Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos

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The historian Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos

Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos ( Greek Κωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος , * 1815 in Constantinople ; † April 14, 1891 in Athens ) was a Greek historian and journalist who is considered to be the founder of modern Greek historiography . He was the main exponent of romantic historiography in 19th century Greece, which is characterized by the rediscovery of the Greek Middle Ages and its integration into national history.

With his main work Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους από των αρχαιοτάτων χρόνων μέχρι της σήμερον ( "History of the Greek nation from the earliest times to the present day"), he has the concept of history of Greek historiography influenced until well into the 20th century and thus to the national identity of Greeks contributed.

Life

Family and youth

Paparrigopoulos signature.jpg

Paparrigopoulos was born in Constantinople to a wealthy Phanariotic family. His father Dimitrios Paparrigopoulos, who was a banker, came from Vytina and had settled in Constantinople after the Orlov revolts . His mother's name was Tarsia (née Nikokli) and his siblings were Skarlatos, Michail, Nikolaos, Lukia, Zoi, Rallou, Eleni, Euphrosyne and the later law professor and rector of the University of Athens Petros. After the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, Dimitrios, along with his son Mikhail and other members of the family, was arrested and executed in retaliation by Sultan Mahmud II . The mother fled with the surviving family members to Odessa where Paparrigopoulos the French Lycée Richelieu d'Odessa as a fellow of the Czar Alexander I visited. In 1830 the family moved to the provisional capital of the now independent Greek state of Nafplio , where he received private lessons from the renowned teacher Georgios Gennadios . Despite these studies and his later scientific activity, he never completed a regular course of study .

After the capital was moved to Athens in 1834, Paparrigopoulos and his family moved to the new capital and began working as a civil servant in the Ministry of Justice . In addition, he dealt with history and published the first essays. In 1841 he married Maria Afthonidi, daughter of the former functionary of the Ecumenical Patriarchate Georgios Afthonidis, and had three children with her: the romantic poet Dimitrios (1843–1873), Aglaia (1849–1890) and Eleni (1854–1872). Paparrigopoulos survived all his children, he died in Athens on April 14, 1891.

Scientific and journalistic activity

In 1845, Paparrigopoulos, like other Greeks abroad, was suspended from duty, as a result of the new constitution that resulted from the coup d'état of September 3, 1843 . It stipulated that only people who had Greek citizenship should get into public office. A year later, however, with the support of his sponsor, the then Prime Minister Ioannis Kolettis , he was hired as a history teacher at the Athens grammar school and thus began his academic career. In the meantime he had published the first historical treatises. 1843 his first book " About the settlement of some Slavic tribes on the Peloponnese " ( " Περί της εποικήσεως Σλαβικών τινών φυλών εις την Πελοπόννησον "), with whom he's theses Fallmerayer confronted about the origin of the Greeks, and a year later the book " The last year of Greek freedom ”(“ Το τελευταίον έτος της ελληνικής ελευθερίας ”), in which he dealt with the subjugation of Corinth by the Romans. With his first work in 1843 he managed to cause a great stir. In 1845, the handbook for elements of general history (" Στοιχεία της Γενικής Ιστορίας ") for school use, an edited translation of the handbook by the French educator David Lévi Alvarès, followed .

At that time Paparrigopoulos felt qualified for an application for one of the two historical chairs of the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Athens because of his historiographical works . However, since he did not have an academic title , his applications were rejected twice. The solution was offered by the University of Munich , which awarded him his doctorate in absentia in 1850, on the recommendation of Friedrich Thiersch and the Greek ambassador to Bavaria and first rector of the University of Athens Konstantinos Schinas . In 1851 he was appointed as associate professor of history at the University of Athens and in 1857 he was appointed full professor, a position which he held for almost 40 years. It was the chair for “History of the Ancient Peoples”, which Paparrigopoulos soon converted into “History of the Greek Nation from Antiquity to the Present” by giving up the restriction to ancient history and following a unified Greek history up to and including the Modern times dedicated what was indicative of its conception of history.

He first presented the first elements of this conception in 1853 with the first version of his monumental work History of the Greek Nation from the Ancient Times to the Present , conceived as a textbook , with which the idea of ​​an overall history of Greece from mythical times to the present was realized for the first time in Greece . He wanted to underpin this idea of ​​the historical continuity of Greece with the second five-volume edition, which appeared in the period 1860–1874 and was divided into 15 books. The final "canonized" edition of the work followed in 1885–1888, which gave him the rank of "national historian".

Paparrigopoulos also worked as a journalist in parallel to his scientific activities. In his publications he often dealt with current political and national issues and above all with historical questions. His lessons at the Athens high school and later his lectures at the university were published in numerous newspapers and magazines and in this way reached a wide audience. In addition, he was involved in the editing of several publications, such as the short-lived government- friendly newspaper Εθνική (Ethniki, 1847) and the Otto -friendly Ο Έλλην (O Ellin, 1858-1860). In 1850 he founded together with Nikolaos Dragoumis and Alexandros Rizos Rangavis the magazine schriftανδώρα (Pandora, 1850–1863), the most successful Greek magazine of the 19th century, in which he published many articles. He was also editor-in-chief of the French-language political magazine Spectateur de l 'Orient , where he often wrote on topical national issues, and correspondent for the Greek newspaper Ημέρα (Imera), which appears in Trieste .

In recognition of his services, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Odessa in 1875 , and in 1881 he became a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences .

Political commitment

Paparrigopoulos did not limit himself to the scientific and journalistic occupation with national topics, but also got involved politically. In 1877 he became chairman of the "National Defense" ("Εθνική Άμυνα"), a nationalist organization that aimed to support the Greeks still under Turkish rule in Epirus , Macedonia , Thessaly and Crete financially and with weapons. In addition, he made numerous trips to Western Europe to collect donations and buy ammunition and weapons. He was also in contact with diplomats and the Prime Minister Charilaos Trikoupis during the Oriental Crisis and tried to scientifically justify the territorial claims of the Kingdom of Greece . In the run-up to the Berlin Congress in 1878, he commissioned the cartographer Heinrich Kiepert to produce maps of Southeastern Europe , which he himself supervised scientifically. The cards should be presented to Congress in support of the Greek territorial claims . In 1884, at the request of the Foreign Ministry, he described in a secret memorandum to Minister Alexandros Kontostavlos the extent of the territory of the Macedonia region, which Greece claimed for itself.

Paparrigopoulos' work and its meaning

Historical context

Paparrigopoulos lived at a time when the young kingdom was in the process of nation building and trying to define its identity and ideology . In the tradition of the European and the modern Greek Enlightenment , the Greeks viewed themselves as heirs of ancient Greece and constructed their identity on this basis. The glorification of antiquity became part of the nation-building process and was institutionally promoted in particular during the so-called "Bavarocracy", the rule of Otto and the Bavarian reign: During this time, the Archaeological Office, the Archaeological Society and the first laws for the protection of antiquities and the first excavations and restoration work were carried out, the attempt to purify the language was intensified and classical architecture predominated in Athens. The relocation of the capital from Nafplio to Athens had ideological and symbolic backgrounds. In addition, the ancient world appeared as the ideal political model for the organization of modern society in the new state. This reference to antiquity was not only an expression of enthusiasm for the idealized past, but also served as a justification for the existence of the Greek state, since the Greeks saw in the glorious antiquity the legitimation of their independence and the establishment of a state. In the course of the decades after the revolution , however, it became apparent that recourse to antiquity was not enough to sufficiently strengthen national consciousness and form collective identity. For the majority of the Greek-speaking population inside and outside the Greek state, antiquity had little integrative symbolism; it was rather linked to the ideas of Orthodoxy and thus to the legacy of the Byzantine Empire and its capital, Constantinople. This contradiction, symbolized by the two cities of Athens and Constantinople, regarded as national centers, was reflected in the concept of the Megali Idea (Great Idea), which was to represent the motto of Greek nationalism. It was originally a vague crush. In the course of time the concept of the big idea and integrated concepts of different origins changed; One of the related objectives and interpretations was on the one hand the idea of ​​spreading classical education and culture in the Orient , but on the other hand also the desire to recapture Constantinople for the political unification of the Greeks. This fuzziness made it possible to view the Megali Idea as the core of Greek nationalism from the middle of the 19th century. Although it was not a specific foreign policy program, it developed into a symbol of Greek irredentism until the 1920s.

During this time of the Greeks' search for identity, the journalist Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer published his book History of the Morea Peninsula during the Middle Ages in 1830 , in which he put forward the thesis of the extermination of the ancient Greeks in the Middle Ages. Using a combination of racial-biological and cultural-historical criteria, he tried to prove that the contemporary inhabitants of Greece were Graecized Slavs and Albanians . The reaction to his theses was tremendous, especially from Philhellenes , who tried to refute his theory with a series of publications. In Greece it was received with a delay of about 10 years, but his theses triggered a wave of polemical reactions, ranging from caricatures and satires in the tabloids and editorials in the political newspapers to public lectures against him; Fallmerayer embodied the image of the enemy, his theses were perceived as denying the right to exist of the independent Greek state, and he soon became the personification of the enemy, the opposite of an exemplary philhellenic. The most significant effect of this anti-Fallmerayer wave, however, was that it acted as a catalyst for the humanities in Greece; it led to a series of scholarly history studies which culminated in Paparrigopoulos' work and ushered in Greek historicism .

History of the Greek Nation

In the foreword of Paparrigopoulos' first work, published in 1843 on the settlement of some Slavic tribes in the Peloponnese , the leitmotif and the aim of his life's work are outlined: the Greek story of the conquest of Corinth by the Romans in 146 BC. Until the revolution of 1821 as a continuous process of change in the nation from ancient Greece to the new. The nation developed through the centuries until it "according to a higher law of divine providence , drawing new elements of material and moral strength out of its own misfortune, re-entering the world stage in search of its independence and unity". As the first among the Greek opponents of Fallmerayer, he used a scientific method with a critical evaluation and interpretation of the sources and compared the racial and purely cultural-historical criteria. It was here that his thesis of the historical continuity of Greek history emerged for the first time , a thesis which he defended and tried to prove throughout his life.

Bust of the historian in the garden of the Zappeion

He had announced his ambitious plan to write national history from antiquity to the present in the textbook Elements of General History in 1845 , but his theory of history was still in its infancy. In his inaugural lecture at the Athens High School in 1846, which has become known as the "Lecture 1846", he emphasized the need to write an independent national history; he considered it a characteristic of primitive peoples to leave the study of their past to strangers. He gives an overview of the historiographical treatment of Greek history to date and suggests three works as a starting point for national history: James Emerson's The History of Modern Greece: From Its Conquest by the Romans 146 BC to the Present Time (1830), George Finlays Greece under the Romans (1844) and Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen's History of Greece from the Beginning of History to Our Days (1832). Although he criticized a few points, these three works, in particular the work of Zinkeisen, were in the following period for many Greek historians of the 19th century as the basis of their national history. Thomas Babington Macaulay , François Guizot and Jules Michelet were also seen as general models for the representation of national history .

The central problem of national historiography at that time was that there was a gap of centuries between the glorified antiquity and the present, because the Greek scholars were strongly influenced by the negative assessment of the Byzantine Empire as a decadent despotism by well-known representatives of the Enlightenment . Edward Gibbons' anti-Byzantine view played a key role in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Not until 1852 did a reply appear when the historian Spyridon Zambelios published his Folk Songs of Greece ( Άσματα δημοτικά της Ελλάδος ), interpreting the course of Greek history as an unavoidable development towards the Greek Revolution and byzantium as the missing link in this historical image. Zambelios promoted a reorientation of historical research on the Middle Ages and a reassessment of the Byzantine Empire and introduced a triadic scheme for the interpretation of Greek history: the division into an old, middle and modern period. This changed perspective had a decisive influence on the young Paparrigopoulos by stimulating him to integrate Byzantine history into the national narrative .

The History of the Greek Nation began to be published in 1860 and ended with the fifth volume in 1874. A revised edition appeared in 1885–1888, followed by the fourth edition in 1902–1903, supplemented and revised by Pavlos Karolidis . The work presented an interpretation model for Greek history, which was based on the idea of ​​historical continuity. Initially, Paparrigopoulos von Droysen took over the term Hellenism , but gave it a completely new meaning: he identified Hellenism with the Greek nation, Hellenism, and used this term to periodise their history. In his opinion, the Greek nation is a transcendent , supra-historical subject that has changed over time, but thanks to divine providence always acted as a protagonist in history. It divides Greek history into five periods, a concept that is compatible with the three-dimensional scheme of Zambelios: history of ancient Hellenism, Macedonian Hellenism (after the battle of Chaironeia in 338 BC), Christian Hellenism (from the birth of Christ ), medieval Hellenism (from the founding of Constantinople ) and finally the new Hellenism (since the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453 ). In this model, Greek history resembles a relay race in which the historical initiative passes from one generation of Hellenism to the next. Every generation has a historic mission to fulfill. For example, for the Macedonians it was the Hellenization of the Orient and the establishment of the political unity of the nation, and for medieval Greece it was the protection of Christianity from internal and external threats. The task of carrying out a civilizing mission in the Orient had once again fallen to the new Greek system, which fitted into the context of the Megali Idea .

Byzantine history, to which he dedicated three volumes of “History”, forms the backbone of the work. It paints a detailed picture of the Byzantine Empire and covers political as well as social , economic and cultural aspects. The narrative of the Byzantine achievements is vivid; he uses the we-perspective to invite the audience to identify with the protagonists (e.g. “our Greek monarchy”, “our medieval ancestors”, “our emperors” etc.). Last but not least, this focus on Byzantium marks the political priority of Paparrigopoulos: What he particularly appreciated about the Byzantines was that, in contrast to the states of ancient Greece, the political unity of the nation was achieved with them and a monarchy existed that served as a model for modern Greek Kingdom owned. In addition, he describes Byzantium as a cultural space where Greek and Christianity are fused, which leads to a harmonious coexistence of the two in a "Helleno-Christian" modern Greece. The ideologue of the “Helleno-Christian” culture, a term Zambelios first used, became part of Greek identity through Paparrigopoulos to this day. He viewed the early modern period, the period of Ottoman rule , as a teleological process, a period in preparation for the War of Independence in 1821. However, the period after the establishment of the state, ie. H. the last phase of the new Hellenism "is not allowed [...] to be assessed now, since he is at the beginning of the mission for which he is apparently destined in the Orient". This clearly points to the irredentist Megali Idea , whereby the dividing line between scientific assessment and political agenda in Paparrigopoulos' work becomes blurred. History, in his understanding, is “not just science; it is at the same time the gospel of the present and the future of the fatherland ”. He played the role of the organic intellectual with success by helping to shape the state ideology and consistently promoting it in public.

reception

Paparrigopoulos' role in Greek historiography is now undisputed, but this was not the case during his lifetime. Although he had succeeded in gaining prestige through his numerous publications, he had also drawn many antipathies. Personal, political-ideological or scientific reasons led to his arguments with other scholars, which were often discussed in the press. The history of the Greek nation was heavily criticized in this context at the time of its publication. Some critics accused him of showing a lack of detail in his presentation, of not giving sufficient account of his sources and of not using any annotation apparatus . The treatment of the recent war of independence has also been criticized for glorifying it or showing a lack of detailed knowledge; the latter charge was often motivated by local patriotism . The main point of criticism, however, offered its emphasis and positive assessment of the Byzantine Empire and its integration in national history. The classicists in particular, such as the archaeologist Stephanos Koumanoudis , who remained true to the Enlightenment image of the Byzantine period, accused him of placing Byzantium in an inappropriately positive light towards antiquity and of glorifying a theocratic and backward regime. The dispute with the circle around Koumanoudis would drag on for many years. Another long-standing dispute also existed between Paparrigopoulos and the Byzantinist Konstantinos Sathas . Nevertheless, Paparrigopoulos' work found widespread acceptance, as it corresponded to the zeitgeist , which was characterized by increasing religiosity and a conservative turn in Greek society during the 1850s. In the years that followed, the generation of his students and successors contributed to cementing the national historical concept of Paparrigopoulos; it was to dominate the historical discourse in Greece almost completely until the 1970s. It is indicative of the fact that the flagship of Greek historiography, a fifteen-volume monumental work written by many authors and published between 1970 and 1978, bears the title History of the Greek Nation , which is intended as a homage to Paparrigopoulos. This also shows that Paparrigopoulos shaped the self and historical image of the Greeks to a large extent.

Fonts (selection)

Greek

French

literature

  • Konstantinos Th. Dimaras : Kωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος: H Eποχή του - H Zωή του - Tο Έργο του. RENT, Athens 1986, ISBN 960-250-335-1 ("Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos. His time, his life, his work")
  • Spyros Karavas: Ο Κωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος και οι εθνικές διεκδικήσεις (1877-1885) In: Paschal Kitromilides, Triantafyllos Sklavenitis (ed.): Ιστοριογραφία της νεότερης και σύγχρονης Ελλάδας 1833-2002 . Institute for Neohellenic Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation , Athens 2004, ISBN 978-960-7916-37-2 , pp. 149–169 ("Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the territorial claims of Greece 1877-1885")
  • Paschalis Kitromilides: On the Intellectual Content of Greek Nationalism: Paparrigopoulos, Byzantium and the Great Idea In: David Ricks , Paul Magdalino (Eds.): Byzantium and the modern Greek identity . Ashgate, Farnham 1998, ISBN 0-86078-613-7 , pp. 25–33 ( PDF; 3.97 MB )
  • Ioannis Koubourlis: Εννοιολογικές πολυσημίες και πολιτικό πρόταγμα: ένα παράδειγμα από τον Κ. Παπαρρηγόπουλο In: Historica 15, 1998, No. 28/29, ISSN  1105-1663 , pp. 31–58 ("Conceptual ambiguities and political priority: an example by K. Paparrigopoulos")
  • Ioannis Koubourlis: European historiographical influences upon the young Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos In: Roderick Beaton , David Ricks (Eds.): The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797-1896) . Ashgate, Farnham 2009, ISBN 978-0-7546-6498-7 , pp. 53–63, limited preview in the Google book search
  • Georg Veloudis: Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer and the emergence of neo-Greek historicism In: Südost-Forschungen 29, 1970, ISSN  0081-9077 , pp. 43-90
  • Georg Veloudis: Konstantinos Paparrigopulos In: Mathias Bernath, Felix von Schroeder (Hrsg.): Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas . Vol. 3, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag , Munich 1979, ISBN 3-486-48991-7 , pp. 396-398
  • Ioannis Zelepos : 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation building in East Central and Southeast Europe . LIT Verlag , Münster 2005, ISBN 3-8258-8053-2 , pp. 191-215

Web links

Commons : Constantine Paparrigopoulos  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Κωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος  - sources and full texts (Greek)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Konstantinos Th. Dimaras: Κωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος: η εποχή του, η ζωή του, το έργο του , Athens 1986, p. 109f
  2. ↑ Konstantinos Th. Dimaras: Κωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος: η εποχή του, η ζωή του, το έργο του , Athens 1986, p. 111.
  3. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East Central and Southeast Europe , Münster 2005, p. 211.
  4. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East Central and Southeast Europe , Münster 2005, p. 193.
  5. ↑ Vangelis Karamanolakis: Η συγκρότηση της ιστορικής επιστήμης και η διδασκαλία της ιστορίας στο πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών (1837-1932) . IAEN, Athens 2006, ISBN 978-960-7138-33-0 , p. 93 ("The Origin of History and History Teaching at the University of Athens 1837-1932"). See also Konstantin Kotsowilis: The Greek students of Munich under King Ludwig I from 1826 to 1844. Career and later work in the reconstruction of Greece In: Südost-Forschungen 52, 1993, pp. 119–237, here p. 171.
  6. ↑ Vangelis Karamanolakis: Η συγκρότηση της ιστορικής επιστήμης και η διδασκαλία της ιστορίας στο παθνεπνσ37τ32ώο ( 2006 p.
  7. ↑ Georg Veloudis: Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer and the emergence of modern Greek historicism. In: Südost-Forschungen 29, 1970, p. 84.
  8. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East Central and Southeast Europe , Münster 2005, p. 191.
  9. ↑ Georg Veloudis: Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos In: Mathis Bernath, Felix von Schroeder (Ed.): Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas , Munich 1979, p. 397.
  10. ↑ Konstantinos Th. Dimaras: Κωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος: η εποχή του, η ζωή του, το έργο του , Athens 1986, p. 126, 176f.
  11. ^ Ioannis Zelepos: The Ethnization of Greek Identity, 1870–1912: State and private actors against the background of the "Megali Idea" . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-486-56666-0 , p. 112.
  12. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East-Central and Southeastern Europe , Münster 2005, p. 212.
  13. ↑ Spyros Karavas: Ο Κωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος και οι εθνικές διεκδικήσεις (1877-1885) In: Paschal Kitromilides, Triantafyllos Sklavenitis (ed.): Ιστοριογραφία της νεότερης και σύγχρονης Ελλάδας 1833-2002 . Institute for Neohellenic Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 2004, pp. 161-164.
  14. ↑ Elli Skopetea: Το “Πρότυπο Βασίλειο” και η Μεγάλη Ιδέα. Όψεις του εθνικού προβλήματος στην Ελλάδα 1830-1880 . Polytypo, Athens 1988, ISBN 978-0-00-849466-7 , p. 171 ("The" Model Kingdom "and the Megali Idea. Aspects of the National Question 1830-1880").
  15. ↑ Antonis Liakos: The Construction of National Time: The Making of the Modern Greek Historical Imagination In: Mediterranean Historical Review 16, 2001, No. 1, pp. 27-42, here: pp. 30f. doi : 10.1080 / 714004571
  16. ^ Ioannis Zelepos: The Ethnization of Greek Identity, 1870–1912: State and private actors against the background of the "Megali Idea" , Munich 2002, p. 51.
  17. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: The ethnicization of Greek identity, 1870–1912: State and private actors against the background of the "Megali Idea" , Munich 2002, p. 52. Cf. Elli Skopetea: Το “Πρότυπο Βασίλειο” και η Μεγάλη Ιδέα. Όψεις του εθνικού προβλήματος στην Ελλάδα 1830-1880 , Athens 1988, pp. 251-255.
  18. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: The Ethnization of Greek Identity, 1870–1912: State and private actors against the background of the "Megali Idea" , Munich 2002, p. 55 and Elli Skopetea: Το “Πρότυπο Βασίλειο” και η Μεγάλη Ιδέα. Όψεις του εθνικού προβλήματος στην Ελλάδα 1830-1880 , Athens 1988, p. 269f.
  19. ^ Ioannis Zelepos: The Ethnization of Greek Identity, 1870–1912: State and private actors against the background of the "Megali Idea" , Munich 2002, p. 55.
  20. ↑ The following should be mentioned in the German-speaking area: Bartholomäus Kopitar , Friedrich Thiersch , Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen , Daniel Sanders , Adolf Ellissen , Georg Gottfried Gervinus , Kurt Wachsmuth , Gustav Hertzberg etc. See Georg Veloudis: Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer and the emergence of neo-Greek historicism In : Südost-Forschungen 29, 1970, pp. 66-68.
  21. ↑ a b Georg Veloudis: Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer and the emergence of neo-Greek historicism In: Südost-Forschungen 29, 1970, p. 68.
  22. ↑ Quoted from Georg Veloudis: Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer and the emergence of neo-Greek historicism In: Südost-Forschungen 29, 1970, pp. 79f.
  23. ↑ Georg Veloudis: Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer and the emergence of neo-Greek historicism In: Südost-Forschungen 29, 1970, p. 82.
  24. ↑ Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos: Εισαγωγή εις την Ιστορίαν της Αναγεννήσεως του Ελληνικού Έθνους . In: Pandora 1, 1850, issue 1, pp. 199–203, here: p. 200 (“Introduction to the history of the rebirth of the Greek nation”).
  25. ↑ Ioannis Koubourlis: European historiographical influences upon the young Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos In: Roderick Beaton, David Ricks (eds.): The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797 - 1896) , Farnham 2009, p 55f.
  26. ↑ Vangelis Karamanolakis: Η συγκρότηση της ιστορικής επιστήμης και η διδασκαλία της ιστορίας στο παθνεπνσ37τ32ώο 112 S.
  27. ↑ Paschal Kitromilides: On the Intellectual Content of Greek Nationalism: Paparrigopoulos, Byzantium and the Great Idea . In: David Ricks, Paul Magdalino (ed.): Byzantium and the modern Greek identity , Farnham 1998, p. 27. See also Ioannis Koubourlis: European historiographical influences upon the young Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos In: Roderick Beaton, David Ricks (ed.) : The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797-1896) , Farnham 2009, p. 54.
  28. ↑ Ioannis Koubourlis: European historiographical influences upon the young Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos In: Roderick Beaton, David Ricks (eds.): The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797 - 1896) , Farnham 2009, p 60.
  29. ↑ Ioannis Koubourlis: Εννοιολογικές πολυσημίες και πολιτικό πρόταγμα: ένα παράδειγμα από τον Κ. Παπαρρηγόπουλο . In: Historica 15, 1998, No. 28/29, p. 46f.
  30. ↑ Ioannis Koubourlis: Εννοιολογικές πολυσημίες και πολιτικό πρόταγμα: ένα παράδειγμα από τον Κ. Παπαρρηγόπουλο . In: Historica 15, 1998, No. 28/29, p. 48 and Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ash'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East Central and Southeastern Europe , Münster 2005, pp. 194, 200.
  31. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East-Central and Southeastern Europe , Münster 2005, p. 196.
  32. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East Central and Southeastern Europe , Münster 2005, pp. 197–198.
  33. ↑ a b Paschalis Kitromilides: On the Intellectual Content of Greek Nationalism: Paparrigopoulos, Byzantium and the Great Idea . In: David Ricks, Paul Magdalino (eds.): Byzantium and the modern Greek identity , Farnham 1998, pp. 28-29.
  34. ↑ Effi Gazi : Reading the Ancients: Remnants of Byzantine Controversies in the Greek National Narrative In: Historein 6, 2006, ISSN  1108-3441 , pp. 144–149, here: p. 146.
  35. ↑ Quoted from Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East Central and Southeast Europe , Münster 2005, pp. 199f.
  36. ↑ Quoted from Georg Veloudis: Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer and the emergence of neo-Greek historicism In: Südost-Forschungen 29, 1970, p. 88.
  37. ↑ Ioannis Koubourlis: Εννοιολογικές πολυσημίες και πολιτικό πρόταγμα: ένα παράδειγμα από τον Κ. Παπαρρηγόπουλο . In: Historica 15, 1998, No. 28/29, p. 36.
  38. ↑ Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East-Central and Southeastern Europe , Münster 2005, p. 213.
  39. ↑ Konstantinos Th. Dimaras: Κωνσταντίνος Παπαρρηγόπουλος: η εποχή του, η ζωή του, το έργο του , Athens 1986, pp. 319-321.
  40. ↑ Vangelis Karamanolakis: Η συγκρότηση της ιστορικής επιστήμης και η διδασκαλία της ιστορίας στο αθνεπιστο στο Ααθνεπν13τ37ή32ώο Ααθνεπν13τ37 , Athens, 2006–184, 19, 1937, Ioannis Zelepos: 'Phoenix without ashes'. Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and the emergence of a Greek national historiography in the 19th century In: Markus Krzoska, Hans-Christian Maner (Hrsg.): Profession and calling. History and nation-building in East-Central and Southeastern Europe , Münster 2005, p. 213f.
  41. ↑ Vangelis Karamanolakis: Η συγκρότηση της ιστορικής επιστήμης και η διδασκαλία της ιστορίας στο πανεπνσ37τ32ώο Ααθνεπνσ37) , αθνεπνσ37τ32ώο ( 2006, 19, 19, 19, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19 , p.
  42. ↑ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους , Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1970–1978, ISBN 960-213-095-4 .
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personal data
SURNAME Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Παπαρρηγόπουλος, Κωνσταντίνος (Greek)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Greek historian and publicist
DATE OF BIRTH 1815
PLACE OF BIRTH Constantinople
DATE OF DEATH April 14, 1891
Place of death Athens