel to the south , delimited the city of Buer from the city of Gelsenkirchen in the south . In the west. It bordered the towns and communities of the Recklinghausen district to the north and east ; in the west to Gladbeck (from 1921 to 1976 independent), in the north to Dorsten , Polsum (since 1975 district of Marl or, district Bertlich, von Herten), in the east to Westerholt (since 1975 district of Herten) and Herten itself.

Map of the German Empire 1: 100,000 from the end of the 19th century with a detail in the present-day borders of Gelsenkirchen

The following farmers belonged to Buer:

  • Scholven (Upper, Middle and Lower Solven) in the extreme western north - today the district of Scholven
  • Hassel in the east north - today the Hassel district
  • Holes north of the core town
  • Bülse and, south of it, Heege in the west
  • Eckeresse and, south of it, Surresse in the east, today's district of Resse
  • Holthausen in the southwest and Beckhausen and, to the east, Sutum in the extreme south - today's Beckhausen district
  • Erle in the south and Middelich in the southeast - today's district of Erle
  • the Resser Mark in the extreme southeast - today's district of Resser Mark

history

middle Ages

The place Buer was mentioned as Buron around 1147 , but its first written mention goes back to a church document of the Archbishop of Cologne Heribert in the year 1003, in which Buer was called Puira . The document referred to the parish of Buer or today's Sankt Urbanuskirche , which used to be the center of the village. In 1180, when the Duchy of Saxony was dissolved, Buer and Vest Recklinghausen were assigned to the Electorate of Cologne. In the 13th century, the twelve farmers Hassel, Scholven , Bülse, Sutum, Beckhausen, Heege, Holthausen, Löchter, Eckerresse, Surresse, Middelich and Erle had settled around the village of Buer. At that time the Buerian area belonged to the Werden monastery . Its Ministeriale, the Lords of Buer , owned the Schultenhof and Buer Castle until around 1400.

During this time in Buer and within other castles and knights houses as arisen Schloss Berge , Horst Castle , the moated castle house Lüttinghof (1308), the Grimberg castle , house Lochter or Nienhof (1346), House Leythe (1377) (in Gelsenkirchen-Erle ), House Balken (1307) with the family of knights von Balken and since 1482 von Dinsing , House Oberfeldingen (Buddenbur) with exemption from Buer, House Backum (Backem), House Hamm, House Recke, House Uhlenbrock or House Darl.

Buer becomes freedom

The settlement and the neighboring farmers belonged to Vest Recklinghausen . On April 18, 1448, the village received special rights as “ freedom ”, including the construction of a city fortification (a wall existed until 1770) and the guarding of the city gates. Furthermore, it was released from the feudal relationship with the Werden monastery . This is confirmed with the certificate from the sovereign Dietrich v. Mörs testifies. In addition, the "Freiheit Buer" was awarded a coat of arms with a rooted linden tree (Buersche Linde), on which the image of the Electoral Cologne cross can be found in the middle. For a long time courts and council meetings were held under the Buerschen Linde. At that time there were about 50 houses in the "Freiheit Buer". In 1503 Bernd von Westerholt was enfeoffed with half from Buer.

In 1548 Buer was burned down by the troops of the deposed Elector G. Truchsess. In 1648 a grain distillery was founded in Buer. The building is now used for the “Hexenhäuschen” restaurant on Marienstraße. In the 17th century, war, disease and fires made Buer turbulent. The best-known major fire on May 25, 1688 almost completely destroyed Buer. 85 of 90 houses and the Church of Saint Urbanus were destroyed. The reconstruction took about 20 years. In 1748 a paper mill was built on today's Mühlenstrasse in Buer.

Period of French occupation and establishment of the Prussian Office of Buer

In 1802 Buer came together with the neighboring Horst to the Duchy of Arenberg , in 1811 to the Grand Duchy of Berg . Buer was raised to " Mairie Buer" by the Grand Duke there .

In 1806 the first pharmacy in Buer, today's “Buersche Alte Apotheke”, and in 1812 the first state post office, which was given its own building in 1826, was founded.

In 1813 Buer came to the Prussian civil government between the Weser and Rhine , in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna finally to Prussia ( province of Westphalia ). In 1816, the Recklinghausen district was founded in the newly formed Münster administrative district from Vest Recklinghausen and the glory of Lembeck . Within this, the mayor's office Buer was founded, which initially administered three other municipalities in addition to the municipality of Buer (the population figures from 1835 in brackets):

In 1844 the mayor's office was renamed Amt Buer . In the following decades, as a result of the immense population growth due to industrialization, Gladbeck (1885), Horst (1891) and Westerholt (1911) were outsourced from the Buer office as independent offices.

industrialization

The investigations of the hard coal mountains approved in 1856 triggered the great growth of collieries in the vicinity of Buer, which slowly but surely grew Buer into a large city. In addition to the more well-known Hugo colliery (1873-2000), the Bergmannsglück colliery (1903-1983) in Hassel and the Scholven colliery (1908-1963) in Scholven , the Nordstern colliery (1858-1993) in Horst, as well the Graf Bismarck colliery (1882–1966) in Erle, Ewald colliery (1895–2000) in Resse and Herten and Westerholt colliery (1907) in Westerholt . In 1867 the first hospital called "Marien Hospital" was built in Buer, in 1874 the "Amtsparkasse Buer" (today's Sparkasse Gelsenkirchen ) opened on Marienstraße and the first gas lamps were installed. In 1879 the Buersche District Court was built on today's Hochstrasse. In 1880 the Buer-Horst station (today: Gelsenkirchen-Buer Süd) was opened on the Bismarck - Winterswijk railway line. In 1885 the Gladbeck office left the Buer administrative association, and Horst in 1891, which then became its own office. In the meantime, Buer's population had risen sharply. In 1895 the first sewer system was laid in Buer. In 1893, today's St. Urbanus Church was built with its (then) 100 m high steeple. In the same year the "Association for Local and Local History Buer" is founded. In 1898 the tram lines from Essen - Karnap to Horst and from Buer to the Erler Forsthaus are opened. In 1901 a tram depot is built and opened in Buer. In 1902 a water tower was built.

The " Buersche Zeitung " was acquired in 1905 from the "Volkszeitung für Buer und Umgebung", which Franz Otto Theben founded in 1881 in the local newspaper publisher. It was last a headline of the Recklinghäuser Zeitung , but was discontinued in 2006. In 1904 the Buer District Court moved from Hochstraße to Wittekindstraße (today's de-la-Chevallerie-Straße), and in 1908 the grammar school (today's Leibniz Gymnasium) moved from Ophofstraße to Breddestraße. In 1911 the (now defunct) “Apollo” cinema opened in “Altmarkt 2”. 1912 also the department store "Althoff" on Hochstrasse.

In the years 1910 to 1912 the Buersche town hall was built with over 100 rooms and a 65 meter high town hall tower (for details see town hall and town hall tower in the article Gelsenkirchen-Buer ).

In 1911 the municipality of Buer received city ​​rights . Finally, in 1912, “Buer in Westphalia” left the Recklinghausen district to become an independent city . The Westerholt office was formed from the remainder of the Buer office, the municipality of Westerholt . In the course of this, the city of Buer was given a new coat of arms in 1913, which shows the Buersche linden tree with an Electoral Cologne cross under a castle wall with three towers and the miner's tools mallets and iron on the trunk of the linden tree.

French tank in front of the town hall in Buer during the occupation of the Ruhr area by French and Belgian troops in March 1923

In 1923 the occupation of the Ruhr triggered the war in the Ruhr . In 1924 the city of Buer acquired the “ Berge Castle ” and opened the city forest with a boathouse, open-air theater, playground and rowing pond. In 1925 the Buer tax office was built.

After Buer, originally one of the many larger villages in Vest Recklinghausen, was the third largest town in 1895 with 16,031 inhabitants after Recklinghausen (20,644 plus 8,776 rural community, of which not a small part later came to Herten and Marl) and Bottrop due to the advancing industrialization from the south (18.015), the place was already the largest place in Vest at the time its town charter was granted (1910: 61,510 inhabitants, while Recklinghausen, which had been independent since 1901, had 53,701 at that time). Buer became a major city in 1926, more than two decades before the earlier (and again from 1975) district town of Recklinghausen (1849) .

In the same year the Berger See was created. The Marl-Polsum-Buer tram line was also opened, and the Buer Police Office opened in 1927.

With effect from April 1, 1928, the city of Buer was merged with the municipality of Horst and the independent city of Gelsenkirchen to form the new independent city of Gelsenkirchen-Buer. In 1929, the mining trade association founded the Miners' Hospital Bergmannsheil, which merged with the municipal children's clinics to form Bergmannsheil and Buer Children's Clinic in 2002 . On May 21, 1930, the name of the young city was changed to "Gelsenkirchen". Since then, Buer has been run as a district , initially in the sense of expanding the former city of Buer. During the Second World War, the 100 m high St. Urbanus church tower was bombed. Since then, the church tower has had a flat roof and is only about 50 m high.

As part of the most recent regional reform in 1975, districts were set up in all cities in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the area of ​​the former city of Buer, the districts of Gelsenkirchen-West, -East and especially -North, with the district of Buer , which only contains the central city center.

In 2003 the Gelsenkirchen district of Buer celebrated the first written mention in 1003 with a big 1000th anniversary.

Religions

Catholic community

Although Buer's history is closely linked to the chronicle up to the 15th century, this sub-chapter is more dedicated to the ecclesiastical history of the church and today's provost office , which was consecrated to Pope Urban I.

  • The area belonged to Werden monastery around 1000
  • Around 1019 construction of a wooden church in Buer (presumably as a daughter church of the parish Sankt Lambertus from Gladbeck).
  • Pope Eugene III. confirmed in a deed of 1147 donations to Deutz Abbey , including the church from Buron (today Buer). The donation to the Deutz monastery can also have been made in 1032.
  • From 1160 the Church of St. Urbanus was named a "parish church".
  • In the 13th century (around 1223) the church of Sankt Urbanus, which probably consisted of a wooden half-timbered house with a stone altar, was first built from stone in Romanesque style.
  • Around the 14th century, the church of St. Urbanus belonged to the archdeacon of Dortmund.
  • The church was rebuilt in the Gothic style in 1302.
  • From the middle of the 14th century, vicarages (chapels) were established in the aristocratic houses around Buer. This belonged to Saint Urbanus.
  • In the years 1514 and 1525 the church was rebuilt, among other things the Romanesque transept was demolished and replaced by two aisles in the Gothic style.
  • 1537 Written evidence of a Catholic parish school in Buer.
  • From 1590, parts of the Buer parish church in Gladbeck were assigned, and the parish of Horst was spun off from the parish church of Saint Urbanus through the parish rights granted to the St. Hippolytus Church in Horst.
  • 1627 The steeple of the church collapses due to a storm.
  • On May 25, 1688, the church was destroyed by a major fire.
Seven Pains Chapel in the Löchterheide
  • Only on May 12, 1706, Auxiliary Bishop Johann Werner von Veyder inaugurated two new altars in Sankt Urbanus.
  • 1720 The reconstruction of the parish church is completed
  • 1723 The Seven Pain Chapel is built in the Westerholter Forest (Löchterheide).
  • In 1821 the parish church was assigned to the diocese of Münster .
  • From 1825 it was part of the Recklinghausen dean's office
  • In 1864 she belonged to the dean's office in Dorsten
  • In 1893 today's Sankt-Urbanus-Kirche was built with its 100 m high steeple. The tower was bombed in the Second World War, so that today's church tower, which is only about 50 m high, has had a flat roof since then.
Provost church Sankt Urbanus
Saint Ludgerus Church
  • A deanery was founded in Buer in 1915
  • The Buer deanery was divided into north and south in 1954.
  • In 1955, the parish church of Sankt Urbanus was appointed provost church. The then pastor of St. Urbanus, Theodor Lange (born November 26, 1905 in Dortmund, † February 9, 1984) was the first to bear the title of provost. His predecessor Pastor i. R. Ernst Roosen (born November 27, 1883 in Altenessen, † April 30, 1958) was also provost h. c. appointed.
  • From January 1, 1958, the Buer deanery was incorporated into the newly founded Ruhr Diocese of Essen .
  • Due to the increasing number of Catholic immigrants to the Ruhr area at the end of the 19th century, the beginning of the 20th century and the middle of the 20th century because of the influx of refugees and expellees from the formerly German eastern regions and later from the former GDR, the following communities were transferred directly from parish of the original parish of Sankt Urbanus:
    • Sankt Barbara (1892) in Erle, daughter communities: Sankt Konrad (1939), Sankt Ida (1948), Sankt Suitbert (1962), Sankt Bonifatius (1959)
    • Herz Jesu in Resse (1904), (daughter church: Sankt Hedwig)
    • Liebfrauen in Beckhausen (1900), (daughter community: Sankt Clemens in Sutum)
    • Sankt Michael in Hassel (1911), (daughter parishes: Sankt Theresia in Hassel, Sankt Pius in Hassel)
    • Saint Joseph (1912) in Scholven
    • Sankt Ludgerus (1915) (daughter parishes: Heilig Geist (1964) in Schaffrath)
    • Christ the King (1954) in Buer (Bergmannsglück)
    • Assumption of Mary (1954) in Buer
  • Due to the shortage of priests in the German Catholic Church, the dwindling number of Catholics in Buer and due to the economic problems of the Diocese of Essen, individual Catholic parishes were merged again between 2000 and 2004 or cooperations were entered into:
    • The mother community of Sankt Urbanus merged with the daughter community of Christ King in Bergmannsglück in 2000
    • In 2001 the Erler parishes of Sankt Barbara, Sankt Bonifatius, Sankt Ida and Sankt Suitbert merged to form the new parish of Sankt Barbara.
    • The parishes of Liebfrauen (Beckhausen) and Sankt Clemens (Sutum) work together.
    • The independent parishes of Buers Propstei Sankt Urbanus, Mariä Himmelfahrt and Sankt Konrad also work together.
    • In 2004, Sankt Ludgerus (Buer-Süd) merged with Heilig Geist (Schaffrath) to form the parish of Sankt Ludgerus with a subsidiary church of the Holy Spirit.
  • The parish of St. Urbanus has been merged with the parishes of St. Mary's Assumption in Buer-Mitte, St. Konrad in Middelich, and St. Pius in Hassel, which was decided by the diocese of Essen as part of its structural reform for 2008 and already implemented on August 19, 2007 , Herz Jesu in Resse, St. Josef in Scholven , St. Ludgerus in Buer, Hl. Geist in Schaffrath, St. Barbara in Erle , St. Suitbert in Bergerfeld, St. Ida in Resser Mark, Christ the King in Bergmannsglück, St. Michael in Hassel, St. Theresia in Hassel, St. Hedwig in Resse and St. Bonifatius in Erle, the largest Catholic parish in Germany according to the number of their parishioners. With around 40,000 parish members, the new large parish of St. Urbanus is larger than the diocese of Görlitz , which has around 30,000 Catholics.

Evangelical congregations

Apostle Church

The Catholic denomination dominated the Buer parish at that time. Only with the mining industry (from 1873) and the associated increase in the population did other denominations appear: In 1860 the first Protestant settled in Buer. From 1866 the parish administrator Krieger from Dorsten tried to gather Protestant Christians for Bible studies . The allocation decree of March 1, 1866 allocated some of the Protestant Christians to the parishes of Dorsten and Crange. Later members of the community of Crange were assigned to the community of Braubauerschaft (today: Bismarck). On May 4, 1888, the first independent evangelical parish of Buers - today's Apostle Church - was established on Essener Strasse (today: Horster Strasse). The parish administrator Franke from Horst also had to take care of the evangelical community of Buer. In 1886 the Protestant parish Erle-Middelich was established, and the Protestant parish association Horst-Buer was dissolved. A pastor's position in Sutum was also filled with an assistant preacher. In 1901 the first Protestant elementary school was opened, and in 1906 the Protestant community of Resse was established. In 1910 a pastor's post in Beckhausen, 1912 in Hassel and 1913 in Scholven was each filled with an assistant preacher. In 1911 the Evangelical Christ Church in Beckhausen was built on Bergstrasse. In some parts of the city, subsidiary churches of the above-mentioned Protestant churches were established until the 1960s.

Jewish community

In 1922 a synagogue was built on Maelostraße in Buer , which was burned down by the National Socialists on November 9, 1938 during the Reichspogromnacht . In place of the synagogue, a municipal indoor swimming pool was later built. Some of the foundations of the synagogue are made visible by paving stones. The rest is covered by the indoor pool. In addition, a large memorial stone and a sign with the inscription " Memorial " remind of the synagogue.

Muslim community

The Muslim community in Gelsenkirchen-Buer was founded by first-generation guest workers from Turkey and North Africa in the 1980s. Today there are three mosques that are financed by associations.

Population development

The following overview shows the population of the municipality of Buer (a major city since 1925 ) according to the respective territorial status. More recent figures refer to the territorial status of the city of Buer from 1920 to 1928, i.e. H. with Resse and Scholven, but without Horst (today's city districts north and east and Beckhausen district). Up to 1833 these are mostly estimates, then census results  (¹) or official updates from the respective statistical offices or the city administration itself. From 1843 onwards, the information relates to the “local population” and from 1925 to the resident population . Before 1843, the number of inhabitants was determined according to inconsistent survey methods.

year Residents
1535 63
1605 325
1784 511
1818 3,344
1834 3,584
December 1, 1843 ¹ 3,837
December 3, 1858 ¹ 4.167
December 1, 1871 ¹ 4,547
December 1, 1875 ¹ 5,002
December 1, 1885 ¹ 7,700
year Residents
December 1, 1890¹ 11,071
December 2, 1895 ¹ 16,031
December 1, 1900 ¹ 28,521
December 1, 1905 ¹ 40,280
December 1, 1910¹ 61,510
December 1, 1916 ¹ 82,296
December 5, 1917 ¹ 81,540
October 8, 1919 ¹ 88,668
June 16, 1925 ¹ 99,307
December 31, 1926 103,970
year Residents
December 31, 2004 118,897
December 31, 2005 118,531
December 31, 2006 118.074
December 31, 2007 117,496
December 31, 2008 116,137
December 31, 2009 115.112
December 31, 2010 114.073
December 31, 2011 113,518
December 31, 2012 112,853

¹ census result

The extrapolation of the number of inhabitants according to the old territorial status from 2004 shows that the number of inhabitants in Buer is now just below that of Recklinghausen and also below that of Bottrop, which was expanded to include Kirchhellen in 1976. As in the entire city of Gelsenkirchen, the population initially increased until the end of the 1950s, only to have declined since then. On June 30, 2013 Gelsenkirchen had a population of almost 390,000 in 1959 and only 257,002 inhabitants - 112,785 of them in Buer and 19,338 in Horst, which in fact represents a very narrow vestic majority.

Mayor Buers

Mayor of the Freedom Buer until 1912

Note: At the time of “Freiheit Buer” there were always two mayors in office at the same time.

  • 16th century: Hermann Becker and Reiner mayor (around 1576)
  • 17th century: Hendrich Tosse and Herman Tosse (around 1680)
  • 17th century: Christoffer Radtman and Hinrich Tosse (until 1688)
  • 17th century: Johann Becker and Hinrich Tosse (around 1691)
  • 18th century: Dietrich Rottmann (around 1703)
  • 1724–1731: Henricus Rottmann
  • 18th century: Steinheuer and Bomart (around 1741)
  • 18th century: Johann Holthaus and Ferdinand Pöppinghauß (around 1758–1759)
  • 18th century: Wilm Schlüter and Joan Wilm Hövelmann (around 1762)
  • 1775–1778: Theodor Schuhmacher
  • 18th century: Heinrich Sasse and Wilm Rottmann (around 1784)
  • 17 ?? - 1803: Johann Pöppinghaus
  • 1803–1811: Count Ludolf Friedrich Adolf von Westerholt-Gysenberg (governor of Duke Engelbert von Arenberg)
  • 1811–1819: Count Wilhelm von Westerholt-Gysenberg
  • 1819–1855: Wilhelm Tosse
  • 1855–1883: Felix Hölscher
  • 1883–1886: Scholten (provisional)
  • 1886–1912: August de la Chevallerie

Mayor of the city of Buer until 1928

Seal mark of the city of Buer in Westphalia
  • 1912-1919: Carl Russel
  • 1919–1928: Emil Zimmermann

sons and daughters of the town

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Westfalenlexikon 1832–1835 ; Numbers taken from the Genwiki article Amt Buer
  2. ^ Wolfgang Leesch: Administration in Westphalia 1815-1945 . In: Publications of the Historical Commission for Westphalia . tape 38 . Aschendorff, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-402-06845-1 .
  3. ^ Hic Leones , Historisch-Geographische Enzyklopädie der Welt (1880–1898); Figures taken from the Genwiki and added up districts; Numbers with an asterisk come from other Wikipedia articles and reference the 1895 census
  4. ↑ Stephanie Reekers: The regional development of the districts and communities of Westphalia 1817-1967 . Aschendorff, Münster Westfalen 1977, ISBN 3-402-05875-8 , p. 223 and 236 .
  5. ↑ Stephanie Reekers: The regional development of the districts and communities of Westphalia 1817-1967 . Aschendorff, Münster (Westphalia) 1977, ISBN 3-402-05875-8 .
  6. ↑ a b Current population statistics ( memento of the original dated November 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , City of Gelsenkirchen (PDF; 330 kB); the districts north and east as well as Beckhausen district added up @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gelsenkirchen.de

literature

  • Buersches Lesebuch - 1000 years Buer 1003–2003 . ed. Association for local and local history e. V. Gelsenkirchen-Buer, Gelsenkirchen 2002.
  • Contributions to the history of the city - 1000 years of Buer . Volume XXIII, Verein für Orts- und Heimatkunde e. V. Gelsenkirchen-Buer, Gelsenkirchen 2003.
  • Kira Schmidt (Ed.): Kicker, Kumpel, Kohlrouladen - A Buersches Bergbau-Lesebuch . Beluga New Media publishing house, Gelsenkirchen 2006, ISBN 3-938152-10-9 .
  • Dietmar Ahlemann: The Lords of Buer - A West German Family History from the High Middle Ages to the 19th Century. In: West German Society for Family Studies e. V. (Ed.): Yearbook 2012, Volume 274, Cologne 2012, pp. 213-300.
  • Karl Machtan: The story of those von Buer. In: Contributions to the history of the city (Gelsenkirchen-Buer). Volume 7, Gelsenkirchen-Buer 1973, pp. 5-10.

Web links

Commons : Gelsenkirchen-Buer  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files