Junkers F 13

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Junkers F 13
The Herta prototype of the Junkers F 13 on August 19, 1919
Type: Airliner
Design country:

German EmpireGerman Empire German Empire

Manufacturer:

Junkers aircraft works

First flight:

June 25, 1919

Commissioning:

October 29, 1919

Production time:

1919 to 1932

Number of pieces:

314 to 328

The duralumin hull of an F 13, 1919
The duralumin wing of an F 13, 1919
Cockpit of a Junkers F 13 in the 1920s
Cabin of a Junkers F 13, 1919
F-13 take-off on Tempelhofer Feld, March 7, 1923
Junkers F 13 (R-RECI) airliner over Tehran in 1925
Junkers F 13 as Junkers-Larsen JL 6 on June 10, 1920 at Naval Air Station Anacostia
Memorial at Hugo Junkers' first airfield in Dessau, 2013

The Junkers F 13 (internal factory name J 13 ; marketed in the USA by the Junkers-Larsen Aircraft Corporation as the Larsen JL-6 ) was a commercial and cargo aircraft produced by Junkers Flugzeugwerke in Dessau . The type, developed in 1919, was the first all-metal aircraft in civil aviation .

The single - engine low - wing aircraft offered space for four passengers in a closed cabin . A total of around 320 machines were built between 1919 and 1932, around 110 of which were registered in Germany.

history

Hugo Junkers had developed a series of all-metal airplanes from 1915 . His Junkers J 1 from 1915 was the world's first tension-free (cantilever) airworthy all-metal aircraft in the world and the Junkers JI developed by the German aviation troops in 1917 with the factory designation Junkers J.4 was the first series-produced all-metal aircraft in the world. With these all-metal aircraft, he had put his concept, patented in 1910, of the unrestrained wing with a thick profile as an ideal aircraft structure. After the First World War, Hugo Junkers continued to pursue this concept and commissioned his chief designer, Otto Reuter , to develop a passenger aircraft that was to be made entirely of metal. The aircraft was developed exclusively for civil use, military aspects played no role.

On June 25, 1919, the F 13 Herta with the serial no. 531 her maiden flight in Dessau with the pilot Emil Monz . On July 18, 1919, this prototype was approved as D-183 in the aircraft role valid from March 1919 to May 1920 . (In the approval procedure reorganized by the ILÜK from May 22, 1920 , this F 13 with the serial number 531 was given the D-1 registration.) On September 13, 1919 Monz set a world record with seven passengers at an altitude of 6,750 meters .

construction

The F 13 was a cantilever low-wing aircraft and, in contrast to the wooden and tubular steel construction with fabric covering, was made entirely from the light metal alloy duralumin . The box-shaped fuselage and the wings consisted of continuous tubular spars, riveted struts and corrugated iron planking. The choice of materials and the half-timbered construction resulted in a robust, climate-resistant and repair-friendly aircraft that offered space for two pilots and four passengers in a closed cabin .

The engine output increased gradually from 160 HP to 570 HP in order to meet new market demands for higher cruising speed and greater range . The different engines are described using the additional type designation be to ka . Overall, a very large number of variants were produced. The rigid tail wheel chassis could be exchanged for a float frame or a snow skid frame if necessary.

In order to reduce the aerodynamic force of the horizontal stabilizer, which acts as a downforce against the wing lift / moment, the F 13 was the first aircraft to be equipped with a trim tank in the tail.

The series models were equipped with upholstered seats or comfortable wicker armchairs and had a heating system and interior lighting. The two pilots initially sat in an open cockpit. Only later was the pilot's cabin closed.

production

The exact number of machines produced in total is not known. The information ranges from 314 to 318 (according to a Junkers delivery list of April 12, 1935) and 322 (on a pre-war display board in Junkers' apprenticeship exhibition in Dessau) to 328 (in an accident investigation report from September 1930).

The final assembly of the machines also took place at Junkers-Larsen Aircraft Corporation , based in New York City , which assembled the F 13 delivered in boxes from 1919 onwards. Larsen also delivered two machines as JL-6s with floats to the US Navy . There was a similar collaboration in Fili near Moscow in the USSR , where the aircraft with the designation Ju 13 was manufactured and used by the local airline Dobroljot .

In addition to Dessau, the acquired Flugwerft in Fürth was used as the second German production facility.

use

Junkers F 13 (built in 1930) for the transport of airmail , special postage stamp of the German Federal Post Office from 1991

The new aircraft type was not officially used in Germany at first, so Junkers Flugzeugwerke sold the first F-13 series model in the USA to John M. Larsen on October 29, 1919 . The reason was the restrictions imposed by the Entente powers France and England on aircraft construction and air traffic in defeated Germany. During successful flight missions in the United States, the pilots Stinson and Bertaud set a world record in endurance flight with a JL-6 from December 29th to 30th, 1921 with 26 hours, 5 minutes and 32 seconds.

In addition to being used as passenger and cargo aircraft, individual models were also used as ambulance aircraft or for pest control . A military version with a machine gun stand on the cabin roof was created for the Persian Air Force in the Soviet Union. A copy was carried on the Lützow to offer sightseeing flights to tourists traveling by ship. In 1921 the Afghan emir Amanullah Khan bought two F 13s, one of which was discovered in a junkyard in 1969 by a British journalist.

Three F-13 machines with the identifications D 272, D 583 (also known as herring gull and wild duck) and D 433 were initially equipped as seaplanes with floats and were used on the Altona – Dresden seaplane route in 1925/26 .

Technical specifications

Three-sided tear
Parameter Data of the Junkers F 13 Data of the Junkers F 13 fe
crew 2
Passengers 4th
length 9.60 m
span 14.82 m 17.75 m
height 4.10 m
Wing area 34.50 m² 43.00 m²
Preparation mass 1075 kg 1350 kg
Takeoff mass 1800 kg 2300 kg
Wing loading 52.17 kg / m² 53.49 kg / m²
Power load 13.24 kg / kW 10.09 kg / kW
Top speed 170 km / h 195 km / h
Continuous speed 140 km / h 160 km / h
Landing speed - km / h - km / h
Climb performance 3.00 m / s - m / s
Climbing time to 2000 m - min - min
Service ceiling 4600 m 5500 m
Range 1200 km 925 km
Takeoff route 200 m - m
Landing runway 150 m - m
Engines 1 × BMW IIIa with 185 PS (approx. 140 kW) 1 × Jumo L 5 with 310 PS (approx. 230 kW)

Received aircraft

Originals

  • Serial number 574, year of construction 1920, license plate CH59. Start of construction on July 20, 1920; confiscated in Hamburg in October 1920; 1921 owned by the Swiss airline Ad Astra Aero . With this F 13 the ex-emperor Charles IV traveled with his wife Zita von Bourbon-Parma from Switzerland to Hungary on October 20, 1921 . After a fire, the CH59 was repaired with the wings of the CH66. Exhibited in the Közlekedési Múzeum, Budapest since 1922 .
  • Serial number 609, built in 1920. First flight on November 22, 1920, from 1921 in Holland, then reparations delivery to France. Exhibited at the Musée de l'air et de l'espace .
  • Work number 2018 "Wachtelkönig" or work number 2019 "Cockatiel", built in 1926 and 1927 (no nameplate and no original documents available). After being sold to the Afghan King Amanullah Khan , transferred to Kabul on April 2, 1928. After the king's overthrow from 1929 to 1937, it was initially parked at Kabul Airport and then made airworthy again by German supervisors. On May 31, 1938, Hans-Hasso von Veltheim flew from Kabul to Paghman and back in this F 13 at the invitation of the Afghan government . The aircraft was rediscovered in 1968 and transferred to Germany in a Transall C-160 of the Luftwaffe the following year . Since 1984 the F 13 has been exhibited as "D-366" in the Deutsches Museum in Munich.
  • Work number 2050 "King Vulture", built in 1930, license plate CF-ALX "City of Prince George". The aircraft was used at Air Land Manufacturing in Vancouver . On July 23, 1933, the F 13 crashed after it hit a tree. The four occupants survived the accident with minor injuries. In 1981 the wreck was recovered from the Western Canada Aviation Museum and has been on loan at the German Museum of Technology in Berlin since 2006 . There it is to be carefully restored.

Replicas of the F 13

L-5 dummy in a replica of the F 13 of the "Hugo Junkers" technology museum, 2009
Junkers-F-13 new building 'HB-RIM' at the airfield festival Mönchengladbach (MGL) September 2019
  • From 2015 Rimowa had the Junkers F 13 airworthy after an American export version (Junkers-Larsen JL-6 with a radial engine from Pratt & Whitney of the Wasp Junior type ); the structure was manufactured by Kaelin Aero Technologies GmbH in Oberndorf am Neckar . In contrast to the original, the undercarriage of the replica has a brake and a tail wheel . The first flight was carried out on September 9, 2016 at the Dübendorf military airfield , the official first flight then took place on September 15, 2016. A small series is planned; the purchase price is 2.2 million US dollars.

Trivia

Postage stamp 1976 for the 50th anniversary of Lufthansa

From February 17 to March 6, 1928, a Junkers F 13 (CH 94) operated by the Swiss airline Ad Astra Aero circled the western Mediterranean in a clockwise direction at an average speed of 135 kilometers per hour. The main flight stages were Zurich – Rome – Tunis – Algiers – Madrid – Marseille – Zurich. The total flight time was 47 hours and 20 minutes with a total distance of 6370 kilometers.

On the morning of July 12, 1932, Tomáš Baťa wanted to take off from Baťov airfield at around 5 a.m. for a flight to Basel, Switzerland, where he had given his 18-year-old son the construction management for a new factory in Möhlin . The F 13 with the registration number D – 1608 crashed eight minutes after take-off at 05:58 at a point called “Na bahňáku” not far from the paper mill, and Baťa and his pilot died in the process.

See also

literature

  • Wolfgang Wagner: Hugo Junkers. Aviation pioneer. His planes. (= Die deutsche Luftfahrt. Volume 24.) Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 1996, ISBN 3-7637-6112-8 , pp. 141–158.
  • Paul Zöller: The last Junkers aircraft 1. Early Junkers developments from the Junkers J1 to the Junkers A50. Book-on-Demand , Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt 2017, ISBN 978-3-7448-0050-1 , pp. 46-92.
  • Günter Schmitt: Junkers and his planes. transpress , Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-344-00065-9 , pp. 42-47.

Web links

Commons : Junkers F 13  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Günther Ott: Approval and marking of German civil aircraft 1914-1945 - The German aircraft role 1919-1920 (LFR A) . In: Aviation international . tape 8/1980 . Mittler & Sohn, Herford and Bonn 1980 ( adl-luftfahrthistorik.de [PDF; accessed on February 2, 2019]).
  2. ↑ a b June 25, 1919: First flight of the Junkers F 13. In: Junkers.de. Accessed January 30, 2019 .
  3. ↑ a b c From the scrapyard to the museum. The Junkers F 13 of the Deutsches Museum. The “Junkers F 13” airliner from Hugo Junkers. Deutsches Museum , accessed on February 10, 2020 .
  4. ↑ a b Manfred Griehl: Junkers: Aircraft since 1915 (type compass) . 1st edition. Motorbuch Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-613-03179-1 , p. 20th ff .
  5. ↑ Sebastian Steinke: Return - Rimowa builds Junkers F 13 . In: Volker K. Thomalla (Hrsg.): Classics of aviation . tape 7/2015 . Motor Presse Stuttgart GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart 2015 ( online ( memento from May 1, 2016 in the web archive archive.today )).
  6. ^ Günter Schmitt: Hugo Junkers and his aircraft. Transpress, 1988, p. 66.
  7. ^ A b c John Stroud: Wings of Peace. In: Airplane Monthly. April 1984, p. 215.
  8. ↑ Ludwig Bölkow: A century of aircraft - history and technology of flying. VDI-Verlag, 1993, ISBN 3-18-400816-9 , pp. 129-130.
  9. ^ Angelika Hofmann: Opening of the Dresden – Magdeburg – Hamburg seaplane route. Hugo Junkers Werke, accessed on February 10, 2020 .
  10. ↑ Junkers F13 exhibited at the Budapest Aviation Museum. In: www.idflieg.com. Retrieved January 21, 2009 .
  11. ↑ Junkers F-13. Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, accessed on February 10, 2020 (French).
  12. ↑ Junkers F13 for vingarna tillbaka Junkers F13 for vingarna tillbaka. Tekniska museet, December 15, 2011, accessed February 10, 2020 (Swedish).
  13. ^ Hans-Hasso von Veltheim-Ostrau: Diaries from Asia. Hamburg 1956, 2nd edition p. 192.
  14. ↑ Junkers F 13 - the comfortable air limousine ( Memento from November 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 24 kB), Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin , July 11, 2007.
  15. ↑ Restoration of the Junkers F 13 "City of Prince George" ( memento from September 11, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin
  16. ↑ Junkers F 13 for Mönchengladbach: Stuttgart Airport is giving the city a Junkers F 13. In: Rheinische Post . April 16, 2013, accessed on May 12, 2013 : "The donation from Stuttgart Airport came about on the initiative of the Association of Friends of Historic Aircraft and Düsseldorf and Mönchengladbach Airports and has now been presented to the economic development agency."
  17. ^ Albatros-Flugmuseum: Oldtimer ( Memento from February 5, 2002 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ Our planes. Aviation Museum Laatzen-Hannover, accessed on February 10, 2020 .
  19. ↑ International Aviation Museum Schwenningen: exhibits that are or have already been seen in Schwenningen. ( Memento from July 29, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  20. ↑ Exhibits of the test site. Luftfahrttechnisches Museum Rechlin eV, accessed on February 10, 2020 .
  21. ^ "Hugo Junkers" technical museum in Dessau: replica of the F 13 is unveiled. In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . June 24, 2015, accessed February 10, 2020 .
  22. ^ Official presentation in Dübendorf: Rimowa F 13 flies. Flug Revue , September 16, 2016, accessed on September 20, 2016 : "The Rimowa F 13 was flown for the first time publicly in Dübendorf on September 15, 2016."
  23. ↑ Holger Appel, Jürgen Schelling: Replica Junkers F 13: a daring man in his flying carriage. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016 .
  24. ^ Walter Mittelholzer, Gustav Erhardt: Mediterranean flight. With 120 aerial photos. Rascher & Cie., AG., Zurich 1930.