Święta Lipka
| Święta Lipka | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||
| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Warmia-Masuria | ||
| Powiat : | Kętrzyn | ||
| Gmina : | Reszel | ||
| Geographic location : | 54 ° 2 ' N , 21 ° 13' E | ||
| Residents : | 173 (2007) | ||
| Postal code : | 11-440 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 89 | ||
| License plate : | NKE | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Ext. 594 : Bisztynek - Reszel ↔ Pieckowo - Kętrzyn | ||
| Wilkowo / ext. 591 → Święta Lipka | |||
| Mrągowo - Kiersztanowo - Pilec → Święta Lipka | |||
| Rail route : | no rail connection | ||
| Next international airport : | Danzig | ||
.jpg)
Święta Lipka ( German Heiligelinde ) is a village in the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . It belongs to the Gmina Reszel ( urban and rural community Rößel ) in the powiat Kętrzyński ( Rastenburg district ).
Święta Lipka is one of the most famous Polish Marian shrines and is popular with pilgrims and tourists alike. The Baroque pilgrimage church Heiligelinde was built by the Jesuits in the East Prussian village, which was located in East Prussia until 1945 . The basilica with cloister and monastery is one of the most important baroque monuments in northern Poland. In 1983 the Pope elevated it to the rank of minor basilica .
Geographical location
Święta Lipka is located on the north bank of the Heiligelinder Lake (also: Deinowasee , Polish Jezioro Dejnowo ) in the northern center of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . To the district town of Kętrzyn ( German Rastenburg ) it is eleven kilometers in a north-easterly direction, and the town of Reszel (Rößel) is six kilometers in a north-westerly direction.
history
The former Heiligelinde was founded around 1300. In 1785 the village consisted of two communal units: on the one hand Heiligelinde was a cöllmischer property with ten fire places as well as a church and monastery and belonged to the domain office Rastenburg, on the other hand it was a royal property with a jug and a forest warden's apartment and three fire places and belonged to the domain office Rössel. 1874 Heiligelinde was in the newly built office district Pötschendorf ( Polish Pieckowo ) incorporated, which existed until 1945 and the county Rastenburg in the administrative district of Kaliningrad in the Prussian province of East Prussia belonged.
On September 30, 1928, the rural community of Heiligenlinde and the neighboring estate district Skatnick ( Skatniki in Polish , no longer existent) merge to form the new rural community of Heiligenlinde.
When the whole of southern East Prussia was transferred to Poland in 1945 as a result of the war , Heiligelinde was also affected. The village received the Polish name form "Święta Lipka" and is today the seat of a Schulzenamt (Polish Sołectwo ) and thus a place in the network of the urban and rural community Reszel (Rößel) in the powiat Kętrzyński ( Rastenburg district ), until 1998 of the Olsztyn Voivodeship , since then the Warmia and Mazury belong.
Population numbers
| year | number |
|---|---|
| 1820 | 194 |
| 1885 | 313 |
| 1905 | 266 |
| 1910 | 244 |
| 1933 | 229 |
| 1939 | 229 |
| 2007 | 173 |
| 2011 | 176 |
church
Catholic
history
The origins of the cult of Our Lady of the Holy Linden (Polish Święta Lipka) go back to a legend from the 14th century. She tells of a convict in Rastenburg who, on the intervention of “Our Lady”, made a carved wooden figure of her child . After he was released because of this sculpture, he hung the figure on a linden tree on the way from Rastenburg to Rößel . As a result, many miracles are said to have occurred around the statue of the Child Mary. However, the term "Heilige Linde" points back further into the past: namely to a pagan cult place of the Prussians . The linden tree was the symbol of the god Pushkait , an earth god. (See also forced Christianization ).
building
chapel
Over time, a chapel was built around the tree with the carved figure. The priests of the chapel served the Teutonic Order in Rastenburg. The oldest information about the holy linden tree is contained in documents of the cathedral chapter of Płock . A record from 1473 shows that the place came to the Teutonic Order state ; the chapel is not mentioned. The chapel is mentioned in a permit from the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Johann von Tiefen , from 1491 to set up a restaurant. Because of the traditional wonder more and more found pilgrims and pilgrims into Heiligelinde. The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach , also made a pilgrimage here.
During the Reformation , their supporters destroyed the chapel in Heiligelinde. Thanks to the efforts of Stefan Sadorski , the chapel was rebuilt. Later, the Warmia cathedral chapter acquired the land and buildings and had the chapel renovated and rebuilt. It now had a footprint of 40 × 26 feet . The Prince-Bishop of Warmia , Simon Rudnicki , inaugurated the church building on November 19, 1619. The three coats of arms of Sigismund III were placed on the facade of the chapel . Wasa , Johann Sigismund (Brandenburg) and Simon Rudnicki attached. The trunk of the linden tree with the carved figure still formed the center of the pilgrimage chapel. Sadorski gave the chapel to the Jesuit order . Pilgrims came not only from Warmia , but also from Warsaw , Vilnius and Lemberg . King John II Casimir was among the pilgrims .
basilica
construction
The Jesuits finally arranged for a new church building to be built on a hill next to the chapel. It was built between 1688 and 1693 according to plans by an architect whose name has not been passed down, the chapel was demolished. The following emerges from the building files and letters from the registry in Heiligelinde: The demolition was already there when the superior Martin Wobbe and the rector of the college in Rössel, Johann Sigismund, with the bricklayer, the “honorable, well-known Mr. Georg Ertly, citizen and bricklayer in Wilda ”(at that time the city of Wilna ( Vilnius ) Zur Wilden or Wildau) agreed a building contract on March 16, 1688. Ertly came from Tyrol and worked in Vilnius for many years. Superior Wobbe died in 1688, and in October his successor Konrad Schröter signed a second contract with master mason Ertly. It was not until 50 years later, in 1730, that the church received its baroque facade.
Before starting construction it was necessary to stabilize the ground. The building site lay on marshy land between the Wirowym (Eddy Lake) and Dejnowa (Deinowasee) lakes. To this end, 10,000 wooden pillars were rammed.
Between 2003 and 2013, thanks to the influx of pilgrims and tourists, the building was renovated. Construction professionals found that the yellow facade color did not match the original design. A new, now ocher paint was applied.
style
The church is built in the shape of a three-aisled basilica with a presbytery in the main part of the nave and side galleries . It is surrounded by a cloister with a chapel at the corners. Carved sculptures by the sculptor Christoph Perwanger are attached to the facade of the church and the front of the chapel .
Furnishing
The interior of the church is richly decorated, including a painting on the ceiling, made by Matthias Johann Meyer between 1722 and 1727 . The vault in the presbytery and the main nave (beginning with the presbytery) are decorated with pictures, such as Hedwig of Silesia , Sigismund III. Wasa and Casimir of Poland and Lithuania .
Other fittings in the church include the main altar from 1712 to 1714, the work of Christoph Peucker . In the main altar is a picture of Our Lady painted by Bartholomäus Pensa in 1640 . The Königsberg goldsmith Samuel Grew made silver tabernacles . The pictures of the other eight altars were made by Martin Altomonte , among others . In the church, a copy of the carved figure of Our Lady made in 1652 is shown together with a symbolic linden tree trunk . The work of art, also known as the image of grace , was crowned in 1968.
organ
.JPG)
The organ was built between 1719 and 1721 in the workshop of Johann Josua Mosengel . The instrument had 40 registers on three manuals and pedal . Today, however, only the prospectus created by Christoph Peucker remains of her , in which a large number of moving figures depict an annunciation scene. The organ itself was founded in 1905 by a new building workshop Bruno Goebel , Konigsberg. Pr. , With 36 registers on two manuals and a pedal, which was restored in 2009 by the Westfälischer Orgelbau S. Sauer workshop.
In the 20th century, the moving figures in the case were no longer functional for several years. It was not until 1990 that specialists succeeded in restarting the mechanics for the moving figures (Mary, angel, trombone). The organ is played several times a day during the tourist season.
Since 1988 Heiligelinde music evenings with choir and organ have been held in the church on a regular basis .
Monastery grounds
Outside the cloister and next to the church there is a memorial stone in honor of the famous composer Feliks Nowowiejski (1877–1946), who was a student in Heiligelinde. In addition, a shaped granite boulder indicates that the Camino de Santiago leads along here .
Others
The pilgrimage church plays a role in ETA Hoffmann's novella The Elixirs of the Devil .
Evangelical
There is no Protestant church in Święta Lipka. Until 1945 the Protestant inhabitants of Heiligelinde were parish in the church of Bäslack ( Polish: Bezławki ) in the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union . Today the Protestant church members belong to the Johanneskirche congregation in Kętrzyn , which is assigned to the Masurian diocese of the Evangelical Augsburg Church in Poland .
traffic
Święta Lipka is located on voivodship road 594 (here in the section of the former German Reichsstrasse 141 ), which connects the district town of Kętrzyn (Rastenburg) with Reszel (Rößel) and Bisztynek (Bischofstein) . Several side streets end in town, connecting the village with the surrounding area. There is no connection to rail traffic .
Personalities
Native of the place
- Hermann Wischnat (born October 14, 1936 in Heiligelinde), German poet and teacher († 2018)
Connected to the place
- Matthias Meyer , German baroque painter, died in Heiligelinde in July 1737
literature
- Curatus Kolberg: The holy linden tree . In: Journal for the history and antiquity of Warmia . Volume 3, Braunsberg 1866, pp. 28-138 and pp. 435-520.
- Holy linden tree. A landscape and life picture from East Prussia by Dr. Neuhaus . In: Old and New World. Illustrated Catholic Monthly 5 (1871), pp. 406-412.
- Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich , (Tom XI, str. 690–691), Warsaw 1890.
- Anton Ulbrich : The pilgrimage church in Heiligelinde. A contribution to the art history of the XVII. and XVIII. Century in East Prussia (= Studies on German Art History , Vol. 29). Heitz, Strasbourg 1901 (= dissertation; digital ).
- Jan Obłąk : Święta Lipka. Warmińskie Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne, Olsztyn 1975.
- Ireneusz St. Bruski: Sanctuary Matki Jedności Chrześcijan w Świętej Lipca. Olsztyn 1993.
- Jerzy Paszenda: Święta Lipka. Ośrodek Badań Naukowych in Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego, Olsztyn 1996, ISSN 1233-0396 .
Web links
- Official website (Polish)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Gmina website, Informacje ogólne - Święta Lipka , accessed on October 25, 2008
- ↑ Polish Postal Code Directory 2013, p. 1271
- ↑ Jesuits in East Prussia, Heiligelinde
- ↑ Dietrich Lange, Geographical Register of Places East Prussia (2005): Heiligelinde
- ↑ a b Heiligelinde at GenWiki
- ↑ a b Rolf Jehke, District Pötschendorf
- ^ Wieś Święta Lipka
- ^ The pilgrimage church in Heiligelinde
- ↑ Color change of the facade noticed during a visit in June 2015 and explained by an art guide.
- ↑ History of the Church on www.swieta-lipka.pl (Polish); accessed on July 1, 2015.
- ↑ Werner Renkewitz, Jan Janca, Hermann Fischer : History of the art of organ building in East and West Prussia. Volume II, 1: Mosengel, Caspari, Casparini . Pape Verlag, Berlin 2008.
- ↑ Today: Orgelbau Sauer & Heinemann, Höxter
- ↑ According to the documentation about the renovation work on the Goebel organ carried out by the company Westfälischer Orgelbau S. Sauer, 2009 , individual Mosengel pipes are only preserved in three registers (principal 16 'and octave 8' in the pedal and Großgedackt 16 'in the main work ).
- ↑ XXII. Music evening 2010 on www.swieta-lipka.pl (Polish); accessed on July 1, 2015.
- ↑ Walther Hubatsch , History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia , Volume 3 Documents , Göttingen 1968, p. 472
City: Reszel (Rößel)
Villages and school offices : Bezławki (Bäslack) | Czarnowiec (Schwarzenberg) | Dębnik (Damerauwald) | Klewno (Klawsdorf) | Kocibórz (Kattmedien) | Leginy (Legien) | Łężany (Loszainen / Loßainen) | Mnichowo (Groß Mönsdorf) | Pieckowo (Pötschendorf) | Pilec (Pülz) | Plenowo (Plönhöfen) | Ramty (Ramten) | Robawy (Robawen / Robaben) | Siemki ( Scharfs ) | Święta Lipka (Holy Linden Tree) | Tolniki Małe (Tollnigk) | Widryny (Widrinnen) | Wola (Dürwangen) | Worpławki (Worplack) | Zawidy (Soweiden)
Other localities: Bertyny (Bertienen) | Bezławecki Dwór (Bäslackshof) | Biel (Weissensee) | Grodzki Młyn (Castle Mill) | Grzybowo (Mirror Korschen) | Kępa Tolnicka (Atkamp) | Łabędziewo (Labendzowo / Schwanau) | Lipowa Góra (Lindenberg) | Mała Bertynówka | Mojkowo (Annahof) | Niewodnica (Fischbach) | Pasterzewo (Pastern) | Pudwągi (Posewangen) | Śpigiel (mirror) | Śpiglówka (Spieglowen / Spiegelswalde) | Staniewo (Ottoswalde) | Stąpławki (Nobleman Stumplack) | Wanguty (Wangotten) | Wólka Pilecka ( Stechernsruh ) | Wólka Ryńska (Rheindorfshof)