Ship-to-Gaza incident

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The Mavi Marmara leaves Istanbul on May 22, 2010

In the Ship-to-Gaza incident on May 31, 2010 , the Israeli Navy boarded six ships in international waters loaded with relief supplies for the Gaza Strip , with which various groups wanted to break the Gaza blockade , which Israel has had since 2007 after the violent seizure of power by Hamas had set up.

In clashes with Israeli soldiers on the ship Mavi Marmara , nine activists were killed and an unknown number of them and seven Israeli soldiers were slightly injured.

Historical background

In 2005, as part of the Sharon Plan, Israel withdrew its troops from the Gaza Strip, which had been occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967, and cleared its settlements there . The following year, the Islamist Hamas , which seeks to destroy the State of Israel, won the Palestinian parliamentary elections , but initially formed a unity government with Fatah , which has no longer ruled out a two-state solution to the Middle East conflict since 1993 . After its failure, the fight for Gaza broke out in June 2007 , in which Hamas gained complete control of the Gaza Strip in 2007. After that took rocket attacks sharply on Israel from the Gaza Strip: Until February 2009 took place about 10,000 rocket attacks from there, since almost 500. In the course of these rocket attacks died in the period between the seizure of power by Hamas and the ship-to-Gaza incident nine people by fire from the Gaza Strip. Four of them were cast during Operation Cast Lead ; among the dead is a soldier who died from mortar fire. Four of the dead died from rocket fire.

On January 18, 2008, Israel closed the border crossings to the Gaza Strip, suspended fuel deliveries for five days and since then has only allowed relief supplies through that “cannot be used to build rockets”. Until June 2010, the blocked goods also included toys, paper, musical instruments, lemonade, spices and shaving foam. To this end, Israel offered all ships with relief supplies to unload their cargo in Ashdod and, after checking for rocket construction materials, to bring them by land to Gaza. Israel justified this action with the fact that the Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, kidnapped by Hamas on June 25, 2006, was held captive in the Gaza Strip without any contact with the outside world. He was only released on October 18, 2011.

Even after the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, the Israeli armed forces control its coastal waters and airspace. Airplanes can only use Gaza Airport, which was badly damaged during the Second Intifada, with Israel's consent. Israel also prevented the construction of a sea port on the grounds that it wanted to prevent arms deliveries to the Gaza Strip.

The blockade created a profitable smuggling economy that uses over 1,000 smuggling tunnels . According to a report published in 2012, Israel has based its food deliveries to the Gaza Strip on food energy needs of around 9,500 kJ (= 2,279 kcal) per capita daily. In addition, there was locally produced food and especially food that was smuggled in from Egypt through tunnels. Critics like the Free Gaza movement accused Israel of wanting to starve the Palestinian people. According to the World Food Organization (FAO), the threshold value for hunger is around 7,500 kJ (= 1,800 kcal) per capita per day.

The convoy

Planning and organization

Routes of the Gaza Flotilla (green) and the Israeli Navy (orange)

The planning and implementation of the convoy was largely carried out by the Turkish organization İnsan Hak ve Hürriyetleri ve İnsani Yardım Vakfı (IHH). The international Free Gaza Movement and the Greek organization Boat for Gaza were involved .

The IHH is considered an organization with connections to various Islamist organizations. In 1997, Turkish authorities seized weapons, explosives, instructions for building bombs and a jihad flag from her. According to the authorities, arrested members of the organization were to be sent to Afghanistan , Bosnia and Chechnya as fighters . IHH allegedly supported Islamist terrorists with weapons and used certain donations for humanitarian purposes to buy weapons in Bosnia and Chechnya. The British newspaper Daily Telegraph describes the IHH as a "radical Islamist group in the guise of a humanitarian organization". Nilüfer Narli , professor at Bahçeşehir University in Istanbul and Middle East expert, sees it as proven that IHH finances Hamas.

According to terrorism-info.org.il, IHH chairman Fehmi Bülent Yıldırım announced on April 7, 2010 that the convoy would be a “test” for Israel and that the Israeli resistance was a “declaration of war” on those countries from which activists are coming Aboard the ships. The purpose of the action is not to help Hamas, but to help the people of Gaza. On the occasion of the departure of the ships in Istanbul, Yıldırım announced that Israel would be isolated in the world and would harm itself if it prevented the ships from reaching the Gaza Strip. The aim of the mission is to "portray Israel as an injustice state", and corresponding actions in Istanbul, Ankara and other Turkish cities are already planned. On May 21, the local IHH representative in the Gaza Strip announced that ships would be sent to the Gaza Strip every month.

In the international Free Gaza Movement, registered in Nicosia , aid organizations, political activists and 70 prominent supporters want to practice “solidarity with the Palestinian people” with various goals. The organization wants to draw attention to this by breaking the Gaza blockade.

Before the action, Gilad Shalit's family asked the organization to bring a package with groceries and letters for the kidnapped man and to convince Hamas to hand him over. She offered to support the cause of the Free Gaza Movement in the Israeli government. According to the family's lawyer, the organizers refused. This shows that they are not concerned with human rights, but with provocation. The organization contradicted this account: The lawyer had no longer responded to an offer from Irish Senator Mark Daly , who wanted to try to hand over a mail item to Schalit as a passenger in the fleet.

Ships

Expired medication on board the Gaza flotilla declared as an aid delivery
Bulletproof vests

The convoy consisted of six ships from different operators, registered in different countries. The Challenger 1 sailing under the American flag is operated by the Free Gaza Movement.

The Eleftheri Mesogeios ( Eλεύθερη Mεσόγειος , dt. Approximately Free Mediterranean ) is a Greek -flagged freighter. The Sfendoni ( Σφενδόνη , German for about catapult ) is a passenger ship sailing under the Greek flag and operated by the Greek initiative Ship to Gaza and the European Campaign to End the Siege of Gaza . Both ships left Piraeus on May 25, 2010 to meet the other ships off the coast of Cyprus.

The Sophia is a motor ship operated by the Swedish organization Ship to Gaza .

The freighter Gazze ("Gaza") sails under the Turkish flag and belongs to IHH. The freighter Defne Y sails under the flag of Kiribati and is also owned by IHH.

The Mavi Marmara (German: "Blue Marmara Sea") is a under the flag of Comoros propelled passenger ship, originally as a ferry in the Sea of Marmara was used and Istanbul Fast Ferries Co. Inc. was one. IHH bought it for the trip to Gaza.

The Rachel Corrie is from the Malay organization Perdana Global Peace organization operated and the Irish branch of the Free Gaza Movement. The ship, registered in Phnom Penh , left Malta on May 30 after technical difficulties and was unable to participate directly in the convoy. The ship is named after the American International Solidarity Movement activist Rachel Corrie , who was run over by an Israeli army bulldozer and fatally injured during a demonstration in the Gaza Strip in 2003.

Passengers

A total of 663 passengers from 37 countries were on board the fleet.

On board the "Gazze" were 13 crew members and five activists, on board the "Defne Y" 23 crew members and seven activists. The Swedish writer Henning Mankell traveled with the “Sophia” .

581 activists, around 400 of them Turkish citizens, traveled with the “Mavi Marmara”. Among them were representatives of the Turkish party Büyük Birlik Partisi (BBP), which the German constitution protection classifies as right-wing extremist . Journalists from the daily Vakit , which was criticized for anti-Semitism and trivializing National Socialism , were also present. The Bundestag members of the party Die Linke Annette Groth and Inge Höger , their former foreign policy spokesman Norman Paech and the deputy head of the IPPNW in Germany Matthias Jochheim traveled with them. The Dutch-Palestinian activist Amin Abou Rashed , who, according to the Dutch security authorities, works for the Hamas-related association Al-Aqsa , traveled with me from the Netherlands . Also among the passengers were the Knesset MP Hanin Soabi and the artist Dror Feiler . The Irish Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Mairead Corrigan went on board the "Rachel Corrie".

According to Israeli sources, around 50 activists belonged to international terrorist networks. These came on board separately from the other activists and without passports.

Some of the passengers, including three of those who were later killed, had stated that they wanted to die as martyrs , according to statements from their relatives and friends . When the Mavi Marmara was cast off in Istanbul, supporters of the groups represented on the ship chanted a Hamas slogan, reminding of Muhammad's journey to Khaibar and threatening Jews with death, and calling for an “ intifada to victory”. Hymns of praise to the Intifada and Islamic martyrdom were also sung on the ship as it cast off. According to the Süddeutscher Zeitung , the slogan "Death to all Jews" is said to have been chanted.

Course of events

Preparations

Activists arm themselves with iron bars in preparation for the boarding (picture from the Mavi Marmara surveillance camera)

The Israeli government announced on May 27, 2010 and on several occasions that it would use military force to stop the convoy if necessary to prevent the sea blockade from breaking. At the same time, she had offered to have the convoy's relief supplies unloaded in Ashdod and to transport the goods to the Gaza Strip after a security check. However, the organizers of the fleet dismissed the offer as "both ridiculous and offensive" and blamed the Israeli blockade and the "official routes" of Israel for a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip. Israel denied the existence of such a crisis and referred to the almost 100,000 tons of goods that had already been left in the Gaza Strip that year alone.

On May 28, 2010, the convoy called at the south coast of the Republic of Cyprus , from where previous aid ships had reached the Gaza Strip five times since August 2008. 17 members of the European Parliament wanted to get on there; however, Cypriot authorities delayed this. The convoy then initially called at Northern Cyprus and, one day late, set course for the Gaza Strip from Famagusta .

About 100 to 70 km off the coast of the Gaza Strip, the Israeli Navy repeated the offer to unload the convoy's cargo in Ashdod. The ship's crews refused to do this again and stayed on course for the Gaza Strip despite several requests to stop. After excerpts from the radio communication, an activist replied: "Go back to Auschwitz " and "Think about September 11th ". This was portrayed by the activists involved as a subsequent forgery by the Israeli army.

According to the first and third captains of the Mavi Marmara , around 40 Turkish IHH members checked the upper deck of the ship and determined who was allowed to stay there. They included female passengers below deck, according to their statements, before boarding . After video recordings from an on-board camera of the ship, some activists prepared for the expected boarding with self-made twins , poles, protective vests and gas masks.

Boarding

Knives and percussion instruments seized on board the Marmara which, according to the Israeli army, were used against the soldiers.

Information on the course of the boarding is based on various, partly contrary testimonies, on videos, partly from on-board cameras of the Mavi Marmara , partly from external cameras of the Navy, as well as photographs confiscated and released by the Israeli military or smuggled past the confiscation.

Passengers present, including employees of the Arab broadcaster Al Jazeera , reported: 14 to 30 Israeli ships, including warships, surrounded the convoy on May 31, 2010 around 4:00 a.m. Between 4:15 and 4:30 a.m., Israeli marines began to board the Mavi Marmara , which lasted until 5:30 a.m. About 20 activists resisted on the roof of the driver's cab with twins, metal pipes and sticks, but without firearms, and tried to prevent the soldiers approaching in boats from boarding. They would have captured four soldiers who were abseiling from a helicopter, beaten them, partially broken bones and brought them below deck. They would have disarmed them, but not used the captured weapons. Photographs published by the Turkish newspaper Hürriyet show that activists, some of them armed with knives, are holding wounded Israeli soldiers.

As a result, soldiers roped down from a second helicopter first shot rubber, blast and flare bullets as well as tear gas, and after about 10 minutes also shot live ammunition into this crowd. Three to four people from the resistance group were shot with hits in the head or neck within 15 to 20 minutes. The organizers then exchanged the four kidnapped soldiers for injured activists in order to be able to treat them. Some European activists prevented others from beating the captured soldiers any further. Women brought below deck before boarding testified that they heard gunshots and then saw people injured by gunfire. They were told that the soldiers immediately started firing live ammunition. Norman Paech said he saw only a few wooden clubs in the hands of activists. He confirmed the fighting and the capture of injured Israeli soldiers.

According to a journalist, activists hung a white flag over the ship's rail during the boarding process.

Journalists compared these statements with accessible images and reconstructed the suspected sequence of events: The first three Israeli soldiers were captured immediately after entering the deck. A minute later, the following soldiers opened fire on a group that had violently resisted the boarding soldiers on the deck. The three prisoners either freed themselves or were freed. In doing so, they had followed a military order that had existed since the kidnapping of Gilad Shalit to prevent or immediately end any capture of Israeli soldiers, if necessary at the risk of their own or someone else's life. After 30 minutes, the military took control of the ship.

The Israeli military said that the soldiers were attacked with knives, iron bars, axes and firearms when boarding the Mavi Marmara ship and that they only opened fire in self-defense. Participating soldiers confirm this representation. A lieutenant captain stated that when the activists were shackled, he heard the warning call “live ammunition” and that there were already gunshot wounded among the soldiers.

One day after the incident, the Israeli army presented dozens of knives, metal rods, wooden clubs and hammers that were found on the Mavi Marmara . For some passengers on the ship, these items were just normal and necessary pieces of equipment.

Nine male Turks from the Mavi Marmara were shot dead. One was also a US citizen. Their number was unclear in the first few days after the incident; many reports gave up to 25 deaths unchecked.

An autopsy by Turkish pathologists revealed that a person had been hit by five shots from a distance of less than 45 cm, once in the face, in the back of the head and back and twice in the leg. Five of the nine fatalities were shot either in the back of the head or in the back, one shot was fired from a maximum of 14 cm away. Another 48 activists were also injured by gunfire.

According to information provided by people located there, the Israeli Navy stormed at least two other ships in the convoy using non-lethal ammunition , tear gas and electric batons .

Further course

The Israeli military brought the ships to the port of Ashdod, rendered the machines of five ships unusable and imprisoned many of the activists who had previously been tied up on deck. They were filmed by camera teams from the Israeli army. Detainees said they were beaten while in Israeli custody and that their cell phones, laptops and cameras had been confiscated.

Some of the medication was confiscated on the orders of the Israeli Ministry of Health, as their expiry date had already expired. The relief supplies filled 20 semi-trailers. According to haGalil , however, around 100 trucks from the UN and other international organizations transport aid supplies to the Gaza Strip every day.

First, the prisoners in Israel should be brought to justice; however, on June 1, the Israeli government decided to quickly deport them to their home countries. The convoy's relief supplies were transported to the border crossings with the Gaza Strip. According to Israel, parts of the confiscated aid delivery, such as building materials, were handed over to international aid organizations to "prevent abuse by Hamas".

On June 5, the Israeli Navy stopped the freighter Rachel Corrie as a straggler in the convoy. According to media reports, the 19 activists on board did not offer any resistance and no one was injured. They were taken to Ashdod by ship and deported there.

Legal Aspects

According to the Convention on the Law of the Sea , the territory of a state extends twelve nautical miles from the baseline of its coast, the so-called territorial sea . Outside the territorial waters, civilian ships may only be stopped and searched under certain conditions. These limits are laid down in Article 110 of the Convention; this concerns slave trade, piracy, illegal radio broadcasts, ships without citizenship and ships of the flag state that show no flag or a foreign flag. A well-founded suspicion is sufficient here. A state is authorized to carry out police and customs controls within a connecting zone of a further twelve nautical miles. When stopping and searching for this standard, it is important to consider proportionality .

Israel claims territorial waters to the extent permitted by the agreement, but has not signed or formally ratified it .

However, according to some international law experts applies the while for Israel International Committee of the Red Cross deposited in Geneva, but formal international law nonbinding San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea as customary international law . In Paragraph 67 (a) it prohibits the stopping and searching of civilian ships and also the attack on such ships, unless there is reasonable suspicion that the ship is about to break a blockade or is carrying conflict-relevant contraband. Paragraph 102 prohibits the declaration or establishment of a blockade, among other things, if it can be expected that it will cause excessive damage to the civilian population concerned in relation to the desired “concrete and direct military advantage”. Paragraph 98 enables the capture of blockade-breaking ships. Resisting ship crews may be forcibly prevented from breaking the blockade. Such a blockade must be declared and the civilian ships attempting to break it must be warned of the attack. If the civilian population affected by the blockade is inadequately supplied with food and other basic goods, the state imposing the blockade must allow the supply from outside according to paragraph 103; however, he can prescribe the type of care and carry out controls. When stopping and searching for this standard, it is important to consider proportionality.

The international law professor Daniel-Erasmus Khan criticized the Israeli engagement as disproportionate. It is true that the enforcement of a sea blockade is also lawful in international waters if there is an armed conflict between Israel and Hamas. Then Israel could not at the same time invoke its status as an occupying power, from which it asserted sovereign rights over the Gaza Strip. Only in the absence of an armed conflict could Israel invoke its sovereignty over the Gaza Strip and determine the route that a delivery should take. In this case, hijacking in international waters would be illegal.

The professor of international law and member of the UN human rights committee Helen Keller makes the answer to the question of whether Israel's action was proportionate dependent on whether a close combat could have been avoided. She does not consider these circumstances to be sufficiently clarified.

The Bundestag member and former judge at the Federal Court of Justice Wolfgang Nešković (Die Linke) considered the initial suspicion of a war crime to have been given. In his opinion, the Federal Prosecutor's Office should initiate an investigation. In response to a criminal complaint by Höger, this examined the actions of the Israeli military and came to the conclusion that the ships of the Gaza flotilla had been military targets "which could be attacked according to the rules of international humanitarian law ".

A UN investigation report, which was published in advance by the New York Times in early September 2011 and headed by Geoffrey Palmer, describes the Israeli blockade as legitimate and appropriate, while the use of the fleet as excessive and inappropriate.

Another report by five independent UN legal experts in mid-September came to the conclusion that the Palmer report was politically motivated, aimed to improve Israel-Turkey relations and therefore came to the wrong conclusion. The sea blockade should be seen as part of the complete blockade of the Gaza Strip and should be assessed as a collective punishment of the population and thus against international law.

Reactions and consequences

Israel

The Israeli government regretted the fatalities and injuries, but stressed the legality of its action and refused an official apology requested by states of the dead. Israeli soldiers only went over to boarding as ordered after the refusal of an Israel-controlled transfer of the goods, were massively attacked by armed activists and then defended their lives. Israeli President Shimon Peres called the activists “terrorists” and urged their supporters to renounce terrorism, recognize Israel and make peace with it in order to end the Gaza blockade. Israel's Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman denied a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip and described the convoy as an "attempt to use violent propaganda against Israel".

Demonstrations for and against the military action took place in Israel. More than 6,000 critics of the action demonstrated in Tel Aviv ; it led to clashes with hundreds of government supporters. Arab Israelis also responded with a general strike . Some participants were arrested by Israeli police. The convoy participant Hanin Soabi questioned the government's presentation of the military action and thus sparked riots in the Knesset.

Israeli media showed a wide range of reactions to the military action, from unconditional support to moderate criticism and outright condemnation.

We Con the World is a 2010 video clip by the Israeli satirical group Latma , which satirically targets the so-called "Peace Flotilla of Gaza". The video is a spoof of the well-known 1985 Michael Jackson song " We Are the World ".

Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected an international commission of inquiry called for by the UN and instead set up a civilian commission of inquiry. It consists of three Israelis and two non-voting foreign observers: Brigadier General Ken Watkin from Canada and David Trimble from Northern Ireland. Both are considered "Israel-friendly", Trimble had already assessed the convoy as an attack on Israel. The commission head is Jacob Turkel , a former constitutional judge of Israel. After criticism from home and abroad, Turkel received the two additional commissioners and more powers he had asked for.

Chief of Staff Gabi Aschkenasi assigned a commission to ex- general Giora Eiland to investigate the commando operation. The Israeli state controller Micha Lindenstrauss announced his own investigation into the decision-making process before the attack and the information previously collected by the secret service about the aid convoy.

On June 22, 2010, Israel had around 150 trucks carrying goods that had previously been banned into the Gaza Strip. Netanyahu decided that Israel would increase exports to Gaza by 30 percent and allow all imports into Gaza in the future except for goods such as concrete, metals and chemicals that Palestinians could use to build military installations and weapons. This should further protect Israel from attacks, strengthen its partnerships and refute the Hamas propaganda of a humanitarian crisis. Opposition leader Tzipi Livni (Kadima) criticized the measure as it could legitimize Hamas at the expense of Israel.

On March 22, 2013, Israel's Prime Minister Netanyahu apologized to Turkey for the deaths of the nine Turkish activists. Netanyahu said in Jerusalem that he expressed his regret during a telephone conversation with Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan. US President Obama helped arrange the phone call during his visit to Israel. Netanyahu said the "tragic consequences" of the incident were not intended and that Israel felt remorse for the loss of life. According to an investigation, operational errors were made during the operation against the auxiliary fleet. The relatives of the victims would be compensated.

Palestinians

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas described the incident as a "massacre" and a "heinous crime".

Hamas leader Ismail Haniyya announced on May 29, 2010 that whether the convoy was stopped or got through, it was a “victory for Gaza”, indicating that the sea blockade would soon end. In a prepared press release, Hamas condemned Israel's “massacre”, called the people killed in the convoy “martyrs” and called on the international community to stop the “largest pirate state in the world”. She did not accept the relief supplies released by Israel from the convoy, as, in her opinion, this would "legitimize Israel's acts of violence". She either demanded all confiscated goods or none and made the release of all detained convoy passengers a condition.

Demonstrations against Israel's military action took place in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

After Israel's decision to loosen the blockade and increase imports, Hamas demanded an end to the “occupation” or “siege” of Gaza by means of the sea blockade and opening all borders with Israel to the free movement of goods.

Turkey

Government and parliament representatives of Turkey criticized Israel's actions as a crime against "innocent civilians". The chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee in Parliament in Ankara spoke of an “act of piracy”. Turkey withdrew its ambassador from Israel and canceled all joint military maneuvers with Israel. The Turkish Prime Minister at the time, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , called on his party's MPs to punish Israel. The IHH called for demonstrations in Turkey after the incident. More than 10,000 people demonstrated in Istanbul. According to Der Spiegel and Die Welt , this showed the organization's proximity to the Islamic fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood and other radical groups.

German media accused the Turkish government under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of being uncritical about the IHH's actions and its connections to radical Islamists and thus questioning whether Turkey is a “reliable partner in the fight against extremism”.

Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu demanded that Israel officially apologize for the attack on the Gaza fleet and compensate the bereaved. If Israel refuses, it must at least consent to an international investigation into the incident. Otherwise, Turkey will cut ties with Israel. Turkish airspace remains closed to all Israeli military aircraft. Since Israel did not comply with the request to apologize and the UN investigation report into the incident through indiscretion reached the media prematurely, although it had been agreed to hold it back for some time, the Israeli ambassador Gabby Levy was expelled from Turkey at the beginning of September 2011 , bilateral military agreements have been suspended.

In March 2013, Benjamin Netanyahu apologized for the death of the nine Turkish activists in a telephone conversation with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The "tragic consequences" were not intended, Israel felt remorse and the families of the victims would be compensated. Erdoğan accepted the apology and both prime ministers had agreed to normalize relations between their countries. In return, Turkey will cease legal proceedings against the Israeli officers. The phone call between Netanyahu and Erdoğan came through the mediation of American President Barack Obama , who was visiting Israel.

Other states

US President Barack Obama regretted the deaths and hoped for a quick clarification. US Vice President Joe Biden defended the boarding: Israel had the right to inspect Gaza ships for possible weapons and other illicit goods.

The Spanish Presidency of the EU described the deaths as "extremely serious and unacceptable". The then President of the European Parliament Jerzy Buzek called the boarding an “unjustified attack” and a “clear and unacceptable violation of international law, especially the 4th Geneva Convention ”. Ambassadors from 27 EU countries condemned Israel's use of violence and demanded that Israel conduct an "immediate, comprehensive and impartial investigation into the events and their circumstances". EU foreign policy official Catherine Ashton described Israel's blockade of Gaza as "unacceptable" and "politically counterproductive" and asked Israel to open the border with the Gaza Strip to humanitarian aid.

Greece appointed the Israeli ambassador to the Foreign Ministry and ended the Greek-Israeli military maneuver. Irish Foreign Minister Micheál Martin described the detention of convoy passengers, including the Irish, as "kidnapping".

There were demonstrations against Israel's actions in a number of European capitals and cities. According to a pro-Palestinian solidarity platform, around 15,000 participants demonstrated in Vienna for “condemning the Israeli attack against peace activists from 40 countries”. At the same time, others demonstrated against the convoy organizers under the motto “Free Gaza from Hamas”.

On June 1, Nicaragua broke off diplomatic relations with Israel and called for an end to the Gaza blockade.

Egypt's then President Husni Mubarak spoke of "excessive and unjustified violence" and on June 1, 2010 allowed the temporary opening of the Rafah crossing to the Sinai Peninsula on June 7, and permanent opening on June 7 .

  • Demonstration in Belfast , Northern Ireland

  • Protests in Stockholm , Sweden

  • Demonstration in front of the Israeli embassy in Oslo , Norway

United Nations

In an emergency meeting on the incident on May 31 and June 1, 2010, the UN Security Council expressed its “deep regret for the deaths and injuries resulting from the use of force during the Israeli military operation (…) in international waters (…) and condemned it those acts that killed 10 civilians and injured many more ”. He demanded the "immediate release of the ships and the civilians held by Israel" and the delivery of the relief supplies and demanded "an immediate, impartial, credible and transparent investigation according to international standards" and the full implementation of UN Resolutions 1850 and 1860 .

As a result of the incident, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called for an end to the blockade of Gaza, which is punishing innocent civilians, and supported calls for an independent investigation into the incident. An investigative commission of the UN Human Rights Council headed by Karl Hudson-Phillips , a former judge of the International Criminal Court in The Hague , came to the conclusion in its report that the Israeli approach to the storming was "disproportionate" and testifies to a "completely unnecessary one and incredible levels of violence ”. Israel denied these allegations that the report was "as biased and one-sided as the body that produced it." Israel rejects the Human Rights Council as being biased and supports an investigation launched by UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon.

UNHCHR Commissioner Navanethem Pillay found the outcome of the military action unjustified and spoke of the disproportionate use of force that resulted in the killing and wounding of people who tried to bring much-needed aid to the people of Gaza.

On June 15, 2010, Robert Serry , UN coordinator for the Middle East, declared that the UN would, in consultation with Israel and with the consent of three Turkish ship owners, distribute the relief supplies from the convoy in the Gaza Strip "promptly".

media

The Reuters agency was accused of having published manipulated photos that were taken during the fighting on the “Mavi Marmara”. In two photos, for example, knives were cut away in the hands of activists. In addition, a pool of blood and an injured person's hand were removed from one of the two photos. In response to the criticism, Reuters stated that it was an oversight as a result of an industry-standard cropping of image edges . After discovering the error, the original images were immediately submitted.

The organization Reporters Without Borders asked Israel to release all arrested journalists and return their confiscated equipment. The Foreign Press Association protested against Israel's selective use of seized video recordings of reporters on board without their consent.

Turkish media admitted that "at least 40" Marmara activists were "violent".

In the days after the incident, anti-Semitic expressions on the World Wide Web , especially on social networks such as Facebook , increased “rapidly” according to media observers.

Palmer Report 2011

A study commissioned by the UN in August 2010 and published in September 2011, which was drawn up by a commission headed by former New Zealand Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer, concluded that Israel's sea blockade against Hamas, which ruled the Gaza Strip, was fundamentally legitimate . However, the commission also concluded that the boarding by Israeli soldiers was likely to have been avoided and was disproportionate. The loss of human life is also unacceptable. According to the report, most of the victims suffered multiple gunshot wounds, including in the back. The investigation also called into question the intention of the alleged aid fleet, in particular that of the Turkish organization IHH, which was significantly involved in the planning and implementation .

Trial in Turkey

On November 6, 2012, a Turkish court in Istanbul opened proceedings against four absent former Israeli commanders. These are the former chief of staff Gabi Aschkenasi , the former head of the military intelligence service Aman , Amos Yadlin , the former air force intelligence chief Avishay Levi and the former naval commander Eljezer Marom . They are accused of manslaughter, deprivation of liberty, torture and assault, as well as illegal confiscation of ships in international waters. The public prosecutor's office has repeatedly demanded life sentences for the accused. A conviction would initially have no significant consequences for the accused, but the trial is considered to be a heavy burden on relations between Turkey and Israel.

On March 22, 2013, following an apology from Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu for the incident, Netanyahu and Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan agreed to normalize relations between their countries. This includes ending the legal persecution of Israeli soldiers in Turkey.

Judgment on the German Federal Public Prosecutor's Office

In response to Höger's criminal complaint, the Federal Prosecutor examined the actions of the Israeli military personnel deployed against the convoy and came to the conclusion that there was no criminal behavior against Höger or other German citizens, since the Gaza flotilla was not a civilian object, but a military target, " who could be attacked under the rules of international humanitarian law ”.

Agreement between Turkey and Israel in June 2016

At the end of June 2016, negotiations in Rome led to a settlement of the diplomatic crisis that had lasted around six years. Among other things, the agreement stipulates that Israel will continue to block Gaza, but that Turkey will be allowed to provide humanitarian assistance to the area. Aid supplies from Turkey would have to be unloaded in the port of Ashdod and from there, after being checked by Israel, transported overland to Gaza. Israel assured the payment of damages in the amount of 20 million US dollars to the victims or their relatives, in return Turkey will ensure by law that all ongoing lawsuits against Israeli soldiers are averted and future ones prevented.

International Criminal Court

The proceedings before the International Criminal Court against Israel were finally closed in December 2017.

Mail from Greta Berlin

On March 7, 2018, British journalist and blogger David Collier published a post from a closed Facebook group from 2014 by activist Greta Berlin . In it, she admitted that the soldiers only opened fire after activist Ken O'Keefe stole a gun from a soldier. If O'Keefe hadn't disarmed the Israeli soldiers, they wouldn't have opened fire. He was responsible for the dead on the Mavi Marmara.

literature

  • Report of the United Nations Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli attack on the Gaza Auxiliary Flotilla. Melzer publishing house. Isenburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-942472-06-7 . (The Palmer Report)
The English-language original as an online document on the UN homepage. [3]
  • Moustafa Bayoumi (Ed.): Midnight on the Mavi Marmara. The attack on the Gaza Solidarity Flotilla. Translated by Sigrid Landhäuser, LAIKA-Verlag, Hamburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-942281-88-1 .

Web links

Commons : Ship-to-Gaza Incident  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files
 Wikinews: International "Solidarity Fleet" for Gaza raised by Israel  - news

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Attack on Gaza convoy . sueddeutsche.de. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  2. ^ Neue Zürcher Zeitung, June 1, 2010: Dead and injured in an Israeli commando operation
  3. ^ A b Johannes Gerloff : Gaza Flotilla: Bloody Propaganda Battle on the High Seas - a summarizing review. In: Israel Update Number 58, June 2010, p. 4
  4. ↑ http://mondoweiss.net/2014/07/rocket-deaths-israel.html
  5. ↑ Middle East conflict: EU hopes to ease the Gaza blockade. Spiegel Online, June 12, 2010, accessed December 19, 2014 .
  6. ↑ Middle East conflict: Israel eases blockade of Gaza strip. Spiegel Online, June 9, 2010, accessed December 19, 2014 .
  7. ↑ Steel curtain. In: sueddeutsche.de. May 17, 2010, accessed March 16, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Jörg Bremer: Lucrative tunnel economy. In: FAZ.net . January 9, 2009, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  9. ↑ http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/PalaestinensischeGebiete/Wirtschaft_node.html
  10. ↑ Israel uses 'calorie count' to limit Gaza food during blockade, critics claim Guardian of October 17, 2012
  11. ↑ Thomas Pany How many calories do people in the Gaza Strip need? , heise from October 18, 2014
  12. ↑ Middle East conflict: EU hopes for easing the Gaza blockade (there info box The aid organization Free Gaza ) Spiegel-Online from June 14, 2010
  13. ↑ The FAO provides the data - the World Hunger Index is based on the figures from the World Food Organization Neues Deutschland from October 16, 2014
  14. ↑ Evan F. Kohlmann: The Role of Islamic Charities in International Terrorist Recruitment and Financing ( English , PDF; 83 kB) Danish Institute for International Studies. 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  15. ↑ a b c Elmar Theveßen: Extremists as human rights activists? , ZDF . May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  16. ↑ a b Doris Akrap : Martyrs on board , taz . June 4th 2010. 
  17. ^ Richard Spencer: Gaza flotilla: the Free Gaza Movement and the IHH (English) , The Daily Telegraph . May 31, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010. " ... a radical Islamist group masquerading as a humanitarian agency " 
  18. ↑ Nilüfer Narli. fride.org, archived from the original on June 16, 2010 ; accessed on August 29, 2010 (English): "Her main research area is in the social and cultural field, more specifically on Islamist movements, gender issues, migration, civil-military relations, media and conflict"
  19. ↑ Alan Posener : "I'm not a useful idiot". Welt Online , June 4, 2010, accessed on August 29, 2010 : "Nilüfer Narli from the University of Istanbul thinks it has been proven that IHH finances Hamas"
  20. ↑ a b c Portrait of IHH ( English ) terrorism-info.org.il. May 26, 2010. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  21. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from June 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  22. ↑ a b c Report Mainz, June 7, 2010: Questionable peace mission (video). Send typoscript ( RTF ; 38 kB)
  23. ^ FAZ, June 1, 2010: The Free Gaza Movement
  24. ↑ Our goal. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010 ; Retrieved June 21, 2010 : "We want to break the state of siege on Gaza."
  25. ↑ Haaretz, May 27, 2010: Gaza aid convoy refuses to deliver package to Gilad Shalit ; Michael Borgstede (Die Welt, May 27, 2010): “Solidarity Fleet” as a provocation against Israel
  26. ↑ International Solidarity Committee (press release May 28, 2010): Israel's Disinformation Campaign Against the Gaza Freedom Flotilla ( Memento of June 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  27. ↑ Greta Berlin : As American as Apple Pie ( English ) Free Gaza Movement. May 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved on 2010-060-04.
  28. ↑ a b Έτοιμο να εμποδίσει τον «Στόλο της Ελευθερίας» το Ισραήλ ( Greek ) tvxs.gr. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  29. ↑ News digest . In: Athens News , May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. 
  30. ↑ Omar Ghraeib: International Aid Fleet Sets Sail to Gaza defying Israel's threats (English) . In: The Palestine Telegraph , May 27, 2010. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. 
  31. ^ Henry Ascher: Photos of the boat Sofia ( English ) Ship to Gaza. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  32. ↑ İsrail 'uluslararası suları' kabul etti (Turkish) . June 1, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  33. ↑ Mavi Marmara Yolcu Gemisi ( Turkish ) IDO. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  34. ↑ a b c Hans-Christian Rößler: Israel deports activists of the "Rachel Corrie". In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 6, 2010.
  35. ^ Aid ship Rachel Corrie, with 6 M'sians, presses on to Gaza (Updated) (English) , The Star. June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010. 
  36. ↑ Menelaos Hadjicostis: New aid ship heads to Gaza, Israel vows to stop it (English) , Business Week. June 4, 2010. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010. 
  37. ^ Israeli bulldozer kills American protester (English) , CNN. March 25, 2003. Retrieved June 5, 2010. 
  38. ^ Israel transfers hundreds of Gaza flotilla activists to airport for deportation
  39. ↑ Deputy PM says Turkey using all resources over Israeli attack . In: World Bulletin , May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  40. ^ A b Reinhard Mohr : "The Israelis could have aimed at the propellers" In: Spiegel Online , June 3, 2010.
  41. ↑ Turkey: Israel will pay the price for 'pirate' violence (English) . In: Zaman , June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  42. ↑ Ulrike Dufner: Turkish Foreign Policy: The time is ripe for level-headed tones - www.boell.de , June 15, 2010
  43. ^ Friends of peace want to break through the Gaza blockade ( Memento from May 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Die Linke Rheinland-Pfalz
  44. ↑ At least nine dead in Israeli military action . ARD . May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  45. ↑ Financial Times Deutschland, May 31, 2010: German MPs survive military action unscathed ( Memento from June 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  46. ↑ Joseph Croitoru: The martyrs were ready , FAZ . June 3, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010. 
  47. ↑ a b Israelis opened fire before boarding Gaza flotilla, say released activists , The Guardian . June 1, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  48. ↑ Två svenskar saknas fortfarande (Swedish) , Aftonbladet . May 31, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010. 
  49. ^ Gil Yaron (WAZ, June 6, 2010): Israel: Terrorists on Aid Convoy
  50. ↑ Turkish newspaper report : Milliyet ; English translation: Palwatch, June 3, 2010 (translated Al-Hayat Al-Jadida); Arabic media reports: Memri Report
  51. ↑ Memri Documentation, May 28, 2010: Al-Jazeera TV Report from "Freedom Flotilla" Before Its Departure for Gaza: Activists on Board Chant Intifada Songs and Praise Martyrdom
  52. ↑ Dieter Graumann : Liberation from the dungeon of Israel hatred. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , June 20, 2011.
  53. ↑ Bloomberg May 27, 2010: Israel Threatens Naval Action to Stop Aid Ships Bound for Gaza
  54. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, May 27, 2010: Israel invites the international flotilla to unload its cargo in Ashdod port
  55. ↑ Isabel Kershner: Defying Blockade, Cargo and Passenger Vessels Head for Gaza. In: The New York Times , May 27, 2010 (English).
  56. ↑ Aid flotilla bound for Gaza faces delays, loses ships. ( Memento from August 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Hurriyet , May 29, 2010.
  57. ↑ Michael Borgstede : The brutality of the blockade breakers. In: Die Welt , June 7, 2010.
  58. ↑ IDF Spokesperson, June 5, 2010: Clarification / Correction Regarding Audio Transmission Between Israeli Navy and Flotilla on May 31, 2010 ; Mya Guarnieri (News Agency MNA, June 5, 2010): Israel accused of fabricating flotilla video
  59. ^ Doris Akrap, Philipp Gessler: The doubtful passengers. In: Die tageszeitung , July 1, 2010.
  60. ↑ a b Stefan Reinecke : Returnees raise serious allegations. In: Die tageszeitung , June 1, 2010.
  61. ↑ Hazel Ward: Israel using 'pirated' footage to defend raid: media body. The Age , June 4, 2010, accessed August 29, 2010 : "" The Foreign Press Association (FPA) strongly condemns the use of photos and video material shot by foreign journalists, now being put out by the IDF (Israel Defense Forces) spokesman's office as 'captured material', "a statement from the organization said."
  62. ^ A b Ivan Watson, Talia Kayali: Autopsies reveal 9 men on Gaza aid boat shot, 5 in head. CNN International , June 4, 2010, accessed August 29, 2010 : "[Yildirim] insisted none of the activists fired the captured Israeli guns"
  63. ↑ Recovered photos show scenes from Israeli raid on Gaza aid ship. Hürriyet , June 6, 2010; archived from the original on June 9, 2010 ; Retrieved August 29, 2010 .
  64. ↑ Passengers recount mid-sea horror. Al Jazeera English , June 3, 2010, accessed August 29, 2010 .
  65. ↑ Yara Bayoumy: Israeli marines were held during ship raid witness. Reuters , June 3, 2010, accessed August 29, 2010 .
  66. ↑ Clemens Wergin: In a boat with Islamists , Die Welt. June 3, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  67. ^ Eyewitness Accounts of Gaza Convoy Raid: What Really Happened on Board the Mavi Marmara (English) , Der Spiegel. June 7, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  68. ↑ Israelis opened fire before boarding Gaza flotilla, say released activists (English) , The Guardian . June 1, 2010. Accessed February 14, 2011  .; British survivor tells of Israeli assault on Gaza aid ship (English) , The Guardian. June 3, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  69. ↑ Israel attacks Gaza aid fleet (English) , Al-Jazeera. May 31, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  70. ↑ Carlos Kunze: Gray wolves don't swim , jungle world. June 10, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010. 
  71. ^ Robert Mackey: Photographs of Battered Israeli Commandos Show New Side of Raid (English) , The New York Times . June 7, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  72. ↑ H.-C. Rößler, M. Sattar and N. Busse: Outrage over military action in front of Gaza , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. May 31, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  73. ^ Israeli President Peres visits injured soldiers , European Info Press. June 5, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010. 
  74. ↑ IHH: Aid Organization or Terrorist Helper? , Tages-Anzeiger . May 31, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  75. ^ Irish activist recounts Gaza flotilla raid (English) , Raidió Teilifís Éireann . June 3, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  76. ↑ Factbox: Turk charity names dead, missing from ship raid (English) , Reuters . June 3, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  77. ↑ Soldiers are said to have shot activists in the head , Focus . June 2, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  78. ↑ Gaza flotilla activists were shot in head at close range (English) , The Guardian. June 4, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010. 
  79. ↑ Gaza flotilla raid: 'We heard gunfire - then our ship turned into lake of blood' (English) , The Guardian. June 2, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  80. ↑ Jonathan Lis: Mossad chief: Israel gradually becoming burden on US In: Haaretz , June 1, 2010 (English).
  81. ↑ Martin Kloke : "Is the Left an anti-Semitic party?" In: Samuel Salzborn (Ed.): Antisemitism since 9/11. Events, debates, controversies. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2019, p. 352
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  83. ↑ Israel releases convoy prisoners In: Spiegel Online , June 1, 2010.
  84. ↑ Hamas refuses to accept the relief supplies. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , June 3, 2010.
  85. ↑ Art. 110 Right to enter . In: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . The federal authorities of the Swiss Confederation. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
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  88. ↑ International Review of the Red Cross no 309, p. 583-94 by Louise Doswald-Beck. San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea. "The Manual is not a binding document."
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  90. ^ San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea ( English ) Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  91. ↑ Dietmar Hipp: "Such a bloodbath should never have happened" . Spiegel Online . June 1, 2010. Accessed June 1, 2010.
  92. ^ Initial suspicion of a war crime , Neues Deutschland . June 1, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  93. ↑ UN Report: Attack on Gaza Fleet Legal, but Excessive , Presse.com. September 1, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2011. 
  94. ^ Neil MacFarquhar, Ethan Bronner: Report Finds Naval Blockade by Israel Legal but Faults Raid , www.nytimes.com. September 1, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2011. 
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  99. ^ Chaim Levinson: Leftist and rightist Israelis clash at Gaza flotilla protest in Tel Aviv. In: Haaretz , June 5, 2010 (English).
  100. ↑ Jack Khoury, Amos Harel: Several Israeli Arab protesters arrested in mass rallies over Gaza flotilla deaths. In: Haaretz , May 31, 2010 (English).
  101. ^ Riots in the Knesset. In: Focus , June 3, 2010.
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  104. ^ Gideon Levy: Gaza flotilla drives Israel into a sea of ​​stupidity. In: Haaretz , May 30, 2010 (English) and Bradley Burston: The Second Gaza War: Israel lost at sea In: Haaretz , May 31, 2010 (English).
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  106. ↑ Christoph Schult, Daniel Steinvorth: Chip in the slip. In: Spiegel Online , June 16, 2010.
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  109. ↑ Barak Ravid: Netanyahu likely to widen remit of Gaza flotilla probe after judge threatens to quit. In: Haaretz , June 29, 2010 (English) and Barak Ravid: Government expands authority of Gaza flotilla probe commission. In: Haaretz , May 31, 2010 (English).
  110. ↑ Tomer Zarchin, Jonathan Lis: State Comptroller to probe Israel's raid on Gaza flotilla. In: Haaretz , May 31, 2010 (English).
  111. ^ A b Sebastian Engelbrecht, ARD radio studio Tel Aviv, June 22, 2010: Easing of the Gaza blockade: Humanitarian goods yes - building materials no ( Memento from June 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
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  120. ↑ Ankara sees "irreparable crisis" , May 31, 2010 (accessed November 5, 2013)
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  122. ↑ Attack “unacceptable” , ORF . Retrieved June 5, 2010. 
  123. ↑ Erdogan demands punishment for "bloody massacre" , Süddeutsche Zeitung . June 2, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  124. ↑ Thousands Protest Against Attack on Gaza Fleet , Euronews . June 1, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  125. ↑ Daniel Steinvorth: We are all Palestinians! , Spiegel Online . May 31, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
  126. ↑ Government lets radical Israel opponents have their way , Die Welt . May 31, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010. 
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  157. ↑ Disconnection order of the Federal Public Prosecutor of September 30, 2014 ( Memento of September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF on the Högers website)
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  160. ↑ Israelnetz.de of March 13, 2018: Greta Berlin: Activist is to blame for the Mavi Marmara escalation
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